1
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Hu S, Ye B, Li H, Yan P, Chen D, Zhao M. Enhanced selectivity for convenient extraction of acidic mycotoxins using a miniaturized centrifugal integrated cold-induced phase separation: Determination of fumonisins and ochratoxins in cereals as a proof-of-concept study. Food Chem 2024; 454:139715. [PMID: 38795619 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Starches-rich and protein-rich cereal samples commonly need tedious sample preparation steps before instrumental analysis. This study developed a miniaturized centrifugal integrated cold-induced phase separation (CIPS) method for convenient sample preparation. A small-sized centrifuge tube (2 mL) and a low-temperature centrifuge, both of which are easily accessible, make up the basic components of the system. Unlike conventional sample preparation methods that need a step-by-step extraction, enrichment, purification, and centrifugation, this centrifugal integrated CIPS method can be performed by a one-step combination protocol under a low-temperature centrifuge. As a proof-of-concept study, satisfactory recoveries and enrichment factors were demonstrated for the extraction of fumonisins and ochratoxins from cereals. A sensitive and selective quantification method was yielded by combining LC-HRMS using tSIM acquisition mode, with good linearity (R2 > 0.998), accuracy (82.9-106.5%), and precision (<13.4%). This strategy is convenient, low-cost, repeatable, and easy to semi-automate, further expanding the extraction potential for other acidic mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Baoye Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
| | - Pengcheng Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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2
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Lijalem YG, Gab-Allah MA, Yu H, Choi K, Kim B. Development of a corn flour certified reference material for the accurate determination of zearalenone. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3173-3183. [PMID: 38568232 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A certified reference material (CRM, KRISS 108-01-002) for zearalenone in corn flour was developed to assure reliable and accurate measurements in testing laboratories. Commercially available corn flour underwent freeze-drying, pulverization, sieving, and homogenization. The final product was packed in amber bottles, approximately 14 g per unit, and preserved at -70 °C. 13C18-Zearalenone was used as an internal standard (IS) for the certification of zearalenone by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC‒MS/MS) and for the analysis of α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and zearalanone by LC‒MS/MS. The prepared CRM was sufficiently homogeneous, as the among-unit relative standard deviation for each mycotoxin ranged from 2.2 to 5.7 %. Additionally, the stability of the mycotoxins in the CRM was evaluated under different temperature conditions and scheduled test periods, including storage at -70°C, -20°C, and 4°C and room temperature for up to 12 months, 6 months, and 1 month, respectively. The content of each target mycotoxin in the CRM remained stable throughout the monitoring period at each temperature. Zearalenone content (153.6 ± 8.0 µg/kg) was assigned as the certified value. Meanwhile, the contents of α-zearalenol (1.30 ± 0.17 µg/kg), β-zearalenol (4.75 ± 0.33 µg/kg), and zearalanone (2.09 ± 0.16 µg/kg) were provided as informative values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Getachew Lijalem
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- National Metrology Institute of Ethiopia, P. O. Box: 5722, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed A Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, Tersa St, Haram, P. O. Box: 136, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hyeonwoo Yu
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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3
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Salim SA, Baharudin NH, Ibrahim NS, Abd Ghani Z, Ismail MN. Determination of aflatoxins in rice from Penang, Malaysia by dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction and LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:563-574. [PMID: 38527182 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2329614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Rice is one of the crops cultivated in Malaysia, and it is the main diet for most of the population. In this study, dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to develop, optimise and validate a reliable, easy-to-use and quick approach to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). The extraction recoveries in DLLME were enhanced by the addition of 5% salt, utilising chloroform as the extraction solvent and acetonitrile as the dispersive solvent. The DLLME parameters - the extraction solvent volume, salt concentration and dispersive solvent volume were optimised with Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimised experimental conditions, excellent linearity was obtained with a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.125 to 0.25 ng g-1, a limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 0.25 to 0.3 ng g-1 and a correlation value (R2) of 0.990. The matrix effects were between -11.1% and 19.9%, and recoveries ranged from 87.4% to 117.3%. The optimised and validated method was used effectively to assess aflatoxins contamination in 20 commercial rice samples collected from local supermarkets in Penang, Malaysia. AFB1 was detected at 0.41-0.43 ng g-1 in two rice samples, below the regulatory limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiyatul Akmal Salim
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Nur Shahila Ibrahim
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zalilawati Abd Ghani
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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4
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Hassan HF, Awada F, Dimassi H, El Ahmadieh C, Hassan NB, El Khatib S, Alwan N, Abiad MG, Serhan M, Darra NE. Assessment of mycotoxins in cornflakes marketed in Lebanon. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20944. [PMID: 38017057 PMCID: PMC10684495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornflakes are a popular and convenient breakfast cereal made from corn and widely consumed worldwide, including in Lebanon. However, they are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination, which can have harmful effects on human health. Our study evaluated the occurrence of five mycotoxins (AFB1, OTA, FUM, ZEA, DON) levels in packed cornflakes marketed in Lebanon. A market screening identified 35 different cornflake stock-keeping units (SKU) in the Lebanese market, originating from 10 different brands and having different tastes and shapes. SKUs were collected and tested for five mycotoxins in triplicates using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The results showed the presence of the five mycotoxins in the samples. The average levels of AFB1, OTA, ZEA and FUM among positive samples (above limit of detection) were 1.58, 1.2, 15.1 and 774.1 μg/kg, respectively, and were below the EU limits. On the other hand, the average level of DON was 1206.7 μg/kg, exceeding the EU limit. Furthermore, out of the positive samples, 60%, 17%, 9%, 14%, and 6% exceeded the EU limits for DON, OTA, AFB1, FUM, and ZEA, respectively. Notably, SKUs made in Lebanon had significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of AFB1 and FUM. The packing size of the cornflakes had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the levels of the five mycotoxins detected in the samples. AFB1, FUM and ZEA levels differed significantly among SKUs (p > 0.05). Considering these findings, further studies should be conducted to assess the exposure to mycotoxins from the consumption of cornflakes in Lebanon, especially among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F Hassan
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Awada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani Dimassi
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Christina El Ahmadieh
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nour Bachar Hassan
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sami El Khatib
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa, Lebanon
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB) at Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait
| | - Nisreen Alwan
- College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad G Abiad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mireille Serhan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Deir el Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon.
