Chiral stationary phase optimized selectivity liquid chromatography: A strategy for the separation of chiral isomers

Exploring the Effects of Optically Active Solvents in Chiral Chromatography on Polysaccharide-Based Columns

Exploring the effectiveness of optically active solvents as mobile-phase modifiers in chiral liquid chromatography (LC) can offer an additional new tool to tune the chiral selectivity. Hence, the potential of l-ethyl lactate (LEL), a biobased solvent of this nature, was explored for its distinctive interactions with both the mobile phase and analytes, as anticipated from its chiral nature. The findings reveal that LEL provides distinct selectivity compared to commonly used modifiers in chiral LC. Reversed-phase LC (RPLC)-type chiral separations were therefore compared under various conditions whereby LEL was partially or completely replacing common achiral solvents such as acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol (MeOH). An increase in chiral resolution was obtained in 8 of 16 test compounds. For 5 of them a decrease was obtained, and 3 test solutes did not offer satisfactory results under any of the tested conditions on the polysaccharide columns. When LEL was combined with methanol instead of ACN, worse results were obtained, presumably due to its protic nature. Moreover, LEL demonstrates excellent compatibility with salt additives and is fully miscible with aqueous phases. Interestingly, a steeper increase in chiral resolution is observed for LEL, as compared to ACN at lower temperatures. While LEL is somewhat hindered by its higher UV absorbance, it paves the way toward more simplified chiral screening platforms, whereby chiral solutions can be found for fewer columns and greener solvents such as LEL are incorporated. Finally, to elucidate the impact of chiral interactions between the solvent and analytes, the influence of d-ethyl lactate (DEL) was compared with that of LEL. The results revealed different interactions between the stereoisomers of ethyl lactate (EL) and chiral analytes, demonstrating an influence of optically active solvents on enantioseparations.

Construction of dual-chiral covalent organic frameworks for enantioselective separation

Developing novel chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with versatility is of great importance in enantiomer separation. This study fabricated a dual-chiral covalent organic framework (PA-CA COF) via successive post-synthetic modifications. The chiral trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (CA) and (D)-penicillamine (PA) groups were periodically aligned within nanochannels of the COF, allowing selective recognition of enantiomers through intermolecular interactions. It can be a versatile high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) CSP for separating a wide range of enantiomers, including chiral pharmaceutical intermediates and chiral drugs. With separation performance comparable to commercial chiral columns and even greater versatility, the PA-CA COF@SiO2 column held promise for practical applications. Chiral separation results combined with molecular simulation indicated that the mixed mode of PA and CA resulted in the broad separation capability of PA-CA COF. The introduction of the dual-chiral COFs concept opens up a new avenue for chiral recognition and separation, holding great potential for practical enantiomer separation.

Selectivity optimization in liquid chromatography via stationary phase tuning

In striving for the best possible separation, the selectivity of stationary phases as an optimization parameter is often underestimated although there are many ways to influence this powerful tool. This review serves to provide an insight into the various ways of adapting the selectivity of a separation in liquid chromatography. Approaches via temperature and flow rate tuning are discussed as a basis followed by focusing on the stationary phase as the superior optimization parameter. Highly selective stationary phases hereby provide an advantage for groups of similar analytes. For more complex mixtures, separations can be improved using mixed-mode technologies where different retention mechanisms are combined. Serial coupling, mixed-bed columns, and stationary phase optimized selectivity liquid chromatography provide solutions to various degrees. Finally, the advantages of stationary phase tuning over adaption of mobile phase and/or temperature are presented in terms of optimum application range.

