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He M, Wang Y, Zhang L, Mao L, Zhu L, Zheng Y, Liu X, Wu C. Optimizing Analysis Methods: Rapid and Accurate Determination of Cuaminosulfate Residues with LC-MS/MS Based on Box-Behnken Design Study. Molecules 2024; 29:794. [PMID: 38398546 PMCID: PMC10892704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In view of the defects in the previous detection of cuaminosulfate, which only focused on the analysis of copper ions, there is currently no analysis method available to determine the actual state of cuaminosulfate as chelated or bound. In order to investigate the dissipation and terminal residues in soil and watermelon of cuaminosulfate for food safety and environmental risk, a highly effective technique was developed to detect cuaminosulfate residues in watermelon and soil, and field experiments were conducted in China. After single-factor experiments, residual cuaminosulfate in samples was extracted by pure water, purified using a liquid-liquid approach combined with a dispersive solid-phase extraction, and detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The Box-Behnken design (BBD) study was used to find the optimal solutions for the time of liquid-liquid purification, the amount of extraction solvent, and the amounts of cleanup sorbents for the analytical method. The average recovery of the method was in the range of 80.0% to 101.1%, the average relative standard deviation (RSD) was 5.3-9.9%, and the detection limit was lower than 0.05 mg/kg. The BBD study not only improved the extraction rate of the method, but also saved time and was operated easily. The final residues of cuaminosulfate in watermelon at different sampling intervals were all lower than 0.05 mg/kg under field conditions. The cuaminosulfate in soils dissipated following exponential kinetics, with half-life values in the range of 9.39 to 12.58 days, which varied by different locations. Based on the validated method, food safety residues and soil residues can be determined rapidly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- Guangxi SPR Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liangang Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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2
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Niezen LE, Sasaki T, Sadriaj D, Ritchie H, Broeckhoven K, Cabooter D, Desmet G. Detailed analysis of the effective and intra-particle diffusion coefficient of proteins at elevated pressure in columns packed with wide-pore core-shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464538. [PMID: 38043163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the efficiency that can be obtained in a packed-bed liquid-chromatography column for a particular analyte, a correct determination of the molecular and effective diffusion coefficients (Dm and Deff) of the analyte is required. The latter is usually obtained via peak parking experiments wherein the flow is stopped. As a result, the column pressure rapidly dissipates and the measurement is essentially conducted at ambient pressure. This is problematic for analytes whose retention depends on pressure, such as proteins and potentially other large (dipolar) molecules. In that case, a conventional peak parking experiment is expected to lead to large errors in Deff. To obtain a better estimate ofDeff, the present study reports on the use of a set-up enabling peak parking measurements under pressurized conditions. This approach allowed us to report, for the first time, Deff for proteins at elevated pressure under retained conditions. First, Deff was determined at a (average) pressure of about 105 bar for a set of proteins with varying size, namely: bradykinin, insulin, lysozyme, β-lactoglobulin, and carbonic anhydrase in a column packed with 400 Å core-shell particles. The obtained data were then compared to those of several small analytes: acetophenone, propiophenone, benzophenone, valerophenone, and hexanophenone. A clear trend between Deff and analyte size was observed. The set-up was then used to determine Deff of bradykinin and lysozyme at variable (average) pressures ranging from 28 bar to 430 bar. These experiments showed a decrease in intra-particle and surface diffusion with pressure, which was larger for lysozyme than bradykinin. The data show that pressurized peak parking experiments are vital to correctly determine Deff when the analyte retention varies significantly with pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Donatela Sadriaj
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harald Ritchie
- Advanced Materials Technology, Silverside Rd, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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3
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Gritti F. Resolution limits of size exclusion chromatography columns identified from flow reversal and overcome by recycling liquid chromatography to improve the characterization of manufactured monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464219. [PMID: 37499525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The flow reversal (FR) technique consists of reversing the flow direction along a chromatographic column. It is used to reveal the origin (such as poor column packing, active sites, or slow absorption/escape kinetics) for the resolution limit of 4.6 mm × 150 mm long columns packed with 1.7 μm 200 Å Bridge-Ethylene-Hybrid (BEHTM) Particles. These columns are used to separate manufactured monoclonal antibodies (mAb, ∼ 150 kDa) from their close impurities (or IdeS fragments, ∼ 100 kDa) by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). FR unambiguously demonstrates that the resolution limit of these SEC columns is primarily due to long-range flow velocity biases covering distances of at least 