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Shen N, Tang J, Chen J, Sheng C, Han T, He X, Liu C, Han C, Li X. Occurrence and prevalence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the sediment pore water of mariculture sites: Novel findings of PFASs from the Bohai and Yellow Seas using a newly established analytical method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134256. [PMID: 38640673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of 26 legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in marine sediment pore water was developed using online solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method requires only about 1 mL of pore water samples. Satisfactory recoveries of most target PFASs (83.55-125.30 %) were achieved, with good precision (RSD of 1.09-16.53 %), linearity (R2 ≥ 0.990), and sensitivity (MDLs: 0.05 ng/L-5.00 ng/L for most PFASs). Subsequently, the method was applied to determine PFASs in the sediment pore water of five mariculture bays in the Bohai and Yellow Seas of China for the first time. Fifteen PFASs were detected with total concentrations ranging from 150.23 ng/L to 1838.48 ng/L (mean = 636.80 ng/L). The ∑PFASs and PFOA concentrations in sediment pore water were remarkably higher than those in surface seawater (tens of ng/L), indicating that the potential toxic effect of PFASs on benthic organisms may be underestimated. PFPeA was mainly distributed in pore water, and the partition of PFHpA (50.99 %) and PFOA (49.01 %) was almost equal in the solid and liquid phases. The proportions of all other PFASs partitioned in marine sediments were significantly higher than those in pore water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiale Tang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Cancan Sheng
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tongzhu Han
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Chenguang Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chao Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Wan Y, Li K, Li X, Li X, Chu H, Zhang Q. Purity Assessment of Tripropyl Phosphate through Mass Balance and 1H and 31P Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Molecules 2024; 29:1975. [PMID: 38731466 PMCID: PMC11085218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tripropyl phosphate (TnPP) is a commonly used organic phosphate flame retardant in the textiles, plastics, and coating industries. Residues are commonly detected in samples from the environment and food. The availability of certified reference materials (CRMs) is essential to ensure the accuracy and traceability of detection results. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of a CRM for TnPP was carried out, and its purity was evaluated using two distinct methodologies: mass balance (MB) and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR). In the MB method, the levels of structurally related organic impurities are 1.37 mg/g. The water content was determined to be 3.16 mg/g, while inorganic impurities were found to be 0.87 mg/g, and no residual organic solvents were detected. Benzoic acid and monocrotophos were chosen as internal standards for 1H-qNMR and 31P-qNMR, respectively. The purity of the TnPP CRM was assessed as 994.6 mg/g, 994.1 mg/g, and 993.5 mg/g using MB, 1H-qNMR, and 31P-qNMR techniques, respectively. The verified purity of the TnPP CRM was ultimately determined to be 994.1 mg/g, with an expanded uncertainty of 3.4 mg/g (k = 2), ensuring traceability to the International System of Units (SI). This CRM can be effectively utilized for preparing calibration solutions suitable for the routine monitoring of TnPP residues in plastics and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebing Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (Y.W.); (H.C.)
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Kangcong Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiuqin Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongtao Chu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (Y.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
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Li K, Gao Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhu B, Zhang Q. Fragmentation Pathway of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants by Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap-Based High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:680. [PMID: 38338425 PMCID: PMC10856799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used in polymeric materials owing to their flame retardant and plasticizing effects. Investigating the fragmentation pathway of OPFRs is of great necessity for further discovering and identifying novel pollutants using orbitrap-based high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A total of 25 OPFRs, including alkyl, halogenated, and aromatic types, were analyzed in this study. The fragmentation pathways of the OPFRs were investigated using orbitrap-based HRMS with high-energy collision dissociation (HCD) in positive mode. The major fragmentation pathways for the three types of OPFRs are greatly affected by the substituents. In detail, the alkyl and halogenated OPFRs underwent three McLafferty hydrogen rearrangements, wherein the substituents were gradually cleaved to form the structurally stable [H4PO4]+ (m/z = 98.9845) ions. In contrast, the aromatic OPFRs would cleave not only the C-O bond but also the P-O bond, depending on the substituents, to form fragment ions such as [C6H7O]+ (m/z = 95.0495) or [C7H7]+ (m/z = 91.0530), among others. Using HRMS improved the accuracy of fragment ion identification, and the pathway became more evident. These fragmentation laws can provide identification information in pollutant screening work and theoretical references for the structural characterization of compounds with diverse substituent structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangcong Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Yan Gao
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiuqin Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
- China Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Benfeng Zhu
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100029, China
