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Singh M, Kiyuna LA, Odendaal C, Bakker BM, Harms AC, Hankemeier T. Development of targeted hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for acyl-Coenzyme A covering short- to long-chain species in a single analytical run. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464524. [PMID: 38056390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoAs play a significant role in numerous physiological and metabolic processes making it important to assess their concentration levels for evaluating metabolic health. Considering the important role of acyl-CoAs, it is crucial to develop an analytical method that can analyze these compounds. Due to the structural variations of acyl-CoAs, multiple analytical methods are often required for comprehensive analysis of these compounds, which increases complexity and the analysis time. In this study, we have developed a method using a zwitterionic HILIC column that enables the coverage of free CoA and short- to long-chain acyl-CoA species in one analytical run. Initially, we developed the method using an LC-QTOF instrument for the identification of acyl-CoA species and optimizing their chromatography. Later, a targeted HILIC-MS/MS method was created in scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode using a QTRAP MS detector. The performance of the method was evaluated based on various parameters such as linearity, precision, recovery and matrix effect. This method was applied to identify the difference in acyl-CoA profiles in HepG2 cells cultured in different conditions. Our findings revealed an increase in levels of acetyl-CoA, medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA while a decrease in the profiles of free CoA in the starved state, indicating a clear alteration in the fatty acid oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Singh
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Ligia Akemi Kiyuna
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoff Odendaal
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara M Bakker
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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2
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Tokarska-Schlattner M, Zeaiter N, Cunin V, Attia S, Meunier C, Kay L, Achouri A, Hiriart-Bryant E, Couturier K, Tellier C, El Harras A, Elena-Herrmann B, Khochbin S, Le Gouellec A, Schlattner U. Multi-Method Quantification of Acetyl-Coenzyme A and Further Acyl-Coenzyme A Species in Normal and Ischemic Rat Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14957. [PMID: 37834405 PMCID: PMC10573920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioesters of coenzyme A (CoA) carrying different acyl chains (acyl-CoAs) are central intermediates of many metabolic pathways and donor molecules for protein lysine acylation. Acyl-CoA species largely differ in terms of cellular concentrations and physico-chemical properties, rendering their analysis challenging. Here, we compare several approaches to quantify cellular acyl-CoA concentrations in normal and ischemic rat liver, using HPLC and LC-MS/MS for multi-acyl-CoA analysis, as well as NMR, fluorimetric and spectrophotometric techniques for the quantification of acetyl-CoAs. In particular, we describe a simple LC-MS/MS protocol that is suitable for the relative quantification of short and medium-chain acyl-CoA species. We show that ischemia induces specific changes in the short-chain acyl-CoA relative concentrations, while mild ischemia (1-2 min), although reducing succinyl-CoA, has little effects on acetyl-CoA, and even increases some acyl-CoA species upstream of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In contrast, advanced ischemia (5-6 min) also reduces acetyl-CoA levels. Our approach provides the keys to accessing the acyl-CoA metabolome for a more in-depth analysis of metabolism, protein acylation and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Tokarska-Schlattner
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble, France; (N.Z.); (S.A.); (L.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.-B.); (K.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Nour Zeaiter
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble, France; (N.Z.); (S.A.); (L.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.-B.); (K.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Valérie Cunin
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5525, Laboratory TIMC—Translational Microbiology, Evolution, Engineering (TREE), Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire et Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, 38058 Grenoble, France; (V.C.); (C.M.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Stéphane Attia
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble, France; (N.Z.); (S.A.); (L.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.-B.); (K.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Cécile Meunier
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5525, Laboratory TIMC—Translational Microbiology, Evolution, Engineering (TREE), Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire et Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, 38058 Grenoble, France; (V.C.); (C.M.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Laurence Kay
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble, France; (N.Z.); (S.A.); (L.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.-B.); (K.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Amel Achouri
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble, France; (N.Z.); (S.A.); (L.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.-B.); (K.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Edwige Hiriart-Bryant
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble, France; (N.Z.); (S.A.); (L.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.-B.); (K.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Karine Couturier
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble, France; (N.Z.); (S.A.); (L.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.-B.); (K.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Cindy Tellier
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble, France; (N.Z.); (S.A.); (L.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.-B.); (K.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Abderrafek El Harras
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209 and CNRS UMR5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), 38058 Grenoble, France; (A.E.H.); (B.E.-H.); (S.K.)