500 μm across the column diameter. This confirms the existence of center-to-wall flow heterogeneities which cause undesirable tailing for the mAb peak. Because the transverse dispersion coefficient (Dt=1.1 × 10-6 cm2/s) of mAbs across the column diameter is intrinsically low, the bandspreading of the mAb in a single flow direction is in part reversible upon reversing the flow direction. For the very same residence time in the column, the column efficiency is found to increase by +85% relative to that observed under conventional elution mode. The observed peak tailing of the mAb and its sub-units is not caused by active surface sites or by slow absorption/escape from the BEH Particles. Therefore, the most critical mAb impurities (hydrolytic degradation Fab/c and IdeS [Formula: see text] fragments) can only be successfully separated and quantified with acceptable accuracy by adopting alternate pumping recycling liquid chromatography (APRLC). APRLC enables the full baseline separation of the mAb and 100 kDa mAb fragments and partial separation of Fab/c and [Formula: see text] fragments after increasing the number of cycles to ten. It was made possible to accurately measure the relative abundances of the mAb (99.0 ± 0.1%), [Formula: see text] fragment (0.88 ± 0.03%), and Fab/c immunogenic fragment (0.13 ± 0.02%) in less than 45 min for a total mAb sample load of only 5 μg. Still, further improvements are needed to increase the sensitivity of the APRLC method and to reduce the solvent consumption by adopting narrow-bore 2.1 mm i.d. SEC columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, Milford, MA, 01757, USA.
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4
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Liang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Chromatographic separation of peptides and proteins for characterization of proteomes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:270-281. [PMID: 36504223 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of proteomes aims to comprehensively characterize proteins in cells or tissues via two main strategies: (1) bottom-up strategy based on the separation and identification of enzymatic peptides; (2) top-down strategy based on the separation and identification of intact proteins. However, it is challenged by the high complexity of proteomes. Consequently, the improvements in peptide and protein separation technologies for simplifying the sample should be critical. In this feature article, separation columns for peptide and protein separation were introduced, and peptide separation technologies for bottom-up proteomic analysis as well as protein separation technologies for top-down proteomic analysis were summarized. The achievement, recent development, limitation and future trends are discussed. Besides, the outlook on challenges and future directions of chromatographic separation in the field of proteomics was also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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5
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Perchepied S, Ritchie H, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Insights in column packing processes of narrow bore and capillary-scale columns: Methodologies, driving forces, and separation performance – A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1235:340563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Stoll DR, Kainz G, Dahlseid TA, Kempen TJ, Brau T, Pirok BWJ. An approach to high throughput measurement of accurate retention data in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463350. [PMID: 35896047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to model and simulate various aspects of liquid chromatography (LC) separations (e.g., retention, selectivity, peak capacity, injection breakthrough) depend on experimental retention measurements to use as the basis for the models and simulations. Often these modeling and simulation efforts are limited by datasets that are too small because of the cost (time and money) associated with making the measurements. Other groups have demonstrated improvements in throughput of LC separations by focusing on "overhead" associated with the instrument itself - for example, between-analysis software processing time, and autosampler motions. In this paper we explore the possibility of using columns with small volumes (i.e., 5 mm x 2.1 mm i.d.) compared to conventional columns (e.g., 100 mm x 2.1 mm i.d.) that are typically used for retention measurements. We find that isocratic retention factors calculated for columns with these dimensions are different by about 20%; we attribute this difference - which we interpret as an error in measurements based on data from the 5 mm column - to extra-column volume associated with inlet and outlet frits. Since retention factor is a thermodynamic property of the mobile/stationary phase system under study, it should be independent of the dimensions of the column that is used for the measurement. We propose using ratios of retention factors (i.e., selectivities) to translate retention measurements between columns of different dimensions, so that measurements made using small columns can be used to make predictions for separations that involve conventional columns. We find that this approach reduces the difference in retention factors (5 mm compared to 100 mm columns) from an average of 18% to an average absolute difference of 1.7% (all errors less than 8%). This approach will significantly increase the rate at which high quality retention data can be collected to thousands of measurements per instrument per day, which in turn will likely have a profound impact on the quality of models and simulations that can be developed for many aspects of LC separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA.
