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Thomas A, Thevis M. Recent advances in mass spectrometry for the detection of doping. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:27-39. [PMID: 38214680 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2305432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis of doping control samples is preferably performed by mass spectrometry, because obtained results meet the highest analytical standards and ensure an impressive degree of reliability. The advancement in mass spectrometry and all its associated technologies thus allow for continuous improvements in doping control analysis. AREAS COVERED Modern mass spectrometric systems have reached a status of increased sensitivity, robustness, and specificity within the last decade. The improved sensitivity in particular has, on the other hand, also led to the detection of drug residues that were attributable to scenarios where the prohibited substances were not administered consciously but rather by the unconscious ingestion of or exposure to contaminated products. These scenarios and their doubtless clarification represent a great challenge. Here, too, modern MS systems and their applications can provide good insights in the interpretation of dose-related metabolism of prohibited substances. In addition to the development of new instruments itself, software-assisted analysis of the sometimes highly complex data is playing an increasingly important role and facilitating the work of doping control laboratories. EXPERT OPINION The sensitive analysis and evaluation of a higher number of samples in a shorter time is made possible by the ongoing developments in mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Liu YJ, Bian Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YX, Ren A, Lin SH, Feng XS, Zhang XY. Diuretics in Different Samples: Update on the Pretreatment and Analysis Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-33. [PMID: 37130012 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2202260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diuretics are drugs that promote the excretion of water and electrolytes in the body and produce diuretic effects. Clinically, they are often used in the treatment of edema caused by various reasons and hypertension. In sports, diuretics are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Therefore, in order to monitor blood drug concentration, identify drug quality and maintain the fairness of sports competition, accurate, rapid, highly selective and sensitive detection methods are essential. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the pretreatment and detection of diuretics in various samples since 2015. Commonly used techniques to extract diuretics include liquid-liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, among others. Determination methods include methods based on liquid chromatography, fluorescent spectroscopy, electrochemical sensor method, capillary electrophoresis and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment and analytical techniques are elaborated. In addition, future development prospects of these techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ai Ren
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu-Han Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Cloteau C, Dervilly G, Loup B, Delcourt V, Kaabia Z, Bagilet F, Groseille G, Dauriac K, Fisher S, Popot MA, Garcia P, Le Bizec B, Bailly-Chouriberry L. Performance assessment of an equine metabolomics model for screening a range of anabolic agents. Metabolomics 2023; 19:38. [PMID: 37027080 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite their ban, Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are considered as the most important threat for equine doping purposes. In the context of controlling such practices in horse racing, metabolomics has emerged as a promising alternative strategy to study the effect of a substance on metabolism and to discover new relevant biomarkers of effect. Based on the monitoring of 4 metabolomics derived candidate biomarkers in urine, a prediction model to screen for testosterone esters abuse was previously developed. The present work focuses on assessing the robustness of the associated method and define its scope of application. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several hundred urine samples were selected from 14 different horses of ethically approved administration studies involving various doping agents' (AAS, SARMS, β-agonists, SAID, NSAID) (328 urine samples). In addition, 553 urine samples from untreated horses of doping control population were included in the study. Samples were characterized with the previously described LC-HRMS/MS method, with the objective of assessing both its biological and analytical robustness. RESULTS The study concluded that the measurement of the 4 biomarkers involved in the model was fit for purpose. Further, the classification model confirmed its effectiveness in screening for testosterone esters use; and it demonstrated its ability to screen for the misuse of other anabolic agents, allowing the development of a global screening tool dedicated to this class of substances. Finally, the results were compared to a direct screening method targeting anabolic agents demonstrating complementary performances of traditional and omics approaches in the screening of anabolic agents in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cloteau
- LABERCA, ONIRIS, INRAE, 44300, Nantes, France.