| | - Nada El Darra
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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5
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Chen Y, Lu H, Shi H, Zhu J, Wang H. An improved up-conversion nanoparticles-based immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of zearalenone in cereals. Food Chem 2023; 412:135555. [PMID: 36706506 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel improved up-conversion nanoparticles-based immunochromatographic assay (IUCNPs-ICA) was developed for the detection of zearalenone (ZEN). Lu3+-doped UCNPs were synthesized using the solvothermal method, and the UCNPs doped with 30 % Lu3+ displayed optimal optical properties. The IUCNPs-ICA was subsequently developed for the detection of ZEN in cereals under optimized conditions. The detection time and limit of detection (LOD) were 10 min and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. Moreover, a good linear relationship was observed from 0 to 100 μg/L ZEN (r2 = 0.9946) and high specificity for other mycotoxins. LODs in spiked maize and wheat reached 0.16 μg/kg, and recovery rates were 82.11-100.76 % and 79.64-98.51 %. There was good consistency between the results of IUCNPs-ICA, colloidal gold-ICA, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the detection of natural cereal samples. The collective results support the utility of IUCNPs-ICA as a reliable on-site screening method for ZEN residue analysis in various cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Chen
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Haixi Lu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Honghui Shi
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Junli Zhu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Haifeng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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6
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Leite M, Freitas A, Barbosa J, Ramos F. Mycotoxins in Raw Bovine Milk: UHPLC-QTrap-MS/MS Method as a Biosafety Control Tool. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030173. [PMID: 36977064 PMCID: PMC10054876 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are compounds produced by several fungi that contaminate agricultural fields and, either directly or by carry-over, final food products. Animal exposure to these compounds through contaminated feed can lead to their excretion into milk, posing threats to public health. Currently, aflatoxin M1 is the sole mycotoxin with a maximum level set in milk by the European Union, as well as the most studied. Nonetheless, animal feed is known to be contaminated by several groups of mycotoxins with relevance from the food safety point of view that can be carried over into milk. To evaluate the multi-mycotoxin occurrence in this highly consumed food product it is crucial to develop precise and robust analytical methodologies towards their determination. In this sense, an analytical method for the simultaneous identification of 23 regulated, non-regulated, and emerging mycotoxins in raw bovine milk using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was validated. A modified QuEChERS protocol for extraction purposes was used, and further validation was performed by assessing the selectivity and specificity, limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ), linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery. The performance criteria were compliant with mycotoxin-specific and general European regulations for regulated, non-regulated, and emerging mycotoxins. The LOD and LOQ ranged between 0.001 and 9.88 ng mL−1 and 0.005 and 13.54 ng mL−1, respectively. Recovery values were between 67.5 and 119.8%. The repeatability and reproducibility parameters were below 15 and 25%, respectively. The validated methodology was successfully applied to determine regulated, non-regulated, and emerging mycotoxins in raw bulk milk from Portuguese dairy farms, proving the importance of widening the monitoring scope of mycotoxins in dairy products. Additionality, this method presents itself as a new strategic and integrated biosafety control tool for dairy farms for the analysis of these natural and relevant human risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leite
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), R. D. Manuel II, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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7
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Yang M, Yi J, Wei C, Peng X, Yang Z, Zhao L, Jiang X, Tu F. Determination of fumonisins in edible vegetable oil by MIL-101(Cr)-based dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Luo S, Liu Y, Guo Q, Wang X, Tian Y, Yang W, Li J, Chen Y. Determination of Zearalenone and Its Derivatives in Feed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup and Isotope Dilution. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110764. [PMID: 36356014 PMCID: PMC9697342 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was established for the determination of zearalenone and its five derivatives in feed, including zearalanone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol. An effective immunoaffinity column was prepared for sample purification, which was followed by the silane derivatization of the eluate after an immunoaffinity chromatography analysis for target compounds by GC-MS. Matrix effects were corrected by an isotope internal standard of zearalenone in this method. The six analytes had a good linear relationship in the range of 2-500 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were less than 1.5 μg/kg and 5.0 μg/kg, respectively. The average spike recoveries for the six feed matrices ranged from 89.6% to 112.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12.6%. Twenty actual feed samples were analyzed using the established method, and at least one target was detected. The established GC-MS method was proven to be reliable and suitable for the determination of zearalenone and its derivatives in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunlin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
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Khaneghah AM, Mostashari P, Oliveira CA, Vanin FM, Amiri S, Sant'Ana AS. Assessment of the concentrations of ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol during cracker production. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Li M, Li DY, Li ZY, Hu R, Yang YH, Yang T. A visual peroxidase mimicking aptasensor based on Pt nanoparticles-loaded on iron metal organic gel for fumonisin B1 analysis in corn meal. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Measurement of Fumonisins in Maize Using a Portable Mass Spectrometer. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080523. [PMID: 36006185 PMCID: PMC9412256 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins that routinely contaminate maize. Their presence is monitored at multiple stages from harvest to final product. Immunoassays are routinely used to screen commodities in the field while laboratory-based methods, such as mass spectrometry (MS), are used for confirmation. The use of a portable mass spectrometer unlocks the potential to conduct confirmatory analyses outside of traditional laboratories. Herein, a portable mass spectrometer was used to measure fumonisins in maize. Samples were extracted with aqueous methanol, cleaned up on an immunoaffinity column, and tested with the portable MS. The limits of detection were 0.15, 0.19, and 0.28 mg/kg maize for fumonisins B1 (FB1), FB2/FB3, and total fumonisins, respectively. The corresponding limits of quantitation in maize were 0.33, 0.59, and 0.74 mg/kg. Recoveries ranged from 93.6% to 108.6%. However, RSDs ranged from 12.0 to 29.8%. The method was applied to the detection of fumonisins in 64 samples of maize collected as part of the Illinois Department of Agriculture’s monitoring program. Good correlations were observed between the portable MS and a laboratory-based LC-MS method (r2 from 0.9132 to 0.9481). Results suggest the portable MS can be applied to the measurement of fumonisins in maize at levels relevant to international regulations.