| | - Gudrun Kainz
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Tina A Dahlseid
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Trevor J Kempen
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Tyler Brau
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA; University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Gritti FG, Meyyappan S, Leveille WP, Hill J. Improved Performance of UHPLC–MS Hyphenated Systems. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.im3069q9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
An ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) research prototype instrument was built to improve the resolution power and the usability of conventional LC–MS hyphenated instruments for routine analyses in pharmaceutical applications. The improved characteristics of this UHPLC–MS system include: 1) the dramatic reduction of post-column sample dispersion; 2) the adoption of vacuum jacketed columns (VJC) for the reduction of undesirable radial temperature gradients across the column diameter; and 3) the presence of a column outlet end nut heater to refocus the distorted peaks prior to analyte ionization. The benefits of each of these added features are analyzed with a rigorous approach from a peak broadening perspective. A 2x improvement in peak capacities recorded with this prototype UHPLC–MS system compared to a standard system (Acquity UHPLC I-class/Xevo TQ-S) is illustrated for the gradient separation of seven small pharmaceutical compounds using a 2.1 mm x 100 mm column packed with sub-2-μm core-shell particles (1.6 μm Acquity UHPLC Cortecs C18 column).
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8
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Review of recent insights in the measurement and modelling of the B-term dispersion and related mass transfer properties in liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1214:339955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Huygens B, Song H, Cabooter D, Desmet G. Detailed numerical analysis of the effect of radial column heterogeneities on peak parking experiments with slowly diffusing analytes. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462557. [PMID: 34563893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The origin of the peak skewness that can be observed when applying the deconvolution method to isolate the diffusion process from the flow processes for peak parking experiments conducted under conditions of slow radial equilibration and strong trans-column velocity gradients was investigated. Numerical simulations were carried out for a variety of trans-column velocity profiles and a broad range of experimental conditions and system parameters were investigated. Results show that, under the aforementioned conditions, the traditionally employed variance subtraction method displays a consistent error which follows the dynamics of the diffusive relaxation during both the peak parking and the flow steps. It is also found that, under the same conditions, the peak deconvolution method is bound to produce deconvoluted "parking-only" peaks that are strongly asymmetric, despite the perfectly symmetric nature of the pure diffusion process marking this parking step. It is shown that this asymmetry is acquired during the flow step following the parking stop. During this step, parked and non-parked peaks are deformed in different ways, despite being subjected to the same trans-column velocity profile. This different deformation cannot be filtered away with the deconvolution or the variance subtraction method, hence introducing an error. Solutions to alleviate the peak skewness and the variance error consist of parking the peak close to the inlet or the outlet or exiting the parked peak through the column inlet (flow reversal method). Under the considered conditions, these approaches could reduce the error on the measured effective diffusion coefficient up to 87%. Carrying out the variance subtraction or the deconvolution process with a peak that has also been parked for a substantially long parking time instead of using a "no-parking" peak as is customary done, is another option to counter the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Huygens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Huiying Song
- KU Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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10
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Terada H, Kuroda I, Uzu H, Ohira M, Yoshikawa K, Furuno M, Fukusaki E, Tanaka N. Reduction of the extra-column band dispersion by a slow transport and splitting of a sample band in isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461996. [PMID: 33640804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sample introduction method was studied to reduce the extra-column effect in reversed-phase HPLC. Slow transport of a sample band (SToSB) in the pre-column space followed by the introduction of the band into the column at a near-optimum flow rate resulted in larger plate counts for a 1.0 mmID, 5 cm long column as much as 1.4-1.6 times for solutes with a retention factor (k) of 0.5-1.8 compared to a conventional elution method. Further reduction of the extra-column effect was possible by orthogonally splitting the sample band (SplSB) by flow switching during its slow transport followed by the introduction of the leading part of the band into the column. In this case, increased plate counts of up to 2-3 times for solutes with k of 0.5-1.8 were observed for a 1.0 mmID, 5 cm column. The sample introduction method, SToSB in the injector and the pre-column tube of a few μL, was found to reduce the extra-column band variance by 0.4-0.5 μL2 for an UHPLC system with the extra-column volume (Vextra) of ca. 4.6 μL and the system variance (σextra2) of 1.1 μL2 at flow rate of 100 μL/min, while SToSB and subsequent SplSB were found to be more effective, reducing σextra2 by about 0.8 μL2. With an UHPLC instrument with Vextra of about 10 μL and σextra2 of ca. 3.6 μL2 at flow rate of 300 μL/min, 1.4-2.1 times as many plate counts were observed with SToSB and SplSB compared to the normal elution method for early-eluting solutes with k=0.25-1.7 for a column, 2.1 mmID, 5 cm long. With this UHPLC instrument, SToSB and/or SplSB resulted in the reduction of σextra2 by 1.2-2.2 μL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Terada
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Osaka University Shimadzu Omics Innovation Research Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Ikuma Kuroda
- GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Uzu
- GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ohira
- GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoshikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furuno
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Osaka University Shimadzu Omics Innovation Research Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan.