Serially coupled column liquid chromatography: An alternative separation tool

Despite the rapid development of liquid chromatography (LC) in recent decades, it remains a challenge to achieve the desired chromatographic separation of complex matrices using a single column. Multi-column LC techniques, particularly serially coupled column LC (SCC-LC), have emerged as a promising solution to overcome this challenge. While more attention has been focused on heart-cutting or comprehensive two-dimensional LC, reviews specifically focusing on SCC-LC, which offers advantages in terms of precision and facile instrumentation, are scarce. Here, our concerns are devoted to the progress summary regarding the instrumentation and applications of SCC-LC. Emphasis is placed on column selection aiming to enlarge peak capacity, selectivity, or both through the optimization of combination types (e.g. RPLC-RPLC, -RPLC-HILIC, and achiral-chiral LC), connection devices (e.g. zero dead volume connector, tubing, and T-type connector), elution program (i.e. isocratic or gradient) and detectors (e.g. mass spectrometer, ultraviolet detector, and fluorescence detector). The application of SCC-LC in pharmaceutical, biological, environmental, and food fields is also reviewed, and future perspectives and potential directions for SCC-LC are discussed. We envision that the review can give meaningful information to analytical scientists when facing heavy chromatographic separation tasks for complicated matrices.

Multicomponent Chiral Quantification with Ultraviolet Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy: Ternary and Quaternary Phase Diagrams of Levetiracetam

Chiral molecules are challenging for the pharmaceutical industry because although physical properties of the enantiomers are the same in achiral systems, they exhibit different effects in chiral systems, such as the human body. The separation of enantiomers is desired but complex, as enantiomers crystallize most often as racemic compounds. A technique to enable the chiral separation of racemic compounds is to create an asymmetry in the thermodynamic system by generating chiral cocrystal(s) using a chiral coformer and using the solubility differences to enable separation through crystallization from solution. However, such quaternary systems are complex and require analytical methods to quantify different chiral molecules in solution. Here, we develop a new chiral quantification method using ultraviolet-circular dichroism spectroscopy and multivariate partial least squares calibration models, to build multicomponent chiral phase diagrams. Working on the quaternary system of (R)- and (S)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide enantiomers with (S)-mandelic acid in acetonitrile, we measure accurately the full quaternary phase diagram for the first time. By understanding the phase stabilities of the racemic compound and the enantiospecific cocrystal, the chiral resolution of levetiracetam could be designed due to a large asymmetry in overall solubility between both sides of the racemic composition. This new method offers improvements for chiral molecule quantification in complex multicomponent chiral systems and can be applied to other chiral spectroscopy techniques.

l-Cysteine modified metal-organic framework as a chiral stationary phase for enantioseparation by capillary electrochromatography

A new kind of chiral zirconium based metal-organic framework, l-Cys-PCN-222, was synthesized using l-cysteine (l-Cys) as a chiral modifier by a solvent-assisted ligand incorporation approach and utilized as the chiral stationary phase in the capillary electrochromatography system. l-Cys-PCN-222 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectra, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, circular dichroism spectrum, zeta-potential and so on. The results revealed that l-Cys-PCN-222 had the advantages of good crystallinity, high specific surface area (1818 m2 g-1), thermal stability and chiral recognition performance. Meanwhile, the l-Cys-PCN-222-bonded open-tubular column was prepared using l-Cys-PCN-222 particles as the solid phase by 'thiol-ene' click chemistry reaction and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, which proved the successful bonding of l-Cys-PCN-222 to the column inner wall. Finally, the stability, reproducibility and chiral separation performance of the l-Cys-PCN-222-bonded OT column were measured. Relative standard deviations (RSD) of the column efficiencies for run-to-run, day-to-day, column-to-column and runs were 1.39-6.62%, and did not obviously change after 200 runs. The enantiomeric separation of 17 kinds of chiral compounds including acidic, neutral and basic amino acids, imidazolinone and aryloxyphenoxypropionic pesticides, and fluoroquinolones were achieved in the l-Cys-PCN-222-bonded OT column. These results demonstrated that the chiral separation system of the chiral metal-organic frameworks (CMOFs) coupled with capillary electrochromatography has good application prospects.