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France.
| | - G Dervilly
- LABERCA, ONIRIS, INRAE, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - B Loup
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - V Delcourt
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - Z Kaabia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - F Bagilet
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - G Groseille
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - K Dauriac
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - S Fisher
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - M A Popot
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - P Garcia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
| | - B Le Bizec
- LABERCA, ONIRIS, INRAE, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - L Bailly-Chouriberry
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), 91370, Verrières Le Buisson, France
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Dhurjad P, Jaiswal P, Gupta K, Wanjari P, Sonti R. Mass spectrometry: A key tool in anti‐doping. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Parita Wanjari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
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Sun Y. Research on Detection of Sterol Doping in Sports by Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:3394079. [PMID: 36117750 PMCID: PMC9477621 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3394079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of doping by athletes to improve performance is prohibited. Therefore, doping testing is an important step to ensure fairness in sports. Doping is gradually metabolized in the body and is therefore difficult to detect immediately by a common method. At the same time, the emergence of new doping agents poses a challenge for highly sensitive detection. Electrochemical sensors are a fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive analytical detection technology. It provides qualitative and quantitative determination of analytes by altering the electrochemical signal of the analyte or probe at the electrode. In this min-review, we summarized the different electrochemical sensing strategies for sterol doping detection. Some of the representative papers were interpreted in detail. In addition, we compare different sensing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Physical Education Department, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, Henan 473000, China
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Doping-control analysis of 14 diuretics in animal-derived foods using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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De Wilde L, Roels K, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Online Turbulent Flow Extraction and Column Switching for the Confirmatory Analysis of Stimulants in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:666-678. [PMID: 33025016 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulants are often used to treat attention deficit disorders and nasal congestion. As they can be misused and overdosed, the detection of stimulants is relevant in the toxicological field as well as in the doping control field. The effects of stimulants can indeed be beneficial for athletes. Therefore, their in-competition use is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). As stimulants represent one of the most detected categories of prohibited substances, automation of methods to detect and confirm their presence is desirable. Previous work has shown the advantages of using turbulent flow online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE LC-MS-MS) for the detection and confirmation of diuretics and masking agents. Hence, a turbulent flow online SPE LC-MS-MS method, compliant with the WADA's identification criteria, was developed and validated for the detection and confirmation of 80 stimulants or metabolites with limits of identification varying between 10 (or possibly lower) and 100 ng/mL. As several metabolites are common metabolites for multiple administered stimulants, this means that with this method, misuse of well over 100 compounds can be detected. As the developed method uses the same columns and mobile phases as our turbulent flow online SPE LC-MS-MS method for the confirmation of diuretics and masking agents, there is no need to change the configuration of the instrument when switching between the diuretics method and the developed stimulants method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie De Wilde
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department Diagnostic Sciences, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kris Roels
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department Diagnostic Sciences, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department Diagnostic Sciences, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department Diagnostic Sciences, Technologiepark 30B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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The QuEChERS method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of diuretics in animal-derived foods. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mainero Rocca L, L’Episcopo N, Gordiani A, Vitali M, Staderini A. A 'Dilute and Shoot' Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Multiclass Drug Analysis in Pre-Cut Dried Blood Spots. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3068. [PMID: 33809736 PMCID: PMC8002310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Drugs able to affect the auditory and nervous systems and consumed by workers to treatdifferent pathologies can represent a possible source of risk in the work environment. All the target compounds involved in the presented project show ototoxic and/or narcoleptic side effects and, for these reasons, occupational safety organizations have recognized them as potential causes of work injuries. A multiclass method for the analysis of 15 drugs among the most widespread worldwide (belonging to nine different classes including antihistamines, beta-blockers, antidepressants, Z-drugs and opioids), was developed and validated. This study describes a rapid, sensitive and effective method to analyse these substances in whole blood using tailored pre-cut dried blood spots. Detection was achieved with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer after an easy and simple 'dilute and shoot' solubilisation followed by an UPLC separation. All the issues linked to the use of the dried blood spots and whole blood, such as haematocrit variability, volumetric evaluation and sample carrier choice were carefully studied and managed during method development. From the validation study results it emerged that this approach can be deemed successful thanks to its few pg µL-1 LOQs, good linear intervals, absolute recoveries of no less than 75%, an almost negligible matrix effect and accuracy and precision in line with the European and American guidelines for validation. All the obtained goals have been specifically pursued in order to encourage method diffusion as a primary prevention intervention, even in small private workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mainero Rocca