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11
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Advances and Innovations in Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phase Supports. Anal Chem 2020; 93:257-272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Three approaches to improving performance of liquid chromatography using contour maps with pressure, time, and number of theoretical plates. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461778. [PMID: 33359796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to improve HPLC performance often focus on increasing the speed or separation performance. In this article, both the flow rate and column length are optimized as separation conditions, while observing the number of theoretical plates and hold-up time with isocratic elutions. In addition, the upper pressure limit must be simultaneously considered as the boundary condition. Approaches based on the optimal velocity (Opt.) are often adopted; but the kinetic performance limit (KPL) in Desmet's method can also be utilized for three-dimensional graphing with axes of pressure, time, and number of theoretical plates. Here, two approaches involving pressure increase are introduced, beginning with the condition of optimal linear velocity: one aimed at greater speed and the other at higher resolution. Coefficients of pressure-application are derived to measure the effectiveness of the intermediate conditions between the Opt. and KPL methods. In the third approach, the hold-up time is extended while maintaining a fixed pressure. Coefficients of time-extension are also derived, to determine the effectiveness to improve the separation performance.
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13
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods to determine the kinetic performance limit of contemporary chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:323-339. [PMID: 32902146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining separation efficiency data as a function of flow rate with the column permeability, the kinetic plot method allows to determine the limits of separation power (time vs. efficiency) of different chromatographic techniques and methods. The technique can be applied for all different types of chromatography (liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid), for different types of column morphologies (packed beds, monoliths, open tubular, micromachined columns), for pressure and electro-driven separations and in both isocratic and gradient elution mode. The present contribution gives an overview of the methods and calculations required to correctly determine these kinetic performance limits and their underlying limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Blumberg LM. Practical limits to column performance in liquid chromatography - Optimal operations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461482. [PMID: 32827904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Columns of different structures have different potential kinetic performance - the trade-off between separation, time, and pressure. However, the full potential of a structure cannot always be realized in practically existing columns. Each combination of column efficiency, time, and pressure requires certain cross-sectional dimensions of the column flow-through channels. However, there are limits to the narrowest flow-through channels that can be manufactured with current technology. As a result, columns of some structures cannot be optimized for providing the required efficiency in the shortest time. Additionally, the full potential of its structure can be realized only if a column can operate at the highest pressure available from liquid chromatography (LC) equipment, has sufficient loadability, and satisfies other practical requirements. Equations tailored for a systematic approach to evaluation of factors affecting performance of optimized LC columns (effects of column structure, column dimensions, operational conditions, etc.) were developed. Parameters quantifying the performance of a specific column at and below its largest acceptable pressure were identified. New objective performance parameters of columns and their structures were introduced. Among them are the apparent structural quality factor accounting for the effect of insufficiently high pressure acceptable for the column, the dimensionless plate duration - the parameter of a column structure affecting its performance when the pressure is not limited, - and others. Applying the theory developed herein to published data, the performance of several differently structured columns is evaluated, and the factors affecting their comparative performance are discussed. In the final count, not the quality of a column structure, but practical factors such as the narrowest manufacturable flow-through channels can dominate the choice of the kinetically most suitable column for a practical LC analysis.