| | - Bénédicte Elena-Herrmann
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209 and CNRS UMR5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), 38058 Grenoble, France; (A.E.H.); (B.E.-H.); (S.K.)
| | - Saadi Khochbin
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209 and CNRS UMR5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), 38058 Grenoble, France; (A.E.H.); (B.E.-H.); (S.K.)
| | - Audrey Le Gouellec
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5525, Laboratory TIMC—Translational Microbiology, Evolution, Engineering (TREE), Service de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire et Toxicologie Environnementale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, 38058 Grenoble, France; (V.C.); (C.M.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Uwe Schlattner
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), 38058 Grenoble, France; (N.Z.); (S.A.); (L.K.); (A.A.); (E.H.-B.); (K.C.); (C.T.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
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Mobbs JI, Black KA, Tran M, Burger WAC, Venugopal H, Holman TR, Holinstat M, Thal DM, Glukhova A. Cryo-EM structures of human arachidonate 12S-lipoxygenase bound to endogenous and exogenous inhibitors. Blood 2023; 142:1233-1242. [PMID: 37506345 PMCID: PMC10579047 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) is a key enzyme involved in platelet activation, and the regulation of its activity has been targeted for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Despite the clinical importance of 12-LOX, the exact mechanisms by which it affects platelet activation are not fully understood, and the lack of structural information has limited drug discovery efforts. In this study, we used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to determine high-resolution structures (1.7-2.8 Å) of human 12-LOX. Our results showed that 12-LOX can exist in multiple oligomeric states, from monomer to hexamer, which may affect its catalytic activity and membrane association. We also identified different conformations within the 12-LOX dimer, which likely represent different time points in its catalytic cycle. Furthermore, we identified small molecules bound to 12-LOX. The active site of the 12-LOX tetramer was occupied by an endogenous 12-LOX inhibitor, a long-chain acyl coenzyme A. In addition, we found that the 12-LOX hexamer can simultaneously bind to arachidonic acid and ML355, a selective 12-LOX inhibitor that has passed a phase 1 clinical trial for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and received a fast-track designation by the Food and Drug Administration. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the assembly of 12-LOX oligomers, their catalytic mechanism, and small molecule binding, paving the way for further drug development targeting the 12-LOX enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse I. Mobbs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina A. Black
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Wessel A. C. Burger
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Theodore R. Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David M. Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Nasr A, Yosuf I, Turki Z, Abozeid A. LC-MS metabolomics profiling of Salvia aegyptiaca L. and S. lanigera Poir. with the antimicrobial properties of their extracts. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:340. [PMID: 37365525 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) found in almost all countries in temperate and tropical regions. Both S. aegyptiaca L. and S. lanigera Poir. have a rather wide distribution in Egypt (Mediterranean region, Gebel Elba and nearly the whole Sinai). Salvia species showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against several groups of food microorganisms and pathogens, so they are considered as a natural foods preservatives. AIM Investigate the phytochemical profiles of S. aegyptiaca & S. lanigera collected from their natural habitats in Egypt and test the antimicrobial activities of both species against some bacteria and fungi pathogenic strains. METHODOLOGY In the present study, S. aegyptiaca and S. lanigera were collected from their natural habitat. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were measured for aerial parts of both Salvia spp.. The separation and identification of the pure active materials of both Salvia sp. by using LC-MS system (UHPLC-TSQ Quantum Mass Spectrometer). The antimicrobial activities of the ethanol, water and benzene extracts of the two species were tested against different pathogenic strains and compared with the standard antimicrobial drug (Gentamycin). Antimicrobial activity was determined by using agar disk diffusion method. RESULTS The phenolics content in S. lanigera 132.61±6.23 mg/g and S. aegyptiaca 125.19±4.97 mg/g, while the flavonoids content was 35.68±1.84 and 40.63±2.11 mg/g, respectively. Through LC-MS analysis, two compounds were detected in both species; heptadecanoyl coenzyme A, that the highest percentage (13.5%) in S. aegyptiaca and (11.5 %) in S. lanigera. Oenin, in a peak area of 3.1% in S. aegyptiaca and 1.2 % in S. lanigera. Ethanol extract of the two species had the most inhibitory effect against all tested microorganisms that exceeded the effect of the standard, except for Mucor reinelloids which was more sensitive to the water extract. Moreover, S. lanigera ethanol extract showed larger inhibition zone than S. aegyptiaca in all tested microorganisms except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSION This study shows the important phytochemicals that improve the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Salvia aegyptiaca and S. lanigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa Nasr
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Israa Yosuf
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Zaki Turki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Ann Abozeid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoom, 32511, Egypt.
