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Wang L, Yan X, Chen X, Li Y, Wu D. Magnetic polyimide nanocomposite for analysis of parabens in cooking wine by magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464814. [PMID: 38490140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
A magnetic polyimide (PI) nanocomposite has been synthesized by phase inversion of PI and simultaneous encapsulation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The Fe3O4/PI nanocomposite was characterized by a variety of characterization techniques, including infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The results showed that the prepared nanocomposite had a homogeneous structure, adequate specific surface area (76.1 m2/g) and high saturation magnetization (42.9 emu/g). Using parabens as model analytes, the performance of the Fe3O4/PI nanocomposite as an adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was evaluated. The extracted parabens were desorbed and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The parameters affecting the extraction and desorption efficiency of parabens were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the developed MSPE/GC-MS method was successfully applied to the determination of parabens in cooking wine. The MSPE/GC-MS method exhibited broad linearity (0.2-100 µg/L), low detection limits (0.04-0.05 µg/L), and satisfactory extraction recoveries (79.2 %-113.3 %) with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.7 % to 10.4 %. For real cooking wine samples, the spiked recoveries ranged from 91.7 % to 118.7 % with RSDs of 1.0 %-11.2 %. The results demonstrated that the Fe3O4/PI nanocomposite was an effective adsorbent, and this work provides a novel reference for the easy preparation of magnetic adsorbent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yanshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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Jakavula S, Nqombolo A, Mpupa A, Ren J, Nomngongo PN. Hybrid porous material supported in a cellulose acetate polymeric membrane for the direct immersion thin-film microextraction of parabens in water. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464187. [PMID: 37419016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive direct immersion thin-film microextraction (DI-TFME) method based on MIL-101(Cr) modified with carbon nanofibers supported in cellulose acetate (CA-MIL-101(Cr)@CNFs) polymeric membrane was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of parabens in environmental water samples. A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was used for the determination and quantification of methylparaben (MP) and propylparaben (PP). The factors affecting the DI-TFME performance were investigated using central composite design (CCD). The linearity of the DI-TFME/HPLC-DAD method obtained under optimal conditions was 0.04-0.04-500 µg/L with a correlation coefficient (R2) greater than 0.99, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for methylparaben were 11 ng/L and 37 ng/L; for propylparaben, they were 13 ng/L and 43 ng/L, respectively. The enrichment factors were 93.7 and 123 for methylparaben and propylparaben. The intraday (repeatability) and interday (reproducibility) precisions expressed as relative standard deviations (%RSD) were less than 5%. Furthermore, the DI-TFME/HPLC-DAD method was validated using real water samples spiked with known concentrations of the analytes. The recoveries ranged from 91.5 to 99.8%, and intraday and interday trueness values were less than ±15%. The DI-TFME/HPLC-DAD approach was effectively used for the preconcentration and quantification of parabens in river water and wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silindokuhle Jakavula
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (DSI-NRF SARChI) in Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Azile Nqombolo
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anele Mpupa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (DSI-NRF SARChI) in Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Cnr Kingsway and University Roads, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (DSI-NRF SARChI) in Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; Department of Science and Innovation /Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
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Wu Y, Zhong D, Qiu Q, Yan X, Wu D. Nanoporous Polyimide Microspheres Solid Phase Extraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection to Determine Fluoroquinolones in Water and Food Samples. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Du Y, Yan X, Chen Y, Wu Y, Qiu Q, Li Y, Wu D. Magnetic polyimide nanosheet microspheres for trace analysis of estrogens in aqueous samples by magnetic solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cirrincione M, Lucena R, Protti M, Mercolini L, Cárdenas S. Potential of hydrophobic paper-based sorptive phase prepared by in-situ thermal imidization for the extraction of methadone from oral fluid samples. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463166. [PMID: 35623193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based sorptive phases (PSPs) are functional planar materials with a demonstrated potential in analytical sample preparation. This article describes the synthesis of a polyimide coated paper by an in-situ imidization at a high temperature. Polyimides (PI) are synthesized in two subsequent steps where a hydrophilic polymer, in this case, poly(amic acid) (PAA), is formed as an intermediate product. PAA is finally transformed into hydrophobic PI by thermal curing at 180 °C. The synthesis of PI-paper takes advantage of this two-step procedure. In the first stage, a segment of filter paper is immersed into an aqueous PAA solution. After the solvent evaporation, the paper is heated at 180 °C for 1 h inducing the formation of the hydrophobic PI over the cellulose fibers. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to characterize the synthesized materials by defining a coverage factor F. The hydrophobicity of the materials has been studied using an aqueous methylene blue solution as a marker. To fully demonstrate the usefulness of the material in the sample preparation field, the extraction of methadone from oral fluid (OF) samples has been considered as a model analytical problem. The main variables affecting the synthesis (PAA concentration on the precursor solution and number of dips) and the extraction (elution and extraction times) have been fully evaluated. Working under the optimum conditions, a limit of quantification of 9 µg/L, intraday and interday precision better than 14.6%, and accuracy in the range of 87-108% were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cirrincione
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS(2)P) Research Group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, España; Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS(2)P) Research Group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, España
| | - Michele Protti
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS(2)P) Research Group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, España.
