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Zaid A, Hassan NH, Marriott PJ, Wong YF. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography as a Bioanalytical Platform for Drug Discovery and Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041121. [PMID: 37111606 PMCID: PMC10140985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has emerged as a significant separation tool for high-resolution analysis of disease-associated metabolites and pharmaceutically relevant molecules. This review highlights recent advances of GC×GC with different detection modalities for drug discovery and analysis, which ideally improve the screening and identification of disease biomarkers, as well as monitoring of therapeutic responses to treatment in complex biological matrixes. Selected recent GC×GC applications that focus on such biomarkers and metabolite profiling of the effects of drug administration are covered. In particular, the technical overview of recent GC×GC implementation with hyphenation to the key mass spectrometry (MS) technologies that provide the benefit of enhanced separation dimension analysis with MS domain differentiation is discussed. We conclude by highlighting the challenges in GC×GC for drug discovery and development with perspectives on future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Zaid
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Norfarizah Hanim Hassan
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yong Foo Wong
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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2
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Pérez-Alcaraz A, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Cathinones in urine samples: A review of recent advances for their determination by chromatographic and related techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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3
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Wang Y, Shi Y, Yu Y, Chen L, Jiang J, Long J, Xiang P, Duan G. Screening of Synthetic Cathinones and Metabolites in Dried Blood Spots by UPLC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:633-643. [PMID: 33201221 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After its use for decades in clinical screening, dried blood spots (DBS) have recently received considerable attention for their application in various novel psychoactive substances. The goal of this study was to develop and apply a DBS-based assay for 37 synthetic cathinones and their metabolites. Thirty microliters of whole blood sample after administration was spotted onto Whatman FTA classical cards, dried and extracted, and then analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS). The samples were chromatographed on a Waters Acquity UPLC®HSS T3 column (1.8 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm) and then identically packed defender guard cartridges of a Waters Acquity UPLC®HSS T3 column (1.8 μm, 2.1 × 5 mm, 3/pk). The separation was achieved via solvents of 20 mM ammonium acetate/formic acid 0.1% (A) and acetonitrile (B) at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. A tandem MS equipped with positive electrospray ionization mode source was used as the detector. Multiple reaction monitoring with the precursor/product ion combinations was used to quantify each analyte. The linear range of synthetic cathinones in the DBS was 2.0-200 ng/mL, and the lowest limit of quantification was 2.0 ng/mL for some synthetic cathinones and 10 ng/mL for others. The precision and accuracy of the results for the validation samples of the synthetic cathinones were within acceptable criteria. DBS sampling offers the advantages of reduced sample volume and convenient sample storage and shipment. This method can be successfully applied to the quantification of synthetic cathinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Guangfu Xi Road 1347, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yingjia Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiebing Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiakun Long
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Guangfu Xi Road 1347, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Gengli Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Zhu B, Conlan X, Cao J, Meng L, Zheng K, Yang D, Yang W. Case studies on illegal production of ephedrine/pseudoephedrine within Fujian China. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 312:110326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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Biodistribution and metabolic profile of 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC) in Wistar rats through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Toxicol Lett 2020; 320:113-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity of the new psychoactive substance 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC). Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Miyagawa H, Bamba T. Comparison of sequential derivatization with concurrent methods for GC/MS-based metabolomics. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:160-168. [PMID: 30316697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based metabolomics requires a two-step derivatization procedure consisting of oximation and silylation. However, due to the incomplete derivatization and degeneration of the metabolites, good repeatability is difficult to obtain during the batch derivatization, as the time between completing the derivatization process and GC analysis differs from sample to sample. In this research, we successfully obtained good repeatability for the peak areas of 52 selected metabolites by sequential derivatization and interval injection, in which the oximation and silylation times were maintained at constant values. In addition, the derivatization times and amount of reagents employed were varied to confirm that the optimal derivatization conditions differed for the various metabolites. In conventional batch derivatization, six metabolites, viz. glutamine, glutamic acid, histidine, alanine, asparagine, and tryptophan, exhibited fluctuations in their peak areas. Indeed, we found that for all six metabolites these differences originated from the silylation process, while the variations for glutamine and glutamic acid were related to the oximation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Miyagawa
- GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyusyu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Sánchez-González J, Odoardi S, Bermejo AM, Bermejo-Barrera P, Romolo FS, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Strano-Rossi S. HPLC-MS/MS combined with membrane-protected molecularly imprinted polymer micro-solid-phase extraction for synthetic cathinones monitoring in urine. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:33-44. [PMID: 29962002 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones are a type of drug belonging to group of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). The illicit market for these substances is characterized by the continuous introduction to the market of new analogs to evade legislation and to avoid detection. New screening and confirmation assays are therefore needed, mainly in forensic/clinical samples. In the current development, a porous membrane-protected, micro-solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) has been developed for the assessment of several cathinones in urine. The μ-SPE device consisted of a cone-shaped polypropylene (PP) porous membrane containing the adsorbent (molecularly imprinted polymers, MIPs, synthesized for the first time for this class of drugs). MIPs were prepared using ethylone and 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) as templates, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a functional monomer, divinylbenzene (DVB) as a cross-linker, and 2,2´-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The prepared ethylone-based MIP and 3-MMC-based MIP have been fully characterized and evaluated as new selective adsorbents for μ-SPE. Cathinones separation/determination was performed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Optimum loading conditions (pH 5.0, loading for 4.0 minutes under orbital-horizontal shaking at 200 rpm) and elution conditions [2.0 mL of 75:20:5 heptane/2-propanol/ammonium hydroxide and ultrasounds assistance (37 kHz, 325 W) for 4.0 minutes] were found for ethylone-based MIP. Validation (intra-day and inter-day precision and analytical recovery) showed RSD values lower than 9 and 10% for intra-day and inter-day precision, and within the 88%-101% range for intra-day and inter-day analytical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-González
- Group of Trace Elements, Spectroscopy, and Speciation (GETEE), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Odoardi
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana María Bermejo
- Department of Pathologic Anatomy and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- Group of Trace Elements, Spectroscopy, and Speciation (GETEE), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francesco Saverio Romolo
- Group of Trace Elements, Spectroscopy, and Speciation (GETEE), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro
- Group of Trace Elements, Spectroscopy, and Speciation (GETEE), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sabina Strano-Rossi
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Alkylsilyl speciation and direct sample preparation of plant cannabinoids prior to their analysis by GC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1021:51-59. [PMID: 29681284 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A literature criticism is given on methods currently using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine plant cannabinoids (p-CBDs). In this study, trialkylsilylation of seven p-CBDs (including their transformation products formed in the drug user's body) was compared applying various alkylsilyl reagents1 and the mass fragmentation properties of the corresponding derivatives were characterized. Derivatization, mass fragmentation and quantitation related model investigations were optimized as a function of the reaction times and conditions. Special emphasis was put (i) on the maximum responses of species, (ii) on the proportions of formed stable products, suitable for selective quantitation of all seven p-CBDs simultaneously. Results, as novel to the field confirmed that HMDS + TFA, for p-CBDs never applied reagent before, serves as their derivatization reagent of choice. These species were characterized by their retention, mass fragmentation and analytical performance characteristics. In model solutions with injected amounts in the range of 20 pg-2000 pg, repeatability (average 4.98% RSD, varying between 2.98 and 6.2% RSD), linearity (R2, 0.9956-0.9995), LOQ (20-80 pg/μL injected species) and recovery (95.2-104%) values were defined. The practical utility of this proposal, along with method development validation, was shown in a particularly unique manner and supported by the novel, extraction free, direct sample preparation working strategy. For this purpose, two Cannabis-type ruderalis (C-trd) plant tissues (C-trd1, C-trd2) were directly derivatized in the presence of the matrix. This process, which approaches green chemistry, performed without the use of organic solvents, was associated with the quantitation of self p-CBD contents of C-trd plant tissues. Applying 0.5-2.0 mg dried tissues, adding standards, the following self p-CBDs contents were confirmed: in C-trd1 6.6 μg/mg CBD, 4.4 μg/mg CBN and 1.3 μg/mg CBC, while in C-trd2 0.46 μg/mg CBD, 0.27 μg/mg CBC and 0.19 μg/mg CBG were found. The latter results were characterized by repeatability (2.52-4.99% RSD), linearity (R2, 0.9640-0.9997) and recovery (87.9-109%) data.
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Couto RAS, Gonçalves LM, Carvalho F, Rodrigues JA, Rodrigues CMP, Quinaz MB. The Analytical Challenge in the Determination of Cathinones, Key-Players in the Worldwide Phenomenon of Novel Psychoactive Substances. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:372-390. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. S. Couto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José A. Rodrigues
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Beatriz Quinaz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Fodor B, Molnár-Perl I. The role of derivatization techniques in the analysis of plant cannabinoids by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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