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12
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Foerster C, Monsalve L, Ríos-Gajardo G. Mycotoxin Exposure in Children through Breakfast Cereal Consumption in Chile. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:324. [PMID: 35622571 PMCID: PMC9146524 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are unavoidable contaminants produced by fungi in food, especially grains. This study aimed to measure the occurrence and levels of total aflatoxins (AFs); ochratoxin A (OTA); zearalenone (ZEN); fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 (FUM); deoxynivalenol (DON); and T-2/HT-2 toxins in the four most commonly consumed breakfast cereals in Chile and to assess mycotoxin exposure and risk in children aged 2 to 13 years due to cereal consumption. In this study, a total of 110 batches with three subsamples of the four brands were sampled in supermarkets from November 2019 to June 2021. Samples were analyzed by Veratox® ELISA (Neogen). Exposure was assessed by estimated daily intake (EDI) considering the levels found in a modified lower bound (mLB) and upper bound (UB). Risk was estimated by margin of exposure (MOE) in the case of OTA and AFs and hazard quotient (HQ) for the rest of the mycotoxins. No T2/HT2 toxins were detected. Few samples had quantifiable levels of ZEN, FUM, and DON except for brand 1, with a mean (standard deviation, SD) of 54 (20), 1552 (351), and 706 (218) ng/g, respectively. In addition, three FUM samples and one DON sample had values over the Chilean regulation. Brands 2, 3, and 4 had quantifiable levels of AFs, with mean (SD) values of 1.3 (0.1), 2.1 (0.6), and 1.9 (0.4) ng/g, respectively. Brand 3 had quantifiable levels of OTA, with a mean (SD) of 2.3 (0.4) ng/g. Estimated exposure indicated a risk of AFs in all scenarios, and of FUM for brand 1 consumption, OTA and DON for brand 3 consumption, and OTA for brand 4 consumption in the mLB worst-case scenario. In general, mycotoxin levels were below the Chilean regulatory limits, but most of them were above the EU regulation for processed cereal-based food in young children. Because the risk was higher in the 2- to 5-year-old children, we recommend special regulations for this group in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Foerster
- Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O’Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile;
| | - Liliam Monsalve
- Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O’Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile;
| | - Gisela Ríos-Gajardo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
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Zhou J, Wang X, Li Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Liang C, Zhu X, Qi Y, Wang A. Fluorescence immunoassay based on phage mimotope for nontoxic detection of Zearalenone in maize. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Xueli Wang
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yanghui Li
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yankai Liu
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
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14
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Zhang S, Zhou S, Yu S, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Wu A. LC-MS/MS Analysis of Fumonisin B1, B2, B3, and Their Hydrolyzed Metabolites in Broiler Chicken Feed and Excreta. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020131. [PMID: 35202158 PMCID: PMC8875997 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate, reliable, and specific method was developed for the quantitative determination of fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and their hydrolyzed metabolites, HFB1, HFB2, and HFB3, in broiler chicken feed and excreta using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted and diluted for the determination of parent fumonisins. Another portion of the extracted samples was alkaline-hydrolyzed and cleaned using a strong anionic exchange adsorbent (MAX) for the determination of hydrolyzed fumonisins. Chromatographic separation was performed on a CORTECS C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.6 μm) using 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol with 0.2% formic acid as the mobile phase under gradient elution. The six fumonisins, FB1, FB2, FB3, HFB1, HFB2, and HFB3, were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The six fumonisins showed good linearity, with relative coefficients of r > 0.99. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 160 μg/kg. At the low, medium, and high spiked levels, the recovery of fumonisins in chicken feed and excreta ranged from 82.6 to 115.8%, with a precision (RSD) of 3.9–18.9%. This method was successfully applied to investigate the migration and transformation of fumonisins in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shuang Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Song Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.Y.); (A.W.)
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.Y.); (A.W.)
