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Wu Y, Qu W, Qiu C, Chen K, Zhuang Y, Zeng Z, Yan Y, Gu Y, Tao W, Gao J, Li K. The Method and Study of Detecting Phenanthrene in Seawater Based on a Carbon Nanotube-Chitosan Oligosaccharide Modified Electrode Immunosensor. Molecules 2023; 28:5701. [PMID: 37570671 PMCID: PMC10420227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenanthrene (PHE), as a structurally simple, tricyclic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), is widely present in marine environments and organisms, with serious ecological and health impacts. It is crucial to study fast and simple high-sensitivity detection methods for phenanthrene in seawater for the environment and the human body. In this paper, a immunosensor was prepared by using a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)-chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) nanocomposite membrane loaded with phenanthrene antibody. The principle was based on the antibody-antigen reaction in the immune reaction, using the strong electron transfer ability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, coupled with chitosan oligosaccharides with an excellent film formation and biocompatibility, to amplify the detection signal. The content of the phenanthrene in seawater was studied via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a potassium ferricyanide system as a redox probe. The antibody concentration, pH value, and probe concentration were optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the response peak current of the phenanthrene was inversely proportional to the concentration of phenanthrene, in the range from 0.5 ng·mL-1 to 80 ng·mL-1, and the detection limit was 0.30 ng·mL-1. The immune sensor was successfully applied to the detection of phenanthrene in marine water, with a recovery rate of 96.1~101.5%, and provided a stable, sensitive, and accurate method for the real-time monitoring of marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wu
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Wei Qu
- Eastern Michigan Associated Engineering College, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Equipment and Technology, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Chengjun Qiu
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Equipment and Technology, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Zexi Zeng
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Yirou Yan
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Yang Gu
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Ke Li
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
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Georgiev P, Belka M, Bączek T, Płotka-Wasylka J. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in disposable baby diapers: A facile determination method via salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1698:463981. [PMID: 37098291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate the development of the extraction procedure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from baby diapers along with their quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Apart from covering plastic foil, disposable baby diapers contain sorbents intended to absorb urine and feces. A hygroscopic, adsorptive, and tough-to-homogenize fibrous sorbent, represents an analytical challenge to analytical chemists. To address this issue we optimized and validated a novel extraction protocol including cryogenic homogenization, liquid-liquid extraction and further preconcentration by evaporation. By using deuterated internal standards in conjunction with matrix-matched calibration, high precision and accuracy were achieved. The limit of detection is estimated in the range of 0.041-0.221 ng/g (for fluorene and fluoranthene, respectively), which is far below the concentration currently assumed to be dangerous for children. The method was successfully applied to real samples available on the Polish market, and it was found that the amount of PAH compounds varies between manufacturers. Most diapers do not have all 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in their composition, but there is no diaper that is free of these compounds. The most abundant in diapers was acenaphthalene, where the concentration ranged from 1.6 ng/g diaper up to 362.4 ng/g. The lowest concentration in diapers is chrysene, which is not detected in most diapers. The article is a response to the lack of a harmonized analytical method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in disposable sanitary products for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Georgiev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland; BioTechMed Center, Research Centre, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
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Zhou S, Zhang L, Guo C, Zhong Y, Luo X, Pan X, Yang Z, Tan L. Comparing liquid-liquid, solid-phase, and supported-liquid extraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in serum samples and their application for human biomonitoring. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Martín Santos P, Jiménez Carracedo C, del Nogal Sánchez M, Pérez Pavón JL, Moreno Cordero B. A sensitive and automatic method based on microextraction by packed sorbents for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in saliva samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Berrier KL, Reaser BC, Pinkerton DK, Synovec RE. Examination of the two-dimensional mass channel cluster plot method for gas chromatography – mass spectrometry in the context of the statistical model of overlap. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:319-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Santos PM, del Nogal Sánchez M, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human biological samples: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Santos PM, del Nogal Sánchez M, Pérez Pavón JL, Cordero BM, Fernández RV. Liquid-liquid extraction-programmed temperature vaporizer-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in saliva samples. Application to the occupational exposure of firefighters. Talanta 2019; 192:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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