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Qiu Q, Wu Y, Yan X, Li Y, Li J, Chen Y, Wu D. Porous electrospun microfibers for low flow-resistant solid phase extraction of fluoroquinolones in tap water, egg and milk samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462719. [PMID: 34894436 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, porous electrospun microfibers (PEMFs) were prepared using a polyimide/polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyethylene glycol (PI/PVP/PEG) solution mixture with coaxial ultrasonic water vapor spraying. After removing PVP and PEG by ultrasonic water washing, the PEMFs were successfully demonstrated as adsorbents for solid phase extraction (SPE). Most non-porous electrospun nanofibers are hundreds of nanometers in diameter, with a specific surface area of dozens of square meters per gram. In contrast, the diameter of the as-prepared PEMFs was tuned between 3 and 8 μm, the specific surface area was 76 m2g-1 and the pore size was ca 25 nm. Therefore, the flow resistance of the PEMF-SPE cartridges was similar to those of conventional commercial SPE cartridges, and much lower than those of SPE cartridges packed with electrospun nanofibers. Using the PEMF-SPE cartridges with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (UPLC-FLD), five fluoroquinolones (FQs) in tap water, egg and milk samples were extracted and quantified successfully. After optimizing the extraction conditions, FQs in water samples were extracted and eluted with high recoveries of 84.8-114.8%. The inter-batch and intra-batch relative standard deviation (RSD) values for the FQs were in the range of 1.9-9.5% (n=3), and the limits of detection were between 0.0024-0.014 μg L-1. The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.005-10 μg L-1. The reliability of the developed method was validated by analyzing tap water, egg and milk samples, and the recovery values were found to be in the range of 74.8-116.6% under the optimized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yanshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jiulong Li
- Ningbo Zhongjin Petrochemical Co., Ltd.(,) Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Yuanbo Chen
- Mérieux Nutrisciences (China), Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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Song C, Shao Y, Yue Z, Hu Q, Zheng J, Yuan H, Yu A, Zhang W, Zhang S, Ouyang G. Sheathed in-situ room-temperature growth covalent organic framework solid-phase microextraction fiber for detecting ultratrace polybrominated diphenyl ethers from environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1176:338772. [PMID: 34399894 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extraction performance of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber is significantly influenced by coating materials and fabricating process. It is urgently needed for fabricating robust SPME fiber with facile preparation methods. Herein, a novel polyimide (PI) @ covalent organic framework (COF) synthesized by 1,3,5-Tris (4-aminophenyl) benzene (TPB) and 2,5-dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde (DMTP) fiber, named PI@TPB-DMTP fiber, was successfully fabricated with facile method at room temperature. Firstly, a COF crystals TPB-DMTP was in situ grown on stainless steel fiber, where the COF crystals was synthesized by the Schiff-base reaction between TPB and DMTP. Subsequently, the COF coating was covered with an ultrathin layer of PI through a simple dip-coating method to improve the fiber stability. By coupled PI@TPB-DMTP SPME fiber with gas chromatography-negative chemical ion-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS), a sensitive analytical method was established for the determination of ultratrace polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water sample. To achieve the best efficiency and sensitivity for the analysis of PBDEs, six potential influencing factors in extraction step and desorption step were optimized. Under optimized conditions, the established method showed high enhancement factors of 1470-3555, wide linear range of 0.05-100 ng L-1, low detection limits of 0.0083-0.0190 ng L-1, good repeatability for intra-day in the range of 3.71%-7.62% and inter-day in the range of 5.12%-8.81%, good reproducibility in the range of 6.83%-9.21%. The satisfactory recovery was ranged from 79.2% to 117.3% in determining real water samples. The excellent experimental performance was mainly attributed to the large specific surface area of TPB-DMTP, as well as the high permeability of porous PI film. The results demonstrated that the COF-based fiber showed great potential for analysis of PBDEs in complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Zeyi Yue
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Qingkun Hu
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat- Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China
| | - Jiating Zheng
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat- Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Ajuan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China; KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat- Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China.
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The enrichment and extraction of parabens with polydopamine-coated microporous carrageenan hydrogel beads incorporating a hierarchical composite of metal-organic frameworks and magnetite nanoparticles. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yan X, Ma X, Zhong D, Li Y, Wu D. Bar adsorptive microextraction device coated with polyimide microsphere assembled by nanosheets combined with thermal desorption-gas chromatography for trace analysis of nitroaromatic explosives in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461193. [PMID: 32540060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyimide (PI) microspheres assembled by nanosheets were used for bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) for the first time. The PI microsphere possessed self-organized hierarchical nanostructure, large specific surface area (170 m2/g) and good thermostability (up to 400 °C). The BAμE device was prepared by adhering the PI microspheres on a quartz bar with Kapton double sided tape. Trace nitroaromatic explosives in environmental waters were extracted by the BAμE device, desorbed by thermal desorption (TD), and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The reproducibility of five BAμE devices prepared in parallel was less than 13.0% (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD). The BAμE device could stand up to 30 extraction/desorption cycles without decrease of extraction efficiency. The results of method validation showed that the BAμE-TD/GC-MS method possessed wide linearity (0.05-50 μg/L or 0.05-20 μg/L), high correlation coefficients (> 0.9987), good precision (RSDs < 11.8%), low detection limits (0.005-0.013 μg/L) and high enrichment factors (528-1410). Relative recoveries were in the range of 72.2-122.6% with RSDs between 0.1% and 10.5% for real water samples. These results proved that the proposed method was a good choice for determination of organic pollutants in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Dongdong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yanshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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Campbell CG, Astorga DJ, Duemichen E, Celina M. Thermoset materials characterization by thermal desorption or pyrolysis based gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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