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15
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Zhou J, Liu Z, Yang Q, Qian W, Chen Y, Qi Y, Wang A. Multiple fluorescence immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of Zearalenone and Ochratoxin A. Anal Biochem 2021; 628:114288. [PMID: 34126058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate multiple fluorescence immunoassay for the simultaneous quantitative detection of Zearalenone (ZEN) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in single spot based on multicolor quantum dots (QDs) labeling was developed for the first time. Two kinds of ZnCdSe/ZnS (core/shell) QDs with maximum emission wavelengths at 520 nm (green) and 610 nm (orange-red) were selected as marking materials, respectively. The anti-ZEN-mAb-QDs and anti-OTA-mAb-QDs were designed as the immune fluorescent probes. Fluorescence was measured at the same excitation wavelength and two different emission wavelengths to determine each target. The procedure for QDs-based multiple fluorescence labeled immunosorbent assay (M-FLISA) was developed. The 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50) of ZEN and OTA were 0.034 and 1.175 ng/mL. Moreover, the limits of detection (LOD) for the simultaneous determination were 0.0239 and 2.339 ng/g for ZEN and OTA in maize, respectively. In addition, the recoveries ranged from 93.15 to 101.90% for ZEN and from 95.29 to 102.43% for OTA, with the coefficient variation (CV) of 2.70-8.86% and 3.51-6.22% respectively. There was good consistency between the M-FLISA and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results, which confirmed that the M-FLISA was suitable for the simultaneous quantitative detection of various mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhanxiang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qingbao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wenjing Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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16
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Sohrabi H, Arbabzadeh O, Khaaki P, Majidi MR, Khataee A, Woo Joo S. Emerging electrochemical sensing and biosensing approaches for detection of Fumonisins in food samples. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8761-8776. [PMID: 34085894 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1932723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) can be found extensively in feedstuffs, foodstuffs, and crops. The consumption of the fumonisin-contaminated corn can result in esophageal cancer. In addition, the secondary metabolites of fungi termed mycotoxins may have some adverse effects on animals and humans such as estrogenicity, immunotoxicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. Hence, developing sensitivity techniques for mycotoxins determination is of great importance. This paper reports the latest developments of nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensing, apta-sensing, sensing, and immunosensing analyses to detect fumonisins. A concise study of the occurrence, legislations, toxicity, and distribution of FBs in levels monitoring was done. The techniques, different detection matrices, and approaches to highly selective and sensitive sensing methods were reviewed. The review also summarizes the salient features and the necessity of biosensing assessments in FBs detection, and diverse immobilization techniques. Furthermore, this review defined the performance of various electrochemical sensors using different detection elements couples with nanomaterials fabricated applying different detection elements coupled with nanomaterials (metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), metal NPs, CNT, and graphene), the factors limiting progress, and the upcoming tasks in successful aptasensor fabrication with the functionalized nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Arbabzadeh
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pegah Khaaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Reza Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey.,Department of Materrial Science and Physical Chemistry of Materials, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sang Woo Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang, South Korea
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17
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Bochetto A, Merino N, Kaplan M, Guiñez M, Cerutti S. Design of a combined microextraction and back-extraction technique for the analysis of mycotoxins in amaranth seeds. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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A dual-colored persistent luminescence nanosensor for simultaneous and autofluorescence-free determination of aflatoxin B 1 and zearalenone. Talanta 2021; 232:122395. [PMID: 34074391 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination in agricultural products poses a serious threat to human and animal health, so rapid and sensitive nanosensors for simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in food samples are highly desirable for food safety monitoring. Herein, we report the fabrication of functional dual-colored persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) in conjunction with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as a nanosensor for the simultaneous biosensing of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) in food samples. Two types of PLNPs with a single excitation wavelength, Zn2GeO4:Mn2+ and Zn1.25Ga1.5Ge0.25O4:Cr3+,Yb3+,Er3+, are employed as the signal units, and aptamers with high affinity and specificity to the corresponding mycotoxins are used as the recognition units. The nanosensor was fabricated by hybridizing the aptamer modified PLNPs with the complementary DNA modified Fe3O4. The developed nanosensor offers the integrated merits of autofluorescence-free detection of persistent luminescence, the high specificity of aptamer and the high speed of magnetic separation, allowing highly sensitive and selective detection of AFB1 and ZEN in food samples with the limits of detection of 0.29 pg mL-1 for AFB1 and 0.22 pg mL-1 for ZEN and the recoveries of 93.6%-103.2% for AFB1 and 94.7%-105.1% for ZEN. This work also provides a novel universal PLNPs-based optical platform for the simultaneous detection of multiple contaminants in complex samples.
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19
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Optimization and Validation of an Analytical Method for the Determination of Free and Hidden Fumonisins in Corn and Corn Products by UHPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-01984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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De Rycke E, Foubert A, Dubruel P, Bol'hakov OI, De Saeger S, Beloglazova N. Recent advances in electrochemical monitoring of zearalenone in diverse matrices. Food Chem 2021; 353:129342. [PMID: 33714123 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current manuscript summarizes different electrochemical sensing systems developed within the last 5 years for the detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in diverse matrices such as food, feed, and biofluids. ZEN is one of the most prevalent non-steroidal mycotoxins that is often found in pre- and post-harvest crops. Crops contamination with ZEN and animal exposure to it via contaminated feed, is a global health and economic concern. The European Union has established various preventive programs to control ZEN contamination, and regulations on the maximum levels of ZEN in food and feed. Electrochemical (bio)sensors are a very promising alternative to sensitive but sophisticated and expensive chromatographic techniques. In the current review, recent developments towards electrochemical sensing of ZEN, sorted by type of transducer, their design, development, and approbation/validation are discussed, and the use of specialized electrochemical instrumentation is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther De Rycke
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Astrid Foubert
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Oleg I Bol'hakov
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia.
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21
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Current role of modern chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of mycotoxins in food. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Polak-Śliwińska M, Paszczyk B. Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2021; 26:454. [PMID: 33467103 PMCID: PMC7830705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011-2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
- Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland;
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23
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Mycotoxins Analysis in Cereals and Related Foodstuffs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8888117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the entire world, cereals and related foodstuffs are used as an important source of energy, minerals, and vitamins. Nevertheless, their contamination with mycotoxins kept special attention due to harmful effects on human health. The present paper was conducted to evaluate published studies regarding the identification and characterization of mycotoxins in cereals and related foodstuffs by liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. For sample preparation, published studies based on the development of extraction and clean-up strategies including solid-phase extraction, solid-liquid extraction, and immunoaffinity columns, as well as on methods based on minimum clean-up (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)) technology, are examined. LC-MS/MS has become the golden method for the simultaneous multimycotoxin analysis, with different sample preparation approaches, due to the range of different physicochemical properties of these toxic products. Therefore, this new strategy can be an alternative for fast, simple, and accurate determination of multiclass mycotoxins in complex cereal samples.