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Sun S, Meng F, Qi H. Simultaneous determination of fourteen pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge using online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with accelerated solvent extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:62522-62531. [PMID: 36943570 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An online solid-phase extraction (SPE) liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (HPLC-MS/MS) combined with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was developed for simultaneous determination of 14 pharmaceuticals in sludge. In the online SPE procedures, ultrapure water with no additives was used as the loading solvent. In addition, low molecular weight targets such as atenolol were difficult to retain on SPE column after acetone was added to the washing solvent. The response signal of analytes can be greatly improved by adding 0.2% formic acid to the mobile phase. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries of all the analytes ranged between 75.1 and 112%. Moreover, the limit of detections ranged from 1.8 to 7.9 ug/kg. The precision of analytical data was determined with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 4.87%. This method was successfully applied to determine the concentration of pharmaceuticals in sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Sun
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Air Pollution Cause and Impact, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Fan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, & School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, & School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Du R, Zhang Q, Leresche F, Zhong M, Chen P, Huang J, Deng S, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Yu G. The determination and prediction of the apparent reaction rates between excited triplet-state DOM and selected PPCPs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163117. [PMID: 37044337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
To determine and predict the reaction rate between 3DOM* and PPCPs in various water bodies, this study defines a reaction rate coefficient ( [Formula: see text] ) to describe the reaction between 3DOM* and PPCPs. As the values also included the inhibition effect of DOM's antioxidant moieties, the calculation of [Formula: see text] is inconsistent with that of a bimolecular rate constant via the steady-state kinetic method. The [Formula: see text] values of 12 selected PPCPs were determined in two DOM solutions and ten DOM-containing water samples collected from typical surface water bodies in Beijing. The Pearson coefficients between nine predictors including the absorbance ratio (E2/E3), specific absorption coefficient at 254 nm (SUVA254), fluorescence index (FI), biological index (BIX), humification index (HIX), pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total fluorescence intensity (TFI) and TOC normalized TFI (TFI/TOC) and [Formula: see text] were examined. Correlation patterns for sulfonamides, β-blockers and diclofenac supported the electron transfer pathway, and was distinctly different from those appeared for FQs where quenching effect played a main part. TFI and TFI/TOC were recognized as the most useful surrogates in empirically predicting [Formula: see text] . For PPCPs that went through the electron transfer pathway, [Formula: see text] could be well fit to the Rehm-Weller model assuming a proportional relationship between TFI and △Get. For FQs, [Formula: see text] was found to linearly correlated with TFI/TOC. The [Formula: see text] values determined in this study enrich the database of PPCPs photolysis parameters, and the correlation analysis provides reference for forecasting PPCPs fate in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roujia Du
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qianxin Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Frank Leresche
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Mengmeng Zhong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environmental and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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6
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Chen L, Yan X, Zhou X, Peng P, Sun Q, Zhao F. Advances in the on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of emerging organic contaminants. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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7
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Lin K, Wang R, Han T, Tan L, Yang X, Wan M, Chen Y, Zhao T, Jiang S, Wang J. Seasonal variation and ecological risk assessment of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in a typical semi-enclosed bay - The Bohai Bay in northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159682. [PMID: 36302405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Bohai Bay as a typical semi-enclosed bay in northern China with poor water exchange capacity and significant coastal urbanization, is greatly influenced by land-based inputs and human activities. As a class of pseudo-persistent organic pollutants, the spatial and temporal distribution of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) is particularly important to the ecological environment, and it will be imperfect to assess the ecological risk of PPCPs for the lack of systematic investigation of their distribution in different season. 14 typical PPCPs were selected to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution in the Bohai Bay by combining online solid-phase extraction (SPE) and HPLC-MS/MS techniques in this study, and their ecological risks to aquatic organisms were assessed by risk quotients (RQs) and concentration addition (CA) model. It was found that PPCPs widely presented in the Bohai Bay with significant differences of spatial and seasonal distribution. The concentrations of ∑PPCPs were higher in autumn than in summer. The distribution of individual pollutants also showed significant seasonal differences. The high values were mainly distributed in estuaries and near-shore outfalls. Mariculture activities in the northern part of the Bohai Bay made a greater contribution to the input of PPCPs. Caffeine, florfenicol, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin were the main pollutants in the Bohai Bay, with detection frequencies exceeding 80 %. The ecological risk of PPCPs to algae was significantly higher than that to invertebrates and fish. CA model indicated that the potential mixture risk of total PPCPs was not negligible, with 34 % and 88 % of stations having mixture risk in summer and