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Pearce RW, Kodger JV, Sandlers YI. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for a semiquantitative screening of cellular acyl-CoA. Anal Biochem 2022; 640:114430. [PMID: 34688603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study describes LC-ESI-MS/MS method that covers the analysis of various cellular acyl-CoA in a single injection. The method is based on a quick extraction step eliminating LLE/SPE clean up. Method performance characteristics were determined after spiking acyl-CoA standards in different concentrations into a surrogate matrix. The extensive matrix effect for most acyl-CoA except for palmitoyl-CoA was compensated by using isotopically labeled internal standard and matrix-matched calibration. As a result of the high matrix effect, the accuracy for palmitoyl-CoA at the low concentration deviated from the target range of ±20%. The developed method was applied to identify twenty-one cellular acyl-CoA in SK-HEP-1 cells and screening for alterations in acyl-CoA levels post Mito Q antioxidant intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Pearce
- Cleveland State University, Department of Chemistry, United States
| | - Jillian V Kodger
- Cleveland State University, Department of Chemistry, United States
| | - Yana I Sandlers
- Cleveland State University, Department of Chemistry, United States.
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6
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Keshet U, Kind T, Lu X, Devi S, Fiehn O. Acyl-CoA Identification in Mouse Liver Samples Using the In Silico CoA-Blast Tandem Mass Spectral Library. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2732-2739. [PMID: 35119811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A derivatives (acyl-CoAs) are core molecules in the fatty acid and energy metabolism across all species. However, in vivo, many other carboxylic acids can form xenobiotic acyl-CoA esters, including drugs. More than 2467 acyl-CoAs are known from the published literature. In addition, more than 300 acyl-CoAs are covered in pathway databases, but as of October 2020, only 53 experimental acyl-CoA tandem mass spectra are present in NIST20 and MoNA libraries to enable annotation of the mass spectra in untargeted metabolomics studies. The experimental spectra originated from low-resolution ion trap and triple quadrupole mass spectrometers as well as high-resolution quadrupole-time of flight and orbital ion trap instruments at various collision energies. We used MassFrontier software and the literature to annotate fragment ions to generate fragmentation rules and intensities for the different instruments and collision energies. These rules were then applied to 1562 unique species based on [M+H]+ and [M-H]- precursor ions to generate two mass spectra per instrument platform and collision energy, amassing an in silico library of 10,934 accurate mass MS/MS spectra that are freely available at github.com/urikeshet/CoA-Blast. The spectra can be imported into a commercial or freely available mass spectral search tool. We used the libraries to annotate 23 acyl-CoA esters in mouse liver, including 8 novel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Keshet
- University of California Davis, Genome Center-Metabolomics, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tobias Kind
- University of California Davis, Genome Center-Metabolomics, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xinchen Lu
- University of California Davis, Genome Center-Metabolomics, Davis, California 95616, United States.,College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Sarita Devi
- University of California Davis, Genome Center-Metabolomics, Davis, California 95616, United States.,St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore 560034, India
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- University of California Davis, Genome Center-Metabolomics, Davis, California 95616, United States
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An Z, Tao H, Wang Y, Xia B, Zou Y, Fu S, Fang F, Sun X, Huang R, Xia Y, Deng Z, Liu R, Liu T. Increasing the heterologous production of spinosad in Streptomyces albus J1074 by regulating biosynthesis of its polyketide skeleton. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:292-301. [PMID: 34584996 PMCID: PMC8453208 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinosyns are natural broad-spectrum biological insecticides with a double glycosylated polyketide structure that are produced by aerobic fermentation of the actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. However, their large-scale overproduction is hindered by poorly understood bottlenecks in optimizing the original strain, and poor adaptability of the heterologous strain to the production of spinosyn. In this study, we genetically engineered heterologous spinosyn-producer Streptomyces albus J1074 and optimized the fermentation to improve the production of spinosad (spinosyn A and spinosyn D) based on our previous work. We systematically investigated the result of overexpressing polyketide synthase genes (spnA, B, C, D, E) using a constitutive promoter on the spinosad titer in S. albus J1074. The supply of polyketide synthase precursors was then increased to further improve spinosad production. Finally, increasing or replacing the carbon source of the culture medium resulted in a final spinosad titer of ∼70 mg/L, which is the highest titer of spinosad achieved in heterologous Streptomyces species. This research provides useful strategies for efficient heterologous production of natural products.
