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Li Q, Zeng Y, Fan Y, Fu S, Guan Y, Sun Y, Chen S. PM-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in two large-scale petrochemical bases in South China: Spatial variations, sources, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:60994-61004. [PMID: 37042915 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are potential pollutants emitted from the petrochemical industry, whereas their occurrence and sources in petrochemical regions are still poorly known. The present study revealed the spatial variations, compositional profiles, sources and contributions, and health risks of PM-bound PACs in two large-scale petrochemical bases (GDPB and HNPB) in South China. The concentrations of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were 7.14 ± 3.16 ng/m3 for ∑18PAHs and 0.608 ± 0.294 ng/m3 for the PAHs with molecular weight of 302 amu (MW302 PAHs) in the GDPB base and 2.55 ± 1.26 ng/m3 and 0.189 ± 0.088 ng/m3 in the HNPB base. Oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) showed comparable concentrations to the parent PAHs in both the bases and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) had the lowest mean levels (260 pg/m3 and 59.4 pg/m3 in the two regions). Coronene, 2,8-dinitrodibenzothiophene, and dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene showed remarkably higher contributions to the PAC and can be PAC markers of the petrochemical industry source. Five sources of PACs were identified respectively in both petrochemical bases by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The vehicle (and ship) traffic exhaust was the primary source of PACs (contributed 33% to the ∑PACs), and the sources related to the coking of coal and heavy petroleum and refinery exhaust were identified in both bases, with contributions of 10-20%. PACs in GDPB also contributed from secondary atmospheric reactions (17.3%) and the usage of sulfur-containing fuels (20.9%), while the aromatics industry made a significant contribution (20.1%) to the PACs in the HNPB region. The cumulative incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) induced by inhalation of PM-bound PACs in both petrochemical bases were low (10-8-10-6). For the sources related to the petrochemical industry, coking activities and the aromatic industry were the significant contributors to the ∑ILCRs in GDPB and HNPB, respectively. This research has implications for further source-targeted control and health risk reduction of PACs in petrochemical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Li
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Siqi Fu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yufeng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Fast and simplified determination of PCA and aromatic carbon content of treated distilled aromatic extract (TDAE) by NMR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3109-3119. [PMID: 35211784 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic oils obtained during lubricant production (DAE) have high value as rubber extenders in tire manufacturing, but they have high carcinogenic potential due to the content of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PCAs). Legislation on PCA content requires additional treatment to reach treated oils (TDAE) with a PCA content lower than 3% according to the IP 346 method. IP 346 is a highly time-consuming and high uncertainty method, and several proposals have tried to replace it, but nowadays, there is no standard alternative. In this work, an extensive collection of samples covering a broad PCA content were obtained and characterized by physical properties, NMR, and aromatic and PCA content. Several correlations were tested to establish an optimum procedure to estimate the aromatic and the PCA content according to the requirement of high accuracy and low time and effort. The combination of several properties does not improve the accuracy of the correlation, and simpler equations were preferred. Integrated spectra appear as an acceptable characterization method as NMR percent of the total aromatic proton and polycyclic aromatic proton correlates satisfactory with the number of aromatic carbons and PCA content, respectively. The refractive index yields the best results for the correlation to PCA content. Obtained deviations compare favorably with methods previously described in the literature and with the uncertainty involved in the experimental method. They can be considered adequate methods to analyze such magnitudes routinely.
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Panda SK, Al-Zahrani AA, Kearney DJ, Altarooti ES, Al-Qunaysi TA. Size exclusion chromatography of aromatic compounds in high-boiling petroleum samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1657:462510. [PMID: 34614470 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of aromatic compounds in petroleum samples is of paramount interest from processing and environmental viewpoints. Considering the complexity of such samples, a selective analytical strategy viz. aromatic specific size exclusion chromatographic methodology using amino-bonded silica phase, was adopted to obtain the average molecular weights of distilled cuts, residue and the corresponding crude oil. The method was found to be suitable from middle distillates up to the residue. It was found that the increase in boiling temperature of distilled cuts was reflected in an increase in high molecular weight aromatic species. The increase in the molecular weight of aromatic species is linked to the increase in alkylation as verified by studying the elution pattern of alkylated aromatic compounds. The accuracy of the molecular weights obtained from the size exclusion chromatographic method depends on the elution profile of aromatic species in petroleum samples. It was found that the size and shape of the parent aromatic compounds negatively influence the size exclusion elution profile. However, such influence can be assumed to be negligible as all the aromatic species of each distilled cut, residue, and crude oil eluted in the permeation zone of the chromatogram. This method has the potential to be used in the second dimension of a 2D-LC method where the aromatic compounds are separated based on the size (or alkylation). The first dimension will separate compounds based on the number of aromatic rings, thereby eliminating the interference of parent aromatic compounds of different sizes in the total elution profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Panda
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Dominic J Kearney
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas S Altarooti
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
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Guo X, Zhang W, Gu J, Chen F, Yang Q. The determination of the level, source, and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in traditional Chinese medicines using a QuEChERS based extraction and HPLC-UV-FLD analysis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1883649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Guo
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, PR China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Food Hygiene, Nantong Food Safety Testing Center, Nantong, PR China
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, PR China
| | - Jun Gu
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, PR China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Food Hygiene, Nantong Food Safety Testing Center, Nantong, PR China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, PR China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Food Hygiene, Nantong Food Safety Testing Center, Nantong, PR China
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Kumar S, Tao Y. Coronenes, Benzocoronenes and Beyond: Modern Aspects of Their Syntheses, Properties, and Applications. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:621-647. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Tai Tao
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
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Reymond C, Le Masle A, Colas C, Charon N. Input of an Off-Line, Comprehensive, Three-Dimensional Method (CPC×SFC/HRMS) to Quantify Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vacuum Gas Oils. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6684-6692. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Reymond
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Agnès Le Masle
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Cyril Colas
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d’Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d’Orléans, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Nadège Charon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
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