autumn, respectively. The temporary stagnation of productive life caused by Covid-19 weakened the input of PPCPs to the Bohai Bay, reducing the cumulative effects of the pollutants. This study was the first full-coverage investigation of PPCPs in the Bohai Bay for different seasons, providing an important basis for the ecological risk assessment and pollution prevention of PPCPs in the bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tongzhu Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Liju Tan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mengmeng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Folorunsho O, Bogush A, Kourtchev I. A new on-line SPE LC-HRMS method for simultaneous analysis of selected emerging contaminants in surface waters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:284-296. [PMID: 36541663 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years emerging contaminants (ECs) have received significant attention due to their widespread detection in surface waters and concerns that these compounds can cause adverse ecological and/or human health effects. Therefore, accurate methods for determining and quantifying ECs in surface water are essential for estimating their environmental impact. This work describes the development, validation and application of a sensitive multiclass method for simultaneous determination of 22 per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), 3 pharmaceuticals, 15 pesticides, and 2 bisphenols in surface water using on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The method allows simultaneous sample clean-up from interfering matrices and lower limits of detection (LODs) by injecting a large sample volume into the LC system without compromising chromatographic efficiency and resolution. Linearity of response over several orders of magnitude was demonstrated for all tested compounds (R2 > 0.99), with the LODs ranging from 0.8 and 33.7 pg mL-1, allowing detection of ECs at trace levels in surface water. The method showed acceptable accuracy and precision (CV, % and RE below 20%) for all tested ECs. It also provided recoveries between 60% and 130% for all tested ECs. The validated method was successfully applied for analysis of surface water samples from three rivers (Cam, Ouse and Thames) in England. Several ECs, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), dimethyl-metatoluamide (DEET) and ibuprofen were observed in analysed surface water above the method's limit of quantitation (LOQ), with concentrations ranging between 3.5 and 460 pg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omotola Folorunsho
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Anna Bogush
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
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Eze CT, Otitoloju AA, Eze OO, Ugochukwu TE, Onodugo C, Ali AM, Lyche JL, Karlsen OA, Goksøyr A. West African e-waste-soil assessed with a battery of cell-based bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159068. [PMID: 36179844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples randomly taken from major e-waste sites in West Africa (Nigeria, Benin and Ghana) were examined for an extensive range of organic contaminants. Cytotoxicity measurements and assessment of activation of xeno-sensing receptors from fish (Atlantic cod) were employed as a battery of in vitro biological assays to explore the quality and toxicity profile of West African e-waste soil. The concentrations of the measured contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the e-waste soil differs significantly from the reference soil with chemical profiles typically dominated by legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (405.8 μgkg-1) and emerging organophosphate ester flame retardant tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (404 μgkg-1), in addition to the short chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (275.3 μgkg-1) and perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) (16 μgkg-1). The study revealed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) occurred only in e-waste soil from Ghana and ranged from 2.6 to 5.0 μgkg-1. Overall, non-polar e-waste soil-derived extracts had a stronger effect on COS-7 cell viability than the polar extracts and elutriates. The highest receptor activation was observed with single polar and non-polar extracts from the Nigeria and Benin sites, indicating hotspots with Er-, PPARa- and Ahr-agonist activities. Thus, the results obtained with our battery of in vitro biological assays underscored these e-waste sites as remarkably polluted spots with complex toxicity profiles of great concern for human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuebuka ThankGod Eze
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | - Chinemelum Onodugo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Aasim Musa Ali
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Pan L, Huang JJ, Chen J, He X, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang B. Trace determination of multiple hydrophilic cyanotoxins in freshwater by off- and on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158545. [PMID: 36075415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic cyanotoxins (HCTs), such as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are highly toxic and toxin-producing algae are widely distributed worldwide. However, HCTs, especially PSTs, are rarely reported in freshwater due to analytical limitations. This may result in an underestimation of the ecological risks and health risks. This study developed a new method to detect ATX-a, CYN, and thirteen common PSTs in freshwater simultaneously by using off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limits of detection (LODs) of all targets were lower than 0.05 μg/L, which could meet the regulatory requirements for monitoring of HCTs in drinking water in different countries and regions. To improve the detection sensitivities for trace PSTs, a method based on off-line SPE and on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS was established with LOD around 0.001 μg/L. GTX1&4, GTX2&3, and GTX5 were detected in freshwater in China for the first time, highlighting that overall communities are facing potential risks of exposure to various PSTs in China. High concentrations of ATX-a and CYN were also detected in freshwater from Northern China. The proposed method helps to understand the pollution status of HCT in water bodies, especially during the non-algal bloom period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jinhui Jeanne Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Junhui Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiuping He