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Key Words
- 2-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid, (TES)
- HPLC-high resolution mass spectrometer, (HPLC-HRMS)
- Heterologous production
- Luria−Bertani, (LB)
- Polyketide
- Polyketide synthase
- Spinosad
- Spinosyn
- Streptomyces
- acetyl-CoA carboxylase, (ACC)
- acetyl-CoA synthetase, (AcsA)
- biosynthetic gene cluster, (BGC)
- high-performance liquid chromatography, (HPLC)
- limit of detection, (LoD)
- overlap extension-polymerase chain reaction, (OE-PCR)
- polyketide synthase, (PKS)
- propionyl-CoA carboxylase, (PCC)
- soya flour mannitol, (SFM)
- β and ε subunits of Acc, (AccBE)
- β and ε subunits of PCC, (PccBE)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng An
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Bingqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Shuai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Renqiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Yao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075, PR China
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8
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Jones AE, Arias NJ, Acevedo A, Reddy ST, Divakaruni AS, Meriwether D. A Single LC-MS/MS Analysis to Quantify CoA Biosynthetic Intermediates and Short-Chain Acyl CoAs. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080468. [PMID: 34436409 PMCID: PMC8401288 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor for dozens of reactions in intermediary metabolism. Dysregulation of CoA synthesis or acyl CoA metabolism can result in metabolic or neurodegenerative disease. Although several methods use liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify acyl CoA levels in biological samples, few allow for simultaneous measurement of intermediates in the CoA biosynthetic pathway. Here we describe a simple sample preparation and LC-MS/MS method that can measure both short-chain acyl CoAs and biosynthetic precursors of CoA. The method does not require use of a solid phase extraction column during sample preparation and exhibits high sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. It reproduces expected changes from known effectors of cellular CoA homeostasis and helps clarify the mechanism by which excess concentrations of etomoxir reduce intracellular CoA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E. Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
| | - Nataly J. Arias
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
| | - Aracely Acevedo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S. Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.E.J.); (N.J.A.); (A.A.); (S.T.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.D.); (D.M.)
| | - David Meriwether
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (A.S.D.); (D.M.)
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Haslam RP, Larson TR. Techniques for the Measurement of Molecular Species of Acyl-CoA in Plants and Microalgae. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2295:203-218. [PMID: 34047979 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1362-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The acyl-CoA pool is pivotal in cellular metabolism. The ability to provide reliable estimates of acyl-CoA abundance and distribution between molecular species in plant tissues and microalgae is essential to our understanding of lipid metabolism and acyl exchange. Acyl-CoAs are typically found in low abundance and require specific methods for extraction, separation and detection. Here we describe methods for acyl-CoA extraction and measurement in plant tissues and microalgae, with a focus on liquid chromatography hyphenated to detection techniques including ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence and mass spectrometry (MS). We address the resolution of isobaric species and the selection of columns needed to achieve this, including the analysis of branched chain acyl-CoA thioesters. For MS analyses, we describe diagnostic ions for the identification of acyl-CoA species and how these can be used for both discovery of new species (data dependent acquisition) and routine quantitation (triple quadrupole MS with multiple reaction monitoring).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Haslam
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
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10
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Wang W, Wei Q, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wang C, Qu R, Wang Y, Yang G, Wang J. A Ratiometric Fluorescent Biosensor Reveals Dynamic Regulation of Long‐Chain Fatty Acyl‐CoA Esters Metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Chemical Biology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Qingpeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Chemical Biology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford Roosevelt Dr, Headington Oxford OX3 7BN UK
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Chemical Biology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Chuchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Chemical Biology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Renyu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Chemical Biology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Guangfu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Chemical Biology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
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11