- Chemical Agents Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)—, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (N.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Nunziata L’Episcopo
- Chemical Agents Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)—, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (N.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- Chemical Agents Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)—, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (N.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Staderini
- Chemical Agents Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)—, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (N.L.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
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De Wilde L, Roels K, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Automated sample preparation for the detection and confirmation of hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers in urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4970. [PMID: 32840903 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers (HIFs) can artificially enhance an athlete's erythropoiesis, the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits their use at all times. Every urine sample for doping control analysis has to be evaluated for the presence of HIFs and therefore sensitive methods that allow high sample throughput are needed. Samples suspicious for the presence of HIFs need to be confirmed following the identification criteria established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Previous work has shown the advantages of using turbulent flow online solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures to reduce matrix effects and retention time shifts. Furthermore, the use of online SPE allows for automation and high sample throughput. Both an initial testing procedure (ITP) and a confirmation method were developed and validated, using online SPE liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with limits of detection between 0.1 ng/ml (or possibly lower) and 4 ng/ml (or higher for GSK360a) and limits of identification between 0.1 ng/ml (or possibly lower) and 1.17 ng/ml. The ITP only takes 6.5 min per sample. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first ITP and confirmation methods that include more than three HIFs without the need for manual sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie De Wilde
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kris Roels
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Department Diagnostic Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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De Wilde L, Roels K, Van Renterghem P, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Steroid profiling in urine of intact glucuronidated and sulfated steroids using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Galhardo KS, Dadamos TR, Bettencourt da Silva RJ, Machado SA. Development and validation of an advanced electrochemical sensor for the fast and cheap determination of hydrochlorothiazide in urine samples using the Monte-Carlo method for uncertainty evaluation. Talanta 2020; 215:120883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Determination of diuretics in human urine using HPLC coupled with magnetic solid‐phase extraction based on a metal–organic framework. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4876. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned‐substance review – Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:7-26. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
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Chen W, Xiong Y, Wang W, Wu T, Li L, Kang Q, Du Y. Assembly of a UV-LED induced fluorescence system for rapid determination of amiloride in pharmaceutical tablet and human serum. Talanta 2019; 203:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Alvarez-Segura T, López-Ureña S, Torres-Lapasió JR, García-Alvarez-Coque MC. Multi-scale optimisation vs. genetic algorithms in the gradient separation of diuretics by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460427. [PMID: 31439441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multi-linear gradients are a convenient solution to get separation of complex samples by modulating carefully the gradient slope, in order to accomplish the local selectivity needs for each particular solute cluster. These gradients can be designed by trial-and-error according to the chromatographer experience, but this strategy becomes quickly inappropriate for complex separations. More evolved solutions imply the sequential construction of multi-segmented gradients. However, this strategy discards part of the search space in each step of the construction and, again, cannot deal properly with very complex samples. When the complexity is too large, the only valid alternative for finding the best gradient is the use of global search methods, such as genetic algorithms (GAs). Recently, a new global approach where the level of detail is increased along the search has been proposed, namely Multi-scale optimisation (MSO). In this strategy, cubic splines are applied to build intermediate curves to define any arbitrary solvent variation function. Subdivision schemes are used to generate the cubic splines and control their level of detail. The search was subjected to a number of restrictions, such as avoiding long elution and favouring a balanced peak distribution. The aim of this work is evaluating and comparing the results of GAs and MSO. Both approaches were tested with a set of 14 diuretics and probenecid, eluted with acetonitrile-water mixtures using a C18 column. Satisfactory baseline resolution was obtained with an analysis time of 15-16 min. We found that GAs optimisation offered results equivalent to those provided by MSO, when the penalisation parameters were included in the cost function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alvarez-Segura
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - S López-Ureña
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - J R Torres-Lapasió
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - M C García-Alvarez-Coque
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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