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
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11
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Vaudreuil MA, Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Sauvé S. Pharmaceutical pollution of hospital effluents and municipal wastewaters of Eastern Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157353. [PMID: 35842153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of drugs residues in wastewaters of different sources could help better understand contamination pathways, eventually leading to effluent regulation. However, limited data are available for hospital-derived wastewaters. Here, an analytical method based on automated on-line solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (on-line SPE - UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the quantification of multi-class pharmaceuticals in wastewaters. Filtrate phase and suspended solids (SPM) were both considered to evaluate the distribution of targeted analytes. Experimental design optimization involved testing different chromatographic columns, on-line SPE columns, and loading conditions for the filtrate phase, and different organic solvents and cleanup strategies for suspended solids. The selected methods were validated with suitable limits of detection, recovery, accuracy, and precision. A total of 30 hospital effluents and 6 wastewater treatment plants were sampled to evaluate concentrations in real field-collected samples. Certain pharmaceuticals were quantified at high levels such as caffeine at 670,000 ng/L in hospital wastewaters and hydroxyibuprofen at 49,000 ng/L in WWTP influents. SPM samples also had high contaminant concentrations such as ibuprofen at 31,000 ng/g in hospital effluents, fluoxetine at 529 ng/g in WWTP influents or clarithromycin at 295 ng/g in WWTP effluents. Distribution coefficients (Kd) and particle-associated fractions (Φ) indicate that pharmaceuticals tend to have better affinity to suspended solids in hospital wastewater than in municipal wastewaters. The results also bring arguments for at source treatment of these specific effluents before their introduction into urban wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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12
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Kholofelo Selahle S, Mpupa A, Nosizo Nomngongo P. Liquid chromatographic determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in environmental river water samples. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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13
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Marasco Júnior CA, Sartore DM, Lamarca RS, da Silva BF, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Lima Gomes PCFD. On-line solid-phase extraction of pharmaceutical compounds from wastewater treatment plant samples using restricted access media in column-switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1180:122896. [PMID: 34416677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An on-line solid phase extraction using a lab-made restricted access media (RAM) was developed as sample preparation procedure for determination of the pharmaceutical compounds caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CBZ), norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), fluoxetine (FLX) and venlafaxine in wastewater treatment plant samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This method is suitable for use in routine of analysis, avoiding cross-contamination and requiring only a small sample volume (50 µL), with minimal handling. The method was validated according to international guidelines. The chromatographic efficiency was evaluated using peak resolution and asymmetry parameters. Carryover was also evaluated, in order to ensure reliability of the analysis and the ability to reuse the cartridge. Satisfactory linearity (r2 > 0.99) was obtained for all the compounds. The intra- and inter-day precision values were lower than 5.79 and 14.1%, respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 3 µg L-1 and the limits of quantification were from 0.1 to 5 µg L-1. The method was applied to 20 environmental wastewater samples, with caffeine being the most widely detected compound, at the highest concentration of 392 µg L-1, while other compounds were detected in fewer samples at lower concentrations (up to 9.60 µg L-1). The lab-made modification is a cheaper option for on-line sample preparation, compared to commercially available on-line SPE cartridges and RAM columns. Moreover, a high-throughput procedure was achieved, with an analysis time of 16 min including sample preparation and chromatographic separation. The same RAM column was applied over 200 injections including method optimization, validation and application in wastewater samples without loss of analytical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A Marasco Júnior
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), P.O. Box 355, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas M Sartore
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Lamarca
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), P.O. Box 355, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca F da Silva
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), P.O. Box 355, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 490, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Álvaro J Santos-Neto
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Clairmont F de Lima Gomes
