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Noori M, Talebpour Z. Green method for 17-hydroxyprogesterone extraction and determination using PDMS stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with HPLC: optimization by response surface methodology. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16192. [PMID: 39003299 PMCID: PMC11246442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantifying small amounts of the 17-hydroxyprogesterone in various matrix is crucial for different purposes. In this study, a commercial polydimethylsiloxane stir bar was used to extract hormone from water and urine samples. Analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a UV detector. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the desorption and extraction steps, with predicted optimal point relative errors of 1.25% and 6.40%, respectively. The optimized method was validated with a linear range of 1.21-1000.00 for aqueous and 2.43-2000.00 ng mL-1 for urine samples. The coefficient of determination was 0.9998 and 0.9967, and the detection limit of the proposed method was obtained to be 0.40 and 0.80 ng mL-1 for aqueous and urine samples, respectively. The recovery percentage and relative standard deviation within a day and between three days after the addition of three different concentration levels of the standard to the control sample were 87-103% and 0.4-3.6% for aqueous and 87.5-101% and 0.1-5.2% for urine samples, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can be appropriate and cost-effective for extracting and analyzing this hormone. In addition, using three different tools, the greenness of the proposed method was proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Noori
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Talebpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Research Centre, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
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Bosco CD, De Cesaris MG, Felli N, Lucci E, Fanali S, Gentili A. Carbon nanomaterial-based membranes in solid-phase extraction. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:175. [PMID: 37022492 PMCID: PMC10079727 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have some excellent properties that make them ideal candidates as sorbents for solid-phase extraction (SPE). However, practical difficulties related to their handling (dispersion in the atmosphere, bundling phenomena, reduced adsorption capability, sorbent loss in cartridge/column format, etc.) have hindered their direct use for conventional SPE modes. Therefore, researchers working in the field of extraction science have looked for new solutions to avoid the above-mentioned problems. One of these is the design of CNM-based membranes. These devices can be of two different types: membranes that are exclusively composed of CNMs (i.e. buckypaper and graphene oxide paper) and polysaccharide membranes containing dispersed CNMs. A membrane can be used either as a filter, operating under flow-through mode, or as a rotating device, operating under the action of magnetic stirring. In both cases, the main advantages arising from the use of membranes are excellent results in terms of transport rates, adsorption capability, high throughput, and ease of employment. This review covers the preparation/synthesis procedures of such membranes and their potential in SPE applications, highlighting benefits and shortcomings in comparison with conventional SPE materials (especially, microparticles carbonaceous sorbents) and devices. Further challenges and expected improvements are addressed too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nina Felli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Lucci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Nanoscience and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15 37129, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Hydro-Eco Research Centre, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Dal Bosco C, Bonoli F, Gentili A, Fanali C, D’Orazio G. Chiral Nano-Liquid Chromatography and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Applied to the Analysis of Antifungal Drugs in Milk. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237094. [PMID: 34885676 PMCID: PMC8659161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel chromatographic application in chiral separation by using the nano-LC technique is here reported. The chiral recognition of 12 antifungal drugs was obtained through a 75 µm I.D. fused-silica capillary, which was packed with a CSP-cellulose 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate (CDCPC), by means of a lab-made slurry packing procedure. The mobile phase composition and the experimental conditions were optimized in order to find the optimum chiral separation for some selected racemic mixtures of imidazole and triazole derivatives. Some important parameters, such as retention faction, enantioresolution, peak efficiency, and peak shape, were investigated as a function of the mobile phase (pH, water content, type and concentration of both the buffer and the organic modifier, and solvent dilution composition). Within one run lasting 25 min, at a flow rate of approximately 400 nL min-1, eight couples of enantiomers were baseline-resolved and four of them were separated in less than 25 min. The method was then applied to milk samples, which were pretreated using a classical dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique preceded by protein precipitation. Finally, the DLLME-nano-LC-UV method was validated in a matrix following the main FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Flavia Bonoli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni D’Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0690672256
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Fanali C, D'Orazio G, Gentili A, Fanali S. Potentiality of miniaturized techniques for the analysis of drugs of abuse. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:190-200. [PMID: 34148240 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electromigration (CE) and liquid chromatographic techniques (CLC/nano-LC) are miniaturized techniques offering distinct advantages over conventional ones in the field of separation science. Among these, high efficiency, high chromatographic resolution, and use of minute volumes of both mobile phase and sample volumes are the most important. CE and CLC/nano-LC have been applied to the analysis of many compounds including peptides, proteins, drugs, enantiomers, ions, etc. Over the years, the methods described here have also been used for the analysis of compounds of clinical, forensic, and toxicological interest. In this review article, the main features of the mentioned techniques are summarized. Their potentiality for the analysis of drugs of abuse are discussed. Some selected applications in this field in the period of 2015-present are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Faculty of Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Orazio
