Ultrasound assisted combined molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective micro-solid phase extraction and determination of aflatoxins in fish feed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

NiFe-LDH/nylon 6 composite electrospun on polypropylene membrane: A new extractive device development for porous membrane protected micro-solid-phase extraction of organophosphate pesticides from fresh fruit juice samples coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass analysis

A unique strategy for developing porous membrane protected micro-solid phase extraction has been provided. An electrospun composite was fabricated on the sheet of membrane. To this end, NiFe-layered double hydroxide/Nylon 6 composite nanofibers were coated on a polypropylene membrane sheet followed by folding into a pocket shape, which were then utilized as a novel extractive device to extract of organophosphorus pesticides from fresh fruit juice samples prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The fabricated hybrid composites were successfully characterized. The effective parameters on extraction performance were investigated. LODs were 0.020-0.065 ng mL-1. Excellent linearity (R2≥0.996) was observed between 0.05 and 100.0 ng mL-1. RSDs% were in the range of 3.1-5.8% (intra-day, n = 3) and 2.6-5.5% (inter-day, n = 3×3). Satisfactory related recovery values within the acceptable range of 90.7-111.2% with RSDs% below 6.7% were achieved for the analysis of real samples.

A novel sample pretreatment of nanofiber-packed solid-phase extraction of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in foods and simultaneous determination with HPLC

A novel analytical method based on nanofiber-packed solid-phase extraction (PFSPE) combined with HPLC-FLD has been successfully developed and applied to determine aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 in foods. In order to effectively adsorb analytes from complex food matrices, four types of nanofibers based on skeleton of polystyrene-polyvinyl pyrrolidone were prepared by electrospinning and applied as adsorbent to home-made solid-phase extraction device. The effects of type of nanofibers, pH of sample, type and concentration of salt ion, type of activation solvent, type and volume of eluent, amount of nanofibers, and extraction time on the adsorption/desorption were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the method showed satisfactory linear relationship, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.07-0.17 ng g-1, intra-day and inter-day RSDs for spiked samples of 1.3-8.0 % and 1.9-5.8 %, and absolute recoveries in the range of 60.1-98.4 %. The results presented the great potential to be utilized to determine AFs in foodstuffs.

Synthesis of an ordered macroporous metal-organic framework for efficient solid-phase extraction of aflatoxins from milk products

Aflatoxins (AFs) exhibit hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenicity, and their detection in food has attracted widespread concern. An ordered macroporous metal-organic framework (OM-ZIF-8) based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used to extract six AFs from milk products. The SPE conditions, including eluting solvent, eluting volume, amounts of OM-ZIF-8, pH of loading solution, loading solvent, ionic strength, loading flow rate, and elution flow rate, were exhaustively optimized. Under optimal parameters, the six AFs were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The OM-ZIF-8 exhibited satisfactory AFs extraction performance through ordered macropore structure, π-π interaction, coordination interaction, and electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, linearity in the range of 0.01-100 ng mL-1 with low detection limits of 0.002-0.0150 ng mL-1 was obtained, and the relative recoveries of AFs were 80.3-110 % with relative standard deviation ≤8.7 %. Thus, this research provides a promising platform for the analysis of trace AFs in complex foods.

Synthesis of a core-shell magnetic covalent organic framework for the enrichment and detection of