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), P.O. Box 355, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Wang T, Zhong M, Lu M, Huang J, Blaney L, Yu G. Development of a high-throughput multi-residue method for analysis of common pesticides in aquatic environments by automated online solid phase extraction coupled with LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3160-3171. [PMID: 34164633 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00157d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the development of a fully automated method based on online solid phase extraction (SPE)-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous analysis of multiple classes of pesticides or metabolites in drinking water (DW), surface water (SW), and wastewater effluents (WWEs). The target list covers 111 pesticides or metabolites of various properties and families. LC-MS/MS and online SPE parameters were optimized with regard to the sorbent type, mobile phase composition, wash volume, and flowrate as well as the injection volume. The method showed good linearity in two concentration ranges with 97% and 94% of the coefficients (R2) being higher than 0.99 in the low concentration range (0.1-100 ng L-1) and high concentration range (100-2500 ng L-1), respectively. High sensitivity was observed with method quantification limits (MQLs) of 0.03-5.3 ng L-1, 0.06-17 ng L-1, and 0.08-21 ng L-1, for DW, SW, and WWE, respectively. The recoveries showed an accuracy of 94%, 91%, and 91% in the range of 70-130% for three matrices with satisfactory precision. The overall analysis time per sample was 30 min with minimum pretreatment. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, 64 pesticides were identified by the high throughput online SPE-based method. The optimized method was used for WWE sample analysis, and 49 pesticides were detected in 12 WWE samples from an economically active city in China. Five pesticides were detected in all the samples, i.e. paclobutrazol, atrazine, diuron, acetamiprid, and triadimenol, and the highest median concentration was observed for carbendazim (324 ng L-1). The advantages of the proposed method over offline ones make it have broad prospects in high throughput and reliable analysis of pesticides in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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15
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Sample preparation optimization by central composite design for multi class determination of 172 emerging contaminants in wastewaters and tap water using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462369. [PMID: 34246959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multi-residue analysis is highly desirable for water quality control. To this end, a comprehensive workflow for the quantitative analysis of 172 anthropogenic organic compounds belonging to emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and personal care products, illicit drugs, organophosphate flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances) has been developed for application to wastewater and tap water, based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Due to the large number of analytes with various physicochemical characteristics that should be efficiently extracted, the response surface methodology (RSM) employing a central composite design (CCD) and desirability function (DF) approach was exploited to optimize the sample preparation process, instead of the conventional single-factor analysis. The factors included in the design of experiments (DoE) were sample pH, eluent solvents composition and volume. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) proved the adequacy of the proposed model (2- factor interaction) as p-value < 0.05 followed by different diagnostic tests confirmed the good fitting. The best values to acquire DF close to 1 were pH 3.5, methanol/ethyl acetate ratio 87:13 and eluent volume 6 mL. The streamlined method was validated in terms of accuracy, linearity, method limits, reproducibility, and matrix effect. The proposed workflow combines sensitivity and robustness, with recoveries over 70%, method quantification limits <1 ng/L, and relative standard deviations <20% for most of the compounds. Slight matrix effect (ME) was observed for most of PPCPs, IDs and PFAs, in contrast with most of the OPFRs, for which strong ME was calculated. Method applicability was tested over wastewater collected from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Thessaloniki (Greece), revealing the presence of 69 and 40 compounds in influents and effluents, respectively, at varying concentrations.
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16
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Zhao W, Yu G, Blaney L, Wang B. Development of emission factors to estimate discharge of typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products from wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144556. [PMID: 33485210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the potential ecological and human health risks, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are considered as contaminants of emerging concern. PPCPs can be discharged to the aquatic environment from various sources, including municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), animal feeding operations, hospitals, and pharmaceutical manufacturers. A major challenge to regional characterization of ecological and human health risks is identification of the environmental emissions of PPCPs. This study established a facile approach for calculation of PPCP emission factors from raw wastewater and wastewater effluent. Using reported concentrations from WWTPs, nine PPCPs, namely carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, ofloxacin, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim, were identified as priority contaminants based on environmental significance (i.e., high detection frequency and potential ecological risk) and data availability. Emission factors were calculated for the nine PPCPs in raw wastewater, secondary effluent, and tertiary effluent for low, medium and high emission scenarios according to the concentration distributions of these nine PPCPs. The emission factors were used to estimate the mass of the PPCPs discharged from the nine provinces and two municipalities of the Yangtze River valley. The total mass of the nine PPCPs emitted into the watershed was estimated as 3867 kg, 8808 kg and 21,464 kg for low, medium and high emission scenarios respectively in 2018. Although uncertainty is inevitable in the emission factors, the reported approach provides a viable alternative to top-down and multimedia fugacity estimation strategies that require an abundance of sewershed-, WWTP-, and compound-specific information that is difficult to collect in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Building 16, 101 Business Park, No, 158 Jinfeng Road, New District, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Lee Blaney
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Building 16, 101 Business Park, No, 158 Jinfeng Road, New District, Suzhou 215163, China.