- Institute for the Biological Systems, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Tomai P, Gentili A, Curini R, Gottardo R, Franco Tagliaro, Fanali S. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, an effective tool for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2020; 11:292-298. [PMID: 34277117 PMCID: PMC8264461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was used to extract six synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-019, JWH-073, JWH-200, or WIN 55,225, JWH-250, and AM-694) from oral fluids. A rapid baseline separation of the analytes was achieved on a bidentate octadecyl silica hydride phase (Cogent Bidentate C18; 4.6 mm × 250 mm, 4 μm) maintained at 37 °C, by eluting in isocratic conditions (water:acetonitrile (25:75, V/V)). Detection was performed using positive electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The parameters affecting DLLME (pH and ionic strength of the aqueous phase, type and volume of the extractant and dispersive solvent, vortex and centrifugation time) were optimized for maximizing yields. In particular, using 0.5 mL of oral fluid, acetonitrile (1 mL), was identified as the best option, both as a solvent to precipitate proteins and as a dispersing solvent in the DLLME procedure. To select an extraction solvent, a low transition temperature mixture (LTTM; composed of sesamol and chlorine chloride with a molar ratio of 1:3) and dichloromethane were compared; the latter (100 μL) was proved to be a better extractant, with recoveries ranging from 73% to 101 % by vortexing for 2 min. The method was validated according to the guidelines of Food and Drug Administration bioanalytical methods: intra-day and inter-day precisions ranged between 4 % and 18 % depending on the spike level and analyte; limits of detection spanned from 2 to 18 ng/mL; matrix-matched calibration curves were characterized by determination coefficients greater than 0.9914. Finally, the extraction procedure was compared with previous methods and with innovative techniques, presenting superior reliability, rapidity, simplicity, inexpensiveness, and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Tomai
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Gottardo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy and Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Thromboxane A2 receptor contributes to the activation of rat pancreatic stellate cells induced by 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:1429-1435. [PMID: 32501828 PMCID: PMC7339349 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) activation plays a critical role in the development of chronic pancreatitis. Previous studies confirmed that thromboxane A2 receptor (TxA2r) was overexpressed in activated PSCs in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TxA2r in the activation of PSCs induced by 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α). METHODS TxA2r expression in both quiescent and activated PSCs was detected by immunocytochemistry and immunoblot assay. Isolated PSCs were treated with 8-epi-PGF2α (10, 10, 10 mol/L) for 48 h, and SQ29548 (10, 10, and 10 mol/L), a TxA2r-specific antagonist for 48 h, respectively, to identify the drug concentration with the best biological effect and the least cytotoxicity. Then isolated PSCs were treated with SQ29548 (10 mol/L) for 2 h, followed by 10 mol/L 8-epi-PGF2α for 48 h. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I. Comparisons between the groups were performed using Student's t test. RESULTS TxA2r was up-regulated in activated PSCs in vitro compared with quiescent PSCs (all P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, different concentrations of 8-epi-PGF2α significantly increased mRNA levels of α-SMA (10 mol/L: 2.23 ± 0.18 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 10.70, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 2.91 ± 0.29 vs. 1.01 ± 0.08, t = 10.83, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L, 1.67 ± 0.07 vs. 1.00 ± 0.08, t = 11.40, P < 0.001) and collagen I (10 mol/L: 2.68 ± 0.09 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 24.94, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 2.12 ± 0.29 vs. 1.01 ± 0.12, t = 6.08, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 1.46 ± 0.15 vs. 1.00 ± 0.05, t = 4.93, P = 0.008). However, different concentrations of SQ29548 all significantly reduced the expression of collagen I (10 mol/L: 0.55 ± 0.07 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 10.47, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 0.56 ± 0.10 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 6.185, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 0.27 ± 0.04 vs. 1.00 ± 0.07, t = 15.41, P < 0.001) and α-SMA (10 mol/L: 0.06 ± 0.01 vs. 1.00 ± 0.11, t = 15.17, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 0.28 ± 0.03 vs. 1.00 ± 0.11, t = 11.29, P < 0.001; 10 mol/L: 0.14 ± 0.04 vs. 1.00 ± 0.11, t = 12.86, P < 0.001). After being treated with SQ29548 (10 mol/L) and then 8-epi-PGF2α (10 mol/L), the mRNA levels of α-SMA (0.20 ± 0.08 vs. 1.00 ± 0.00, t = 17.46, P < 0.001) and collagen I (0.69 ± 0.13 vs. 1.00 ± 0.00, t = 4.20, P = 0.014) in PSCs were significantly lower than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results show that 8-epi-PGF2α promoted PSCs activation, while SQ29548 inhibited PSCs activation induced by 8-epi-PGF2α. The result indicated that TxA2r plays an important role during PSC activation and collagen synthesis induced by 8-epi-PGF2αin vitro. This receptor may provide a potential target for more effective antioxidant therapy for pancreatic fibrosis.
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Tomai P, Gentili A, Fanali S, Picó Y. Multi-residue determination of organic micro-pollutants in river sediment by stir-disc solid phase extraction based on oxidized buckypaper. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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D'Orazio G, Fanali C, Gentili A, Tagliaro F, Fanali S. Nano-liquid chromatography for enantiomers separation of baclofen by using vancomycin silica stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360358. [PMID: 31337499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chiral separation of baclofen (Bac) was obtained by nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) using a 100 μm I.D. fused silica capillary column packed with silica particles chemically modified with vancomycin. Various experimental parameters, such as composition (buffer concentration, water content, organic modifier) and pH of the mobile phase and sample solvent were investigated for method optimization. In order to increase the sensitivity an on-column focusing procedure was applied. Acceptable separation of Bac enantiomers was obtained in less than 11 min eluting in isocratic mode, with 90:10 MeOH/water (v/v) containing 10 mM ammonium acetate at pH 4.5. These optimized experimental conditions were applied to the analysis of human plasma samples spiked with racemic mixture of Bac. The use of a Buckypaper disc as sorbent membrane allows one to recover both enantiomers with yields ≥ 65%. The method was fully validated, following the identification criteria of the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Franco Tagliaro
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomics Laboratory of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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