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Lovejoy LK, Foley JP. Separation of weak acids, neutral compounds, and permanent anions using sequential elution liquid chromatography with tandem columns. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1731:465178. [PMID: 39059305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This paper discusses the development of an analytical method by an alternative separation approach, sequential elution liquid chromatography (SE-LC), to separate permanently charged ions (anions), weak acids, and neutral compounds using anion exchange and reversed-phase columns in tandem. SE-LC separates classes of compounds by group by employing two or more elution modes. Advantages to using SE-LC over conventional HPLC are a greater peak capacity and a reduced separation disorder. Importantly, the same HPLC as used for a conventional HPLC separation may be used to afford a successful SE-LC separation. Mobile phase selection and gradient optimization are integral for a successful SE-LC class separation of permanent anions, weak acids, and neutral compounds and will be discussed in detail in this paper. The most successful (best resolution and repeatability) SE-LC separation was achieved by applying isocratic elution at low pH to elute the weak acids, followed by an acetonitrile gradient to elute the neutral compounds, and last a sodium methanesulfonate gradient to elute the anionic compounds using a superficially porous C18 column coupled with a strong anion exchange (SAX) column. Repeatability (RSD) in the retention times and peak areas of the analytes was less than 0.25 % and 1.5 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kline Lovejoy
- R&D Medicine Development and Supply, Analytical Development, GSK, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA; Drexel University, Department of Chemistry, 32 South 32nd St., Disque Hall 305, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joe P Foley
- Drexel University, Department of Chemistry, 32 South 32nd St., Disque Hall 305, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Kiffer A, Barrientos RC, Losacco GL, Singh A, Shchurik V, Wang H, Mangion I, Regalado EL. In Silico Method Development of Achiral and Chiral Tandem Column Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography for Multicomponent Pharmaceutical Mixtures. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4065-4071. [PMID: 35199987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tandem column liquid chromatography (LC) is a convenient, cost-effective approach to resolve multicomponent mixtures by serially coupling columns on readily available one-dimensional separation systems without specialized user training. Yet, adoption of this technique remains limited, mainly due to the difficulty in identifying optimal selectivity out of many possible tandem column combinations. At this point, method development and optimization require laborious "hit-or-miss" experimentation and "blind" screening when investigating different column selectivity without standard analytes. As a result, many chromatography practitioners end up combining two columns of similar selectivity, limiting the scope and potential of tandem column LC as a mainstay for industrial applications. To circumvent this challenge, we herein introduce a straightforward in silico multifactorial approach as a framework to expediently map the separation landscape across multiple tandem columns (achiral and chiral) and eluent combinations (isocratic and gradient elution) under reversed-phase LC conditions. Retention models were built using commercially available LC simulator software showcasing less than 2% difference between experimental and simulated retention times for analytes of interest in multicomponent pharmaceutical mixtures (e.g., metabolites and cyclic peptides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alaina Kiffer
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rodell C Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Are Two Liquid Chromatography Columns in Tandem Better Than One?: Answers from the Hydrophobic Subtraction Model. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Horváth S, Gritti F, Horváth K. Theoretical study of the efficiency of liquid chromatography columns with particle size gradient. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462331. [PMID: 34153736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modern analytical applications of liquid chromatography require more and more efficient columns. In this work, the possibility of utilizing particle size gradient in the chromatographic column was studied by a theoretical approach. In the course of our work three different scenarios of particle size gradients were considered with different shapes (linear, convex and concave). The evolution of bandwidth inside the column was plotted for each scenario. As a reference point, the bandwidth of the uniform column was used, which had the same pressure drop as the non-uniform column. According to our calculations, in isocratic elution mode, the non-uniform column does not offer any advantage compared to the uniform column, regardless the type of the particle size gradient. In gradient elution mode, however, extra band compression occurs was found. For negative particle size gradients, the final physical bandwidth was found to be approximately 1-4 % smaller than for uniform columns. This slight gain in efficiency in terms of bandwidth compression can be expanded to 5-8 % by the optimization of the limiting particle sizes. These optimized results are obtained when the final particle size is approximately 40% of the initial particle diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Horváth
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, Veszprém H-8200, Hungary
| | - Fabrice Gritti
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757, United States
| | - Krisztián Horváth
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, Veszprém H-8200, Hungary
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Fekete S, Ritchie H, Lawhorn J, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Improving selectivity and performing online on-column fractioning in liquid chromatography for the separation of therapeutic biopharmaceutical products. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Codesido S, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, Desmet G, Fekete S. Impact of particle size gradients on the apparent efficiency of chromatographic columns. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:208-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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