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17
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Quality by design optimization of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous analysis of structurally heterogeneous pharmaceutical compounds and its application to the rapid screening in wastewater and surface water samples by large volume direct injection. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1649:462225. [PMID: 34038785 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) optimization of the chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of a wide group of structurally heterogeneous model pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) and transformation products (TPs), chosen to cover the challenging issues of the co-presence of compounds characterized by (i) a wide range of physicochemical properties, (ii) the same mass transitions, and (iii) different ionisation modes. Italian consumption of PhCs were also considered as election criteria of target analytes. Octadecyl and pentafluorophenyl stationary phases, acetonitrile/methanol ratios and acidity of the eluents, column temperature, initial organic phase percentage, and elution gradient were investigated by AQbD, aiming at optimizing critical resolutions, sensitivities, and analysis time. Statistically significant models were obtained in most cases with fitting and cross-validation coefficients in the ranges of 0.681-0.998 and 0.514-0.967, respectively. After optimization, the analysis of target analytes was performed in a single chromatographic run, adopting a mixed acquisition mode based on scheduled acquisition windows comprising both single polarity and continuous polarity switching. For most investigated analytes the method provided detection limits in the sub-ng/L to low ng/L range, meeting for macrolides the sensitivity requested by the "Watch List" 2018/840/EU. The optimized method was applied to the direct injection analysis of PhCs and TPs in four wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and surface water (SW) samples collected in the receiving water bodies. Absolute values of matrix effect were found to be far higher than 20% for most target analytes in most samples. Seventeen PhCs and two TPs were quantified in at least one sample, at the wide concentration range of about 1-3200 ng/L. The most occurring PhCs in both WWTP effluents and SWs were levofloxacin (202-1239 and 100-830 ng/L), furosemide (865-3234 and 230-880 ng/L), ketoprofen (295-1104 and 270-490 ng/L), and ibuprofen (886-3232 and 690-1440 ng/L).
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18
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Iancu VI, Scutariu RE, Chiriac FL, Radu GL. Sensitive detection of antidiabetic compounds and one degradation product in wastewater samples by a new SPE-LC-MS/MS method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:310-323. [PMID: 33471573 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1873671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As environment emerging contaminants of anthropogenic origin, antidiabetic drugs are present in the range of high ng/L to ng/mL in the influent and the effluent of the waste water treatment plant (WWTP). The metformin compound is the most used hypoglycemic agent in the world. The aim of this study was to develop a new analytic method, based on solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detector (SPE-LC-MS/MS), for identification and quantification of 5 antidiabetic compounds (glibenclamide/glyburide, glimepiride, metformin, glipizide, guanyl urea, gliclazide) and one degradation product (guanyl urea). The investigated environmental samples were the influent and the effluent of four urbans WWTP's. By validating of the analytical method, it was obtained low LOQ's (0.2-4.5 ng/L), satisfactory recovery rates (53.6-116.8%), and corresponding performance parameters: inter-day precision (4.9-8.4%) and reproducibility (11.3-14.6%). The concentrations of antidiabetics were as follow in influent and effluent: metformin 76-2041ng/L and 2-206ng/L, gliclazide (14.1-42.4 ng/L, and 3.3-19.1), glipizide (7.5-11.2 ng/L and 6.5-10ng/L), guanyl urea (6.2-7.3 and 8.3-21.3 ng/L). The efficiency of elimination of the antidiabetics in WWTP's was maximum for metformin (67.6-98.5%), followed, by gliclazide (72.9-78.2%). The lowest elimination efficiency was calculated for glipizide (10.7-13.3%). The guanyl urea undergoes a formation process (74.5-84.2%) in effluent, from the metformin contained in influent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile-Ion Iancu
- Control Pollution Departament, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Scutariu
- Control Pollution Departament, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina-Laura Chiriac
- Control Pollution Departament, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel-Lucian Radu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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19