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15
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Blumberg LM. Kinetic performance factor – a proportional metric for comparing performance of differently structured liguid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Advances and Challenges in Extremely High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography in Current and Future Analytical Scale Column Formats. Anal Chem 2019; 92:554-560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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18
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Zelenyánszki D, Lambert N, Gritti F, Felinger A. The effect of column packing procedure on column end efficiency and on bed heterogeneity – Experiments with flow-reversal. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:412-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Desmet G, Broeckhoven K. Extra-column band broadening effects in contemporary liquid chromatography: Causes and solutions. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Gritti F, Tanaka N. Slow injector-to-column sample transport to maximize resolution in liquid chromatography: Theory versus practice. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:219-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Zelenyánszki D, Mester A, Felinger A. Flow-Reversal Experiments with Macromolecules to Measure Column End Efficiency and Bed Heterogeneity. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Liang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Well-Defined Materials for High-Performance Chromatographic Separation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:451-473. [PMID: 30939031 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation has been widely applied in various fields, such as chemical engineering, precision medicine, energy, and biology. Because chromatographic separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile phase and stationary phase and affected by band dispersion and mass transfer resistance from these two phases, the materials used as the stationary phase play a decisive role in separation performance. In this review, we discuss the design of separation materials to achieve the separation with high efficiency and high resolution and highlight the well-defined materials with uniform pore structure and unique properties. The achievements, recent developments, challenges, and future trends of such materials are discussed. Furthermore, the surface functionalization of separation ma-terials for further improvement of separation performance is reviewed. Finally, future research directions and the challenges of chromatographic separation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
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23
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Liu C, Zhang H, Chen L, Dai B. A simplified capillary model for hydrodynamics simulation of cryogel continuous beds and particle packed beds. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Gritti F, Gilar M. Impact of frit dispersion on gradient performance in high-throughput liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Hayman DC, Shalliker RA. Renewing the performance of an expired particle packed column using active flow technology end fittings. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1586:145-148. [PMID: 30553505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a particle packed column will inevitably degrade through use or misadventure. 'Active flow technology' (AFT) is known to greatly improve the performance of pristine columns, but is as of yet untested when used on columns that have degraded significantly. In this study AFT was used to regenerate a degraded column, where the reduced plate height and asymmetry values were 3.5 and 1.25 respectively. Once the AFT fittings were fitted to the column outlet and the flow segmentation ratio adjusted to 28% from the radial central exit port, the reduced plate height decreased to 2.0, and the bands were almost perfectly symmetrical with asymmetry factors equal to 1.04. Subsequently, the performance of the degraded column with AFT fittings provided performance that was comparable to that of a new conventional column fitted with traditional end fittings. The separation power of the degraded conventional column and that of the same column fitted with the AFT end fittings was then tested using the separation of oligostyrenes. In AFT mode, detection was undertaken at both the radial central exit port of the column and the peripheral exit port. The resulting separation that was achieved from the radial central exit port was superior to that observed on the conventional column, whereas, the separation observed from the peripheral port was very poor. It was subsequently determined that the reason for the degraded performance of the conventional column was a result of increased heterogeneity associated with the packing material in the wall region of the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew C Hayman
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, North Paramatta, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - R Andrew Shalliker
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, North Paramatta, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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26
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Kuroda I, Uzu H, Miyazaki S, Ohira M, Tanaka N. Reduction of the extra-column band dispersion by a slow transport of a sample band from the injector to the column in isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1572:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Characterization of radial and axial heterogeneities of chromatographic columns by flow reversal. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1567:164-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Broeckhoven K, Vanderlinden K, Guillarme D, Desmet G. On-tubing fluorescence measurements of the band broadening of contemporary injectors in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1535:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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ITO M, SHIMIZU K, NAKATANI K. Three-dimensional Representation Method Using Pressure, Time, and Number of Theoretical Plates to Analyze Separation Conditions in HPLC Columns. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:137-142. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.34.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito ITO
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- Hitachi High-Tech Science Corporation
| | | | - Kiyoharu NAKATANI
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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