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24
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Yang S, Luo Y, Mu L, Yang Y, Yang Y. Risk screening of mycotoxins and their derivatives in dairy products using a stable isotope dilution assay and LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:782-792. [PMID: 33275836 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method coupled with a stable isotope dilution assay was established for the simultaneous detection of 17 mycotoxins and their derivatives (aflatoxins B1 , B2 , G1 , G2 , M1 , and M2 ; fumonisins B1 and B2 ; ochratoxin A; zearalenone; zearalanone; α-zearalanol; α-zearalenol; T-2 toxin; deoxynivalenol; deepoxy-deoxynivalenol; and sterigmatocystin) in milk and dairy products. The mycotoxins were extracted with acidified acetonitrile and the lipids were removed using a Captiva EMR-lipid column. The average recoveries of the target compounds from samples spiked at three different concentrations were 67-102%, and the relative standard deviations of the peak areas were less than 10%. Limits of quantification (S/N = 10) of 0.004-1.25 μg/kg were achieved, which are significantly lower than the maximum levels allowed in various countries and regions for each regulated mycotoxin. Milk and yogurt products from local markets and e-commercial platforms were analyzed using the optimized method. The screening showed that aflatoxin M1 , deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1 and B2 , and zearalenone could be found in milk and yogurt products, especially those products also containing grains or jujube ingredients, indicating that there is a risk of mycotoxins in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunjing Luo
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Mu
- China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Youyou Yang
- China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of Animal Science of CAAS, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongtan Yang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing, P. R. China
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25
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Varga E, Ladányi M, Fodor P, Soros C. Comparison of QuEChERS and "dilute and shoot" extraction methods for multi-mycotoxin analysis of samples from button mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus) cultivation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 56:99-108. [PMID: 33571042 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1852046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several components of mushroom compost (wheat straw, chicken manure) can be contaminated with mycotoxins posing food health risks to mushroom consumers. To assess the relevance of such contaminations high-throughput analytical methods are needed. In this study, two sample preparation approaches, dilute & shoot (D&S) and modified citrate buffered Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS) were compared in terms of extraction efficiency and matrix effect in case of 13 mycotoxins in complex matrices-wheat straw, the growing media and button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)-of mushroom cultivation using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). D&S method resulted in recoveries of LB medium, button mushroom and compost for ≥60% in case of all investigated mycotoxins except for DON-3G. However, using modified citrate buffered QuEChERS with 2% acidification of the extraction solvent showed the complete loss of strongly polar DON-3G and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The investigated matrices had suppressive effect on ionization in all target mycotoxins except for FB1. Regarding the use of isotopologues to compensate matrix effect, even U-[13C15]-DON and U-[13C24]-T-2 can also be used to quantify their related metabolites in the studied matrices, using internal standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Varga
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Ladányi
- Faculty of Horticultural Science, Department of Biometrics and Agricultural Informatics, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Fodor
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Soros
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Lu Q, Qin JA, Fu YW, Luo JY, Lu JH, Logrieco AF, Yang MH. Modified mycotoxins in foodstuffs, animal feed, and herbal medicine: A systematic review on global occurrence, transformation mechanism and analysis methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Li P, Deng S, Zech Xu Z. Toxicant substitutes in immunological assays for mycotoxins detection: A mini review. Food Chem 2020; 344:128589. [PMID: 33246689 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recurring mycotoxins contamination has posedaseriousthreatto food safety worldwide. Competitive immunoassays are widely used techniques for high-throughput mycotoxins detection in agricultural products and foods. However, the inevitable introduction of mycotoxin conjugates produced by chemical conjugation usually results in complicated by-products, large batch errors and threats to operators and environment. Biologically derived surrogates of mycotoxin conjugates or mycotoxin standards are renewable immunoreagents. They can serve the same function as the responding counterparts in the immunoassays. The substitute-based immunoassays exhibit satisfactory sensitivity, pose less health threats to operators and environment, and contribute to the standardization of immunoassays for mycotoxins. This review focuses on the current applications of substitute-based immunoassays, clarifies their underlying mechanisms and provides a careful comparison. Challenges and future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shengliang Deng
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, No. 7777 Changdong Avenue, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Zhenjiang Zech Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
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28
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Mousavi Khaneghah A, Farhadi A, Nematollahi A, Vasseghian Y, Fakhri Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the concentration and prevalence of trichothecenes in the cereal-based food. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Andrade PD, Dias JV, Souza DM, Brito AP, van Donkersgoed G, Pizzutti IR, Caldas ED. Mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products: Incidence and probabilistic dietary risk assessment for the Brazilian population. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111572. [PMID: 32673632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A probabilistic dietary risk assessment on mycotoxins was conducted using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment software, with consumption data from the 2008/2009 Brazilian Household Budget Survey for individuals who were at least 10 years old and occurrence data for 646 samples of rice, maize, wheat, and their products, collected in the Federal District and in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Processing factors were estimated and applied to concentration data. Chronic exposure was estimated for fumonisins (free and bound/hidden), deoxynivalenol (DON) (including the acetylated forms) and zearalenone (ZON) (including alfa-zearalenol) and acute exposure was estimated for DON. For the general population, the chronic exposure exceeded the safe exposure levels at the 95P for DON and at the 99P for fumonisins. Additionally, safe level exceedance occurred at the 97.5P for fumonisins and at the 95P for DON for teenagers, as well as at the 99P for fumonisins for women of child-bearing-age. No exceedances were found for chronic exposure to ZON and acute exposure to DON. Maize couscous contributed most of the total fumonisins (91%) and ZON intakes (~40%) and bread to total intake of DON (~30%). Further studies should be conducted with updated Brazilian consumption data, which should include information for individuals aged less than 10 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Diniz Andrade
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Brasília Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jonatan Vinicius Dias
- Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Chemistry, Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Darliana Mello Souza
- Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Chemistry, Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Page Brito
- Brasília Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gerda van Donkersgoed
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ionara Regina Pizzutti
- Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Chemistry, Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Simultaneous Determination of Deoxynivalenol, Its Modified Forms, Nivalenol and Fusarenone-X in Feedstuffs by the Liquid Hromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060362. [PMID: 32492900 PMCID: PMC7354445 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3Ac-DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15Ac-DON), DON-3-glucoside (DON-3Glc) nivalenol and fusarenone-X in feedstuffs. Different techniques of sample preparation were tested: solid-liquid-extraction, QuEChERS, solid phase extraction with OASIS HLB columns or immunoaffinity columns and a Mycosep 225 Trich column. None of the six immunoaffinity columns tested showed cross-reactivity to all of the mycotoxins. Surprisingly, the results show that if the immunoaffinity columns bound 3Ac-DON, then they did not bind 15Ac-DON. The most efficient sample preparation was achieved with a Mycosep 225 Trich column clean-up. The chromatography was optimised to obtain full separation of all analytes (including 3Ac-DON and 15Ac-DON isomeric form). The validation results show the relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility varied from 4% to 24%. The apparent recovery ranged between 92% and 97%, and the limit of quantification described a 1.30 to 50 µg/kg range. The method trueness was satisfactory, as assessed by a proficiency test and analysis of reference material. A total of 99 feed samples were analysed by the developed method, revealing the presence of DON and DON-3Glc in 85% and 86% of examined animal feeds, respectively at concentrations between 1.70 and 1709 µg/kg. The ratios DON-3Glc to DON in the surveyed feedstuffs were from a low of 3% to high of 59%.