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Bunting SY, Lapworth DJ, Crane EJ, Grima-Olmedo J, Koroša A, Kuczyńska A, Mali N, Rosenqvist L, van Vliet ME, Togola A, Lopez B. Emerging organic compounds in European groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:115945. [PMID: 33261962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, emerging organic compounds (EOCs) in groundwater is a growing research area. Prioritisation for monitoring EOCs in Europe was formalised in 2019 through the development of the first voluntary groundwater watch list (GWWL). Despite this, groundwater occurrence data in the peer reviewed literature for Europe has not been reviewed to date. Questions surrounding the effect, toxicity, movement in the subsurface and unsaturated zone make the process of regulating EOC use difficult. The aim in Europe is to develop a unified strategy for the classification, and prioritisation of EOCs to be monitored in groundwater. This paper compiles evidence from the recent published studies from across Europe, since 2012, when the last major literature global review of EOCs in groundwater took place. A total of 39 studies were identified for review based on specific selection criteria (geography, publication date, sample size>10, inclusion of EOCs data). Data on specific compounds, and associated meta-data, are compiled and reviewed. The two most frequently detected EOCs, carbamazepine and caffeine, occurred in groundwater at concentrations of up to 2.3 and 14.8 μg/L, respectively. The most frequently reported category of compounds were 'Pharmaceuticals'; a highly studied group with 135 compounds identified within 31 of the 39 studies. In Europe, the majority of reviewed studies (23) were at a regional scale, looking specifically at EOCs in a specific city or aquifer. The use of analytical methods is not uniform across Europe, and this inevitably influences the current assessment of EOCs in groundwater. A correlation between the number of compounds analysed for, and the number detected in groundwater highlights the need for further studies, especially larger-scale studies throughout Europe. For the development of EU and national regulation, further work is required to understand the occurrence and impacts of EOCs in groundwater throughout Europe and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Bunting
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - E J Crane
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | - A Koroša
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Kuczyńska
- Polish Geological Institute, National Research Institute, ul. Rakowiecka 4, 00-975, Warsaw, Poland
| | - N Mali
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - L Rosenqvist
- Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, SE-751 28, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M E van Vliet
- TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Togola
- BRGM, (French Geological Survey) BP 6009, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - B Lopez
- BRGM, (French Geological Survey) BP 6009, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
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20
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Sadutto D, Picó Y. Sample Preparation to Determine Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in an All-Water Matrix: Solid Phase Extraction. Molecules 2020; 25:E5204. [PMID: 33182304 PMCID: PMC7664861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are abundantly used by people, and some of them are excreted unaltered or as metabolites through urine, with the sewage being the most important source to their release to the environment. These compounds are in almost all types of water (wastewater, surface water, groundwater, etc.) at concentrations ranging from ng/L to µg/L. The isolation and concentration of the PPCPs from water achieves the appropriate sensitivity. This step is mostly based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) but also includes other approaches (dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), buckypaper, SPE using multicartridges, etc.). In this review article, we aim to discuss the procedures employed to extract PPCPs from any type of water sample prior to their determination via an instrumental analytical technique. Furthermore, we put forward not only the merits of the different methods available but also a number of inconsistencies, divergences, weaknesses and disadvantages of the procedures found in literature, as well as the systems proposed to overcome them and to improve the methodology. Environmental applications of the developed techniques are also discussed. The pressing need for new analytical innovations, emerging trends and future prospects was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sadutto
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, Desertification Research Centre—CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Moncada-Naquera Road, Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group, Desertification Research Centre—CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Moncada-Naquera Road, Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain
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21
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Snow DD, Cassada DA, Biswas S, Malakar A, D'Alessio M, Marshall AHL, Sallach JB. Detection, occurrence, and fate of emerging contaminants in agricultural environments (2020). WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1741-1750. [PMID: 32762100 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A review of 79 papers published in 2019 is presented. The topics ranged from detailed descriptions of analytical methods, to fate and occurrence studies, to ecological effects and sampling techniques for a wide variety of emerging contaminants likely to occur in agricultural environments. New methods and studies on veterinary pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, anthelmintics, and engineered nanomaterials in agricultural environments continue to expand our knowledge base on the occurrence and potential impacts of these compounds. This review is divided into the following sections: Introduction, Analytical Methods, Antibiotics in Agroecosystems, Pharmaceutical Fate and Occurrence, Anthelmintics and Engineered Nanomaterials. PRACTITIONER POINTS: New research describes innovative new techniques for emerging contaminant detection in agricultural settings Newer classes of contaminants include human and veterinary pharmaceuticals Research in nanomaterials show that these also occur in agricultural environments and will likely be topics of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Snow