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Wang W, Wei Q, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wang C, Qu R, Wang Y, Yang G, Wang J. A Ratiometric Fluorescent Biosensor Reveals Dynamic Regulation of Long-Chain Fatty Acyl-CoA Esters Metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13996-14004. [PMID: 33837610 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing awareness of the biological impacts of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters (LCACoAs), our knowledge about the subcellular distribution and regulatory functions of these acyl-CoA molecules is limited by a lack of methods for detecting LCACoAs in living cells. Here, we report development of a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor that enables ratiometric quantification of LCACoAs in living cells and subcellular compartments. We demonstrate how this FadR-cpYFP fusion "LACSer sensor" undergoes LCACoA-induced conformational changes reflected in easily detectable fluorescence responses, and show proof-of-concept for real-time monitoring of LCACoAs in human cells. Subsequently, we applied LACSer in scientific studies investigating how disruption of ACSL enzymes differentially reduces cytosolic and mitochondrial LCACoA levels, and show how genetic disruption of an acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) alters mitochondrial accumulation of LCACoAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qingpeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chuchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Renyu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guangfu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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12
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Cakić N, Kopke B, Rabus R, Wilkes H. Suspect screening and targeted analysis of acyl coenzyme A thioesters in bacterial cultures using a high-resolution tribrid mass spectrometer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3599-3610. [PMID: 33881564 PMCID: PMC8141488 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of acyl coenzyme A thioesters (acyl-CoAs) is crucial in the investigation of a wide range of biochemical reactions and paves the way to fully understand the concerned metabolic pathways and their superimposed networks. We developed two methods for suspect screening of acyl-CoAs in bacterial cultures using a high-resolution Orbitrap Fusion tribrid mass spectrometer. The methods rely on specific fragmentation patterns of the target compounds, which originate from the coenzyme A moiety. They make use of the formation of the adenosine 3′,5′-diphosphate key fragment (m/z 428.0365) and the neutral loss of the adenosine 3′-phosphate-5′-diphosphate moiety (506.9952) as preselection criteria for the detection of acyl-CoAs. These characteristic ions are generated either by an optimised in-source fragmentation in a full scan Orbitrap measurement or by optimised HCD fragmentation. Additionally, five different filters are included in the design of method. Finally, data-dependent MS/MS experiments on specifically preselected precursor ions are performed. The utility of the methods is demonstrated by analysing cultures of the denitrifying betaproteobacterium “Aromatoleum” sp. strain HxN1 anaerobically grown with hexanoate. We detected 35 acyl-CoAs in total and identified 24 of them by comparison with reference standards, including all 9 acyl-CoA intermediates expected to occur in the degradation pathway of hexanoate. The identification of additional acyl-CoAs provides insight into further metabolic processes occurring in this bacterium. The sensitivity of the method described allows detecting acyl-CoAs present in biological samples in highly variable abundances. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevenka Cakić
- Organic Geochemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kopke
- Organic Geochemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Rabus
- General & Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Wilkes
- Organic Geochemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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13
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Li P, Gawaz M, Chatterjee M, Lämmerhofer M. Targeted Profiling of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme As in Biological Samples by Phosphate Methylation Coupled to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4342-4350. [PMID: 33620217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acyl-coenzyme As (acyl-CoAs) are of central importance in lipid metabolism pathways. Short-chain acyl-CoAs are usually part of metabolomics, and medium- to (very) long-chain acyl-CoAs are focus of lipidomics studies. However, owing to the specific complex and amphiphilic nature contributed by fatty acyl chains and hydrophilic CoA moiety, lipidomic analysis of acyl-CoAs is still challenging, especially in terms of sample preparation and chromatographic coverage. In this work, we propose a derivatization strategy of acyl-CoAs based on phosphate methylation. After derivatization, full coverage (from free CoA to C25:0-CoA) and good peak shape in liquid chromatography were achieved. At the same time, analyte loss due to the high affinity of phosphate groups to glass and metallic surfaces was resolved, which is beneficial for routine analysis in large-scale lipidomics studies. A sample preparation method based on mixed-mode SPE was developed to optimize extraction recoveries and allow optimal integration of the derivatization process in the analytical workflow. LC-MS/MS was performed with targeted data acquisition by SRM transitions, which were constructed based on similar fragmentation rules observed for all methylated acyl-CoAs. To achieve accurate quantification, uniformly 13C-labeled metabolite extract from yeast cells was taken as internal standards. Odd-chain and stable isotope-labeled acyl-CoAs were used as surrogate calibrants in the same matrix. LOQs were between 16.9 nM (short-chain acyl-CoAs) and 4.2 nM (very-long-chain acyl-CoAs). This method was validated in cultured cells and was applied in HeLa cells and human platelets of coronary artery disease patients. It revealed distinct acyl-CoA profiles in HeLa cells and platelets. The results showed that this method can effectively detect acyl-CoAs in biological samples. Considering their central importance in many de novo lipid biosynthesis and remodeling processes, this targeted method offers a valid foundation for future lipidomics analysis of acyl-CoA profiles in biological samples, particularly those concerning metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madhumita Chatterjee