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31
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Development and validation of a novel analytical method to quantify aflatoxins in baby food samples by employing dispersive solid phase extraction with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Rausch AK, Brockmeyer R, Schwerdtle T. Development and Validation of a QuEChERS-Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Multi-Method for the Determination of 38 Native and Modified Mycotoxins in Cereals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4657-4669. [PMID: 32216338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, a reliable and sensitive method for the determination of 38 (modified) mycotoxins was developed. Using a QuEChERS-based extraction method [acetonitrile/water/formic acid (75:20:5, v/v/v)], followed by two runs of high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with different conditions, relevant mycotoxins in cereals were analyzed. The method was validated according to the performance criteria defined by the European Commission (EC) in Commission Decision no. 657/2002. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.05 to 150 μg/kg. Good linearity (R2 > 0.99), recovery (61-120%), repeatability (RSDr < 15%), and reproducibility (RSDR < 20%) were obtained for most mycotoxins. However, validation results for Alternaria toxins and fumonisins were unsatisfying. Matrix effects (-69 to +59%) were compensated for using standard addition. Application on reference materials gave correct results while analysis of samples from local retailers revealed contamination, especially with deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, fumonisins, and zearalenone, in concentrations up to 369, 58, 1002, and 21 μg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Rausch
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Eurofins SOFIA GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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33
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Kunz BM, Wanko F, Kemmlein S, Bahlmann A, Rohn S, Maul R. Development of a rapid multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS stable isotope dilution analysis for grain legumes and its application on 66 market samples. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Kiseleva M, Chalyy Z, Sedova I, Aksenov I. Stability of Mycotoxins in Individual Stock and Multi-Analyte Standard Solutions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E94. [PMID: 32019119 PMCID: PMC7076964 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard solutions of mycotoxins prepared in RP HPLC solvents from neat standards are usually used for analytical method development. Multi-mycotoxin HPLC-MS/MS methods necessitate stability estimation for the wide spectrum of fungal metabolites. The stability of individual diluted stock standard solutions of mycotoxins in RP-HPLC solvents and multi-analyte HPLC-MS/MS calibrants was evaluated under standard storage and analysis conditions. Individual stock standard solutions of aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, A- and B-trichothecenes, zearalenone and its analogues, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, Alternaria toxins, enniatins and beauvericin, moniliformin, citrinin, mycophenolic, cyclopiazonic acids and citreoviridin were prepared in RP-HPLC solvents and stored at -18 °C for 14 months. UV-spectroscopy was utilized to monitor the stability of analytes, excluding fumonisins. The gradual degradation of α-, β-zearalenol and α-, β-zearalanol in acetonitrile was detected. Aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, Alternaria toxins, enniatins and beauvericin, citrinin, mycophenolic, cyclopiazonic acids and citreoviridin can be referred to as stable. The concentration of the majority of trichothecenes should be monitored. Diluted multi-mycotoxin standard in water/methanol (50/50 v/v) solutions acidified with 0.1% formic acid proved to be stable in silanized glass at 23 °C exposed to light for at least 75 h (CV≤10%). An unexpected manifestation of MS/MS signal suppression/enhancement was discovered in the course of multi-mycotoxin standard solution stability evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Kiseleva
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ust’inskiy pr., 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russian; (Z.C.); (I.S.); (I.A.)
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35
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Öncü-Kaya EM, Sener ZA. Development and validation of a sensitive reverse-phase UHPLC fluorescence method for the quantification of citreoviridin in rice, corn and wheat. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Jiménez Medina ML, Lafarga T, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R. Natural Occurrence, Legislation, and Determination of Aflatoxins Using Chromatographic Methods in Food: A Review (from 2010 to 2019). FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1701009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Jiménez Medina
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Tomas Lafarga
- Processed Fruits & Vegetables, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), XaRTA-Postharvest, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Maragos CM, Uchiyama Y, Kobayashi N, Kominato F, Sugita-Konishi Y. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies for the Mycotoxin Citreoviridin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110630. [PMID: 31671523 PMCID: PMC6891493 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Citreoviridin (CTV) in an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase that has been isolated from molded yellow rice and linked to the human disease Shoshin-kakke (acute cardiac beriberi). The disease results from a deficiency of thiamine, however, purified CTV can reproduce the symptoms in experimental animals. The link between CTV and Shoshin-kakke has been difficult to resolve, in part because cases of the disease are rare. In addition to rice, CTV has been found in maize, pecan nuts, and wheat products. A method to screen for CTV and its geometric isomer, iso-CTV, in commodities was developed, based upon the isolation of two novel monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In an antigen-immobilized competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay format (CI-ELISA), the observed IC50s for CTV were 11 ng/mL and 18 ng/mL (mAbs 2-2 and 2-4, respectively). The assays were relatively tolerant to methanol and acetonitrile, which allowed their application to the detection of CTV in spiked polished white rice. For quantification, a standard mixture of CTV and iso-CTV was used, along with matrix matched calibration. The dynamic range of the ELISA using mAb 2-4 was equivalent to 0.23 to 2.22 mg/kg in rice. Recoveries over the range of 0.36 to 7.23 mg/kg averaged 97 ± 10%. The results suggest that the mAb 2-4-based immunoassay can be applied to the screening of white rice for CTV. Both mAbs were also observed to significantly enhance the fluorescence of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - Yosuke Uchiyama
- Department of Food and Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
| | | | - Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
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38
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Mycotoxins in cereal-based products during 24 years (1983–2017): A global systematic review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Shao Y, Duan H, Zhou S, Ma T, Guo L, Huang X, Xiong Y. Biotin-Streptavidin System-Mediated Ratiometric Multiplex Immunochromatographic Assay for Simultaneous and Accurate Quantification of Three Mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9022-9031. [PMID: 31339724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative multiplex immunochromatographic assay (mICA) has received an increasing amount of attention in multitarget detection. However, the quantitative results in the reported mICAs were obtained by recording the signals on the test lines that with which various analyte-independent factors readily interfere, resulting in inaccurate quantitation. The ratiometric strategy using the T/C value (ratios of signals on the test line to those of the control line) for signal correction can effectively circumvent these issues to enable more accurate detection. Herein, we present for the first time a novel ratiometric mICA strip with multiple T lines for the simultaneous quantitative detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and ochratoxin A (OTA) using highly luminescent quantum dot nanobeads (QBs) as enhanced signal reporters. To achieve reliable ratiometric signal output, a biotin-streptavidin system was introduced to replace the conventional anti-mouse IgG antibody for reliable reference signals on the control line that are completely independent of the signal probe and analyte. By using stable T/C values as quantitative signals, our proposed QB-mICA method can successfully detect three mycotoxins with concentrations as low as 1.65 pg/mL for AFB1, 1.58 ng/mL for FB1, and 0.059 ng/mL for OTA. The detection performance of the developed QB-mICA strip, including precision, specificity, and reliability, was further evaluated using artificially contaminated cereal samples. The results demonstrate the improved accuracy and reliability of quantitative determination by comparison with the anti-mouse IgG antibody. Thus, this work provides a promising strategy for developing a ratiometric mICA method for accurately quantifying multiple analytes using the biotin-SA system, opening up a new direction in quantitative mICAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330031 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330031 , P. R. China
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P. R. China
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40
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Silva AS, Brites C, Pouca AV, Barbosa J, Freitas A. UHPLC-ToF-MS method for determination of multi-mycotoxins in maize: Development and validation. Curr Res Food Sci 2019; 1:1-7. [PMID: 32914099 PMCID: PMC7473352 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography combined with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC–ToF-MS) method has been developed for determination of nine mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), toxin T2 (T2) and fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) in maize. The method included a two-step extraction with acetonitrile 80% (v/v). After optimization, the analytical method was validated. The different concentrations tested take in account the Maximum Levels (ML) for maize (Commission Regulation EC no. 1881/2006) and good results for repeatability (%RSDr ≤ 15.4%), reproducibility (%RSDR ≤ 15.9%) and recovery (77.8–110.4%, except for AFG2 at 2 μg/kg which presented a recovery of 73.4%) were achieved. These met the performance criteria imposed by Commission Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006. The method was applied to twenty-two samples from Portuguese producers of maize. Fumonisins were the most frequently detected mycotoxins, but the levels do not exceed those imposed by European legislation. A UHPLC–ToF-MS method was developed for determination of nine mycotoxins in maize. Validation of the method was performed taking in account the EU maximum legal limits for maize. Good results for repeatability, reproducibility and recovery were achieved. The method was applied to 22 samples from Portuguese producers of maize. Fumonisins were the most frequently detected mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
- Corresponding author. National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal.
| | - Carla Brites
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- GREEN-IT, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Vila Pouca
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/ LAQV, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/ LAQV, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Johny A, Fæste CK, Bogevik AS, Berge GM, Fernandes JMO, Ivanova L. Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Mycotoxins and Phytoestrogens in Plant-Based Fish Feed and Exposed Fish. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040222. [PMID: 31013949 PMCID: PMC6520669 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New protein sources in fish feed require the assessment of the carry-over potential of contaminants and anti-nutrients from feed ingredients into the fish, and the assessment of possible health risks for consumers. Presently, plant materials including wheat and legumes make up the largest part of aquafeeds, so evaluation of the transfer capabilities of typical toxic metabolites from plant-infesting fungi and of vegetable phytoestrogens into fish products is of great importance. With the aim of facilitating surveillance of relevant mycotoxins and isoflavones, we have developed and validated a multi-analyte LC-HRMS/MS method that can be used to ensure compliance to set maximum levels in feed and fish. The method performance characteristics were determined, showing high specificity for all 25 targeted analytes, which included 19 mycotoxins and three isoflavones and their corresponding aglycons with sufficient to excellent sensitivities and uniform analytical linearity in different matrices. Depending on the availability of matching stable isotope-labelled derivates or similar-structure homologues, calibration curves were generated either by using internal standards or by matrix-matched external standards. Precision and recovery data were in the accepted range, although they varied between the different analytes. This new method was considered as fit-for-purpose and applied for the analysis of customised fish feed containing wheat gluten, soy, or pea protein concentrate as well as salmon and zebrafish fed on diets with these ingredients for a period of up to eight weeks. Only mycotoxin enniatin B, at a level near the limit of detection, and low levels of isoflavones were detected in the feed, demonstrating the effectiveness of maximum level recommendations and modern feed processing technologies in the Norwegian aquaculture industry. Consequently, carry-over into fish muscle was not observed, confirming that fillets from plant-fed salmon were safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Johny
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo 0454, Norway.
| | | | - André S Bogevik
- Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Fyllingsdalen 5141, Norway.
| | - Gerd Marit Berge
- Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Sunndalsøra 6600, Norway.
| | | | - Lada Ivanova
- Chemistry Section, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo 0454, Norway.
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Jia W, Shi L, Zhang F, Fan C, Chang J, Chu X. Multiplexing data independent untargeted workflows for mycotoxins screening on a quadrupole-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry platform. Food Chem 2019; 278:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Simple Solvent Extraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Rice Bran Protein Powder. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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44
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Antibody immobilization strategy for the development of a capacitive immunosensor detecting zearalenone. Talanta 2018; 191:202-208. [PMID: 30262050 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive flow-injection capacitive immunosensor was developed for detection of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN). Different strategies for immobilization of an anti-ZEN antibody on the surface of a gold electrode, i.e. polytyramine or self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) and lipoic acid (LA), were used and their performances were compared. The LA- and 3-MPA-based systems showed broad linear ranges for ZEN determination, i.e. from 0.010 nM to 10 nM and from 0.020 nM to 10 nM, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the LA-based immunosensor was capable of performing up till 13 regeneration-interaction cycles (with use of glycine HCl, pH 2.4) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0060 nM, equivalent to 1.9 pg mL-1. It also demonstrated a good inter-assay precision (RSD < 10%). However, the tyramine-based capacitive immunosensor showed a bad repeatability (only 4 regeneration-interaction cycles were possible) and inter-assay precision (RSD > 15%) which did not allow sensitive and precise measurements. The LA-based method was compared with a direct ELISA. These results demonstrated that the label-free developed capacitive immunosensor had a better sensitivity and shorter analysis time in comparison with the direct microwell-plate format.
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Huang P, Kong W, Wang S, Wang R, Lu J, Yang M. Multiclass mycotoxins in lotus seeds analysed by an isotope-labelled internal standard-based UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1378-1388. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to explore the residue levels of multiclass mycotoxins in medicinal and edible lotus seeds.
Methods
A rapid and reliable isotope-labelled internal standard-based UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for sensitive and accurate analysis of multiclass mycotoxins including aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), T-2 and HT-2 toxins in lotus seeds. Some critical conditions such as extract solution with the addition of isotope-labelled internal standard, type of mobile phase and the elution condition were scientifically optimized. The 11 mycotoxins obtained satisfactory resolution and sensitive detection in multiple reactions monitoring scanning mode combined with the ion switching technology in positive and negative ion switching mode.
Key findings
The developed isotope-labelled internal standard-based UPLC-MS/MS method exhibited an approving linearity (r ≥ 0.9984), high sensitivity (limit of detection in the range of 0.015–30.05 μg/kg), acceptable precision (RSDs ≤6.3%) and good recovery (76.0–116.0%) for 11 analytes, respectively. Ten batches of real lotus seed samples were tested, and three batches out of which were contaminated with AFB1, FB2, T-2 and ZEN. AFB1 showed the highest occurrence rate (30%) with contents of 10.50 and 8.32 μg/kg in two samples over the official limit (5.0 μg/kg).
Conclusions
The monitoring of multiclass mycotoxins in Chinese herbal medicines is in great urgency to ensure the security of consumers. The proposed method could be further utilized for simple, sensitive and rapid detection of more mycotoxins in other complex matrices to compensate for matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinxuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Pharmacy College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- PLA Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Lu
- Pharmacy College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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46
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Du LJ, Chu C, Warner E, Wang QY, Hu YH, Chai KJ, Cao J, Peng LQ, Chen YB, Yang J, Zhang QD. Rapid microwave-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of mycotoxins in food using zirconia nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1561:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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47
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Karami-Osboo R, Maham M. Pre-concentration and Extraction of Aflatoxins from Rice Using Air-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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48
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Zhang K, Flannery BM, Oles CJ, Adeuya A. Mycotoxins in infant/toddler foods and breakfast cereals in the US retail market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:183-190. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1451397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Brenna M. Flannery
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Analytics and Outreach, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn J. Oles
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anthony Adeuya
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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49
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Berthiller F, Cramer B, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J, Tittlemier S. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2016-2017. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2016 and mid-2017. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed LC-MS based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - B. Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M.H. Iha
- Nucleous of Chemistry and Bromatology Science, Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Minas 866, CEP 14085-410, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- Department of Contaminants and Authenticity, Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
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50
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Cao X, Li X, Li J, Niu Y, Shi L, Fang Z, Zhang T, Ding H. Quantitative determination of carcinogenic mycotoxins in human and animal biological matrices and animal-derived foods using multi-mycotoxin and analyte-specific high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1073:191-200. [PMID: 29278819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reliable multi-mycotoxin-based method was developed to identify and quantify several carcinogenic mycotoxins in human blood and urine, as well as edible animal tissues, including muscle and liver tissue from swine and chickens, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For the toxicokinetic studies with individual mycotoxins, highly sensitive analyte-specific LC-MS/MS methods were developed for rat plasma and urine. Sample purification consisted of a rapid 'dilute and shoot' approach in urine samples, a simple 'dilute, evaporate and shoot' approach in plasma samples and a 'QuEChERS' procedure in edible animal tissues. The multi-mycotoxin and analyte-specific methods were validated in-house: The limits of detection (LOD) for the multi-mycotoxin and analyte-specific methods ranged from 0.02 to 0.41 μg/kg (μg/L) and 0.01 to 0.19 μg/L, respectively, and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 0.10 to 1.02 μg/kg (μg/L) and 0.09 to 0.47 μg/L, respectively. Apparent recoveries of the samples spiked with 0.25 to 4 μg/kg (μg/L) ranged from 60.1% to 109.8% with relative standard deviations below 15%. The methods were successfully applied to real samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study carried out using a small group of patients from the Chinese population with hepatocellular carcinoma to assess their exposure to carcinogenic mycotoxins using biomarkers. Finally, the multi-mycotoxin method is a useful analytical method for assessing exposure to mycotoxins edible in animal tissues. The analyte-specific methods could be useful during toxicokinetic and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Cao
- College of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Shi
- College of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Fang
- College of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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