- Nebraska Water Center and Water Sciences Laboratory, Part of the Robert B. Daugherty for Food Institute, University of Nebraska, 1840 N 37th Street, Lincoln, United States, 68583-0844, USA
| | - David A Cassada
- Nebraska Water Center and Water Sciences Laboratory, Part of the Robert B. Daugherty for Food Institute, University of Nebraska, 1840 N 37th Street, Lincoln, United States, 68583-0844, USA
| | - Saptashati Biswas
- Nebraska Water Center and Water Sciences Laboratory, Part of the Robert B. Daugherty for Food Institute, University of Nebraska, 1840 N 37th Street, Lincoln, United States, 68583-0844, USA
| | - Arindam Malakar
- Nebraska Water Center and Water Sciences Laboratory, Part of the Robert B. Daugherty for Food Institute, University of Nebraska, 1840 N 37th Street, Lincoln, United States, 68583-0844, USA
| | - Matteo D'Alessio
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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22
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Borrull J, Colom A, Fabregas J, Pocurull E, Borrull F. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determining 18 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in source and treated drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li T, Wang C, Xu Z, Chakraborty A. A coupled method of on-line solid phase extraction with the UHPLC‒MS/MS for detection of sulfonamides antibiotics residues in aquaculture. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126765. [PMID: 32330759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of a variety of antibiotics in fish farming raises serious concern about the development of antibiotic resistance. Sulfonamides antibiotics (SAs), which are widely used in aquaculture and generate large eco‒toxicological effects with significant mutagenicity and teratogenic consequences, are still difficult to determine in aquatic organisms. In this study, an automatic technology was developed by coupling on‒line solid phase extraction system (on‒line SPE) with ultra‒high‒performance liquid chromatography spectrometry‒mass spectrometry (UHPLC‒MS/MS). Particularly, using a single on‒line column in the process of sample pretreatment, e.g., HLB or C18, phospholipids that potentially caused the matrix effect cannot be removed form biological sample. We applied a mixed cation exchange column (Oasis® MCX) connected with a hydrophilic lipophilic balance column (Oasis® HLB) in series in on‒line SPE clean‒up to remove interferences and finally obtained a clear and stable eluant. The on‒line SPE working conditions and UHPLC‒MS/MS parameters were optimized for their sensitivity, accuracy, decision limit, and detection capability, which were further calibrated for fish, shrimp and crab. The results showed that the limits of detection and limits of quantification ranged from 1.46 to 15.5 ng/kg, and 4.90-51.6 ng/kg, respectively. Accuracy values covered 71.5%-102% at the three concentration levels (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 μg/kg) for all compounds and average repeatability (relative standard deviation, RSD%) ranged from 3.47% to 14.2%. This on‒line SPE coupled with UHPLC‒MS/MS method is a way forward for an automatic, powerful detection technology for determination of antibiotics from complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Monitoring Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources of Taihu Basin, China
| | - Ce Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China.
| | - Zhaoan Xu
- Monitoring Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources of Taihu Basin, China
| | - Amit Chakraborty
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computational Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, India.
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Xu YQ, Liu SS, Chen F, Wang ZJ. pH affects the hormesis profiles of personal care product components on luminescence of the bacteria Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. -Q67. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136656. [PMID: 31958732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis describes a specific phenomenon in a biphasic concentration-response curve: low concentrations stimulate a response, while high concentrations suppress it. Hormesis could be influenced by several environmental factors, e.g. pH. In this study, the concentration-response/bioluminescence inhibition profiles (CRPs) of six components in personal care products to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 were measured at five different pH levels. When the exposure lasted for 0.25 h, CRPs of the six components at various pH levels were S-shaped, except ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA2G) at pH 10.5. When it lasted for 12 h, the CRPs were J-shaped, except AA2G at pH 6.5, 7.5, and 9.5. To rationally explain these changes in hormesis expressed by J-shaped CRP, four characteristic parameters, the minimum effect (Emin) and its corresponding concentration (ECmin), the median effective concentration (EC50), and the zero effect concentration point (ZEP, where the effect is 0 and the concentration is ZEP), were used to quantify the J-shaped CRP. The results indicated that these parameters vary with pH. Additionally, ZEP showed an excellent linear relationship with EC10 (R2 = 0.9994) at all pH levels, indicating that EC10 could replace the no-observed effective concentration (NOEC) in ecological risk assessment. Furthermore, to elucidate the possible mechanism of hormesis, the binding of the components to the luciferase receptors was analyzed using molecular docking technology. The results showed that the components displaying hormesis bind more easily to the α subunit of luciferase than to the β subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Fu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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