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Wang HYJ, Hsu FF. Revelation of Acyl Double Bond Positions on Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A Esters by MALDI/TOF Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1047-1057. [PMID: 32167298 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acyl coenzyme A esters (FA-CoAs) are important crossroad intermediates in lipid catabolism and anabolism, and the structures are complicated. Several mass spectrometric approaches have been previously described to elucidate their structures. However, a direct mass spectrometric approach toward a complete identification of the molecule, including the location of unsaturated bond(s) in the fatty acid chain has not been reported. In this study, we applied a simple MALDI/TOF mass spectrometric method to a near-complete characterization of long-chain FA-CoAs, including the location(s) of the double bond in the fatty acyl chain, and the common structural features that recognize FA-CoAs. Negative ion mass spectra of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA-CoAs were acquired with a MALDI/TOF mass spectrometer using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as the matrix and ionized with a laser fluence two folds of the threshold to induce the in-source fragmentation (ISF) of the analytes. The resulting ISF spectra contained fragment ions arising from specific cleavages of the C-C bond immediate adjacent to the acyl double-bond. This structural feature affords locating the double-bond position(s) of the fatty acyl substituent. Thereby, positional isomer such as 18:3(n - 3) and 18:3(n - 6) FA-CoA can be differentiated without applying tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay-Yan J Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine Box 8127, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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15
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Heinle L, Patel H, Jenkins G, Ruterbories K. Analytical method considerations regarding carryover for monophosphate prodrugs for in vivo samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:460379. [PMID: 31395357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Three different components that impact carryover in a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method were evaluated to establish baseline conditions for analyzing in vivo samples for twelve monophosphate prodrug compounds and their corresponding parent compounds. The three components were: wash solvent modifier, column shell material (metal vs. metal free), and tubing composition. These components were tested for their impact on system carryover by using rat plasma extracted samples. It was determined that a wash solution containing hexylamine yielded the lowest average carryover of the solutions tested. In addition, metal free columns and PEEK (poly ether ether ketone) tubing yielded the lowest carryover when compared to metal columns, stainless steel tubing and nickel tubing. These conditions were also tested against the parent molecules for each prodrug in the test set, to ensure that changing the conditions for the prodrugs did not impact the ability to analyze the parent, since there is typically a desire to measure both compounds in study samples. Under all conditions, the carryover of the corresponding parent molecule was not adversely impacted in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Heinle
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Hardikkumar Patel
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Gary Jenkins
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Kenneth Ruterbories
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
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16
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Nagana Gowda GA, Abell L, Tian R. Extending the Scope of 1H NMR Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Cellular Coenzyme A and Acetyl Coenzyme A. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2464-2471. [PMID: 30608643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) and acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) are ubiquitous cellular molecules, which mediate hundreds of anabolic and catabolic reactions including energy metabolism. Highly sensitive methods including absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry enable their analysis, albeit with many limitations. To date, however, NMR spectroscopy has not been used to analyze these important molecules. Building on our recent efforts, which enabled simultaneous analysis of a large number of metabolites in tissue and blood including many coenzymes and antioxidants ( Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 4817-24; ibid 2017, 89, 4620-4627), we describe here a new method for identification and quantitation of CoA and acetyl-CoA ex vivo in tissue. Using mouse heart, kidney, liver, brain, and skeletal tissue, we show that a simple 1H NMR experiment can simultaneously measure these molecules. Identification of the two species involved a comprehensive analysis of the different tissue types using 1D and 2D NMR, in combination with spectral databases for standards, as well as spiking with authentic compounds. Time dependent studies showed that while the acetyl-CoA levels remain unaltered, CoA levels diminish by more than 50% within 24 h, which indicates that CoA is labile in solution; however, degassing the sample with helium gas halted its oxidation. Further, interestingly, we also identified endogenous coenzyme A glutathione disulfide (CoA-S-S-G) in tissue for the first time by NMR and show that CoA, when oxidized in tissue extract, also forms the same disulfide metabolite. The ability to simultaneously visualize absolute concentrations of CoA, acetyl-CoA, and endogenous CoA-S-S-G along with redox coenzymes (NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH), energy coenzymes (ATP, ADP, AMP), antioxidants (GSH, GSSG), and a vast pool of other metabolites using a single 1D NMR spectrum offers a new avenue in the metabolomics field for investigation of cellular function in health and disease.
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