Enantioselective multiple heart cutting online two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of all proteinogenic amino acids with second dimension chiral separations in one-minute time scales on a chiral tandem column

In this work, we present a unique, robust and fully automated analytical platform technology for the enantioselective amino acid analysis using a multiple heart cutting RPLC-enantio/stereoselective HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method. This 2D-LC method allows the full enantioselective separation of 20 proteinogenic AAs plus 5 isobaric analogues, namely allo-Threonine (aThr), homoserine (Hse), allo-isoleucine (aIle), tert-Leucine (Tle) and Norleucine (Nle), after pre-column derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC; AccQ). This N-terminal AA-derivatization method introduces on the one hand beneficial chromatographic properties for ¹D RP-LC (stronger retention) and ²D chiral separation (better chiral recognition), and on the other hand favorable detection properties with its chromophoric, fluorophoric, and easily ionizable quinoline mass tag. The entire separation occurs within a total 2DLC run time of 45 min, which includes the ¹D-RP run and the 68 s ²D chiral separations of 30 heart-cuts (from the ¹D-RP-run) on a chiral quinine carbamate (core-shell QNAX/fully porous ZWIX) tandem column. This relatively short overall run time was only possible by utilizing the highly efficient "smart peak parking" algorithm for the heart cuts and the resulting optimized analysis order thereof. ¹D retention time precisions of <0.21% RSD were a requirement for the time-based sampling mode and finally led to a robust, fully automated enantioselective amino acid analysis platform. This achiral-chiral 2DLC method was applied for the amino acid stereoconfiguration assignment of three peptides (aureobasidin A, a lipopeptide research sample, and octreotide) using an L-[u-¹³C¹⁵N] labelled internal AA standard mix spiked to each sample. The isotopically labelled L-AA standard allowed an easy and straightforward identification and configuration assignment, as well as the relative quantification of amino acids within the investigated peptides, allowing the direct determination of the number of respective amino acids and their chirality within a peptide.

Recent applications of retention modelling in liquid chromatography

Recent applications of retention modelling in liquid chromatography (2015–2020) are comprehensively reviewed. The fundamentals of the field, which date back much longer, are summarized. Retention modeling is used in retention‐mechanism studies, for determining physical parameters, such as lipophilicity, and for various more‐practical purposes, including method development and optimization, method transfer, and stationary‐phase characterization and comparison. The review focusses on the effects of mobile‐phase composition on retention, but other variables and novel models to describe their effects are also considered. The five most‐common models are addressed in detail, i.e. the log‐linear (linear‐solvent‐strength) model, the quadratic model, the log–log (adsorption) model, the mixed‐mode model, and the Neue–Kuss model. Isocratic and gradient‐elution methods are considered for determining model parameters and the evaluation and validation of fitted models is discussed. Strategies in which retention models are applied for developing and optimizing one‐ and two‐dimensional liquid chromatographic separations are discussed. The review culminates in some overall conclusions and several concrete recommendations.

Effects of Rigid Conjugated Groups: Toward Improving Enantioseparation Performances of Chiral Porous Organic Polymers

The construction of chiral porous materials for practical enantioseparation remains a great challenge. As chiral compounds might display a distinctive spatial orientation in diastereoisomeric complexes between enantiomers and selectors, we reasoned that the conjugated host framework might assist in chiral recognition and thus enhance enantioseparation performances. In this regard, as porous organic polymers (POPs) with chiral selectors are considered as ideal adsorbents, a new kind of POP, COP-1, was thus constructed via introducing an amino acid, as a chiral selector, into rigid and conjugated building blocks, in this work. Results show that the enantiomeric model molecule and drugs are completely separated by gas or column chromatography with COP-1 as chiral stationary phases. Both theoretical and experimental analyses demonstrate that the introduction of conjugated groups generates different host-guest interactions indeed and thus promotes the chiral separation performance. Our findings open up a new possibility for the practical application of enantioseparation at preparative scales.

Decorated single-enantiomer phosphoramide-based silica/magnetic nanocomposites for direct enantioseparation

The nano-composites Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@PTA(+) and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@PTA(−) (PTA: phosphoric triamide) were prepared and used for the chiral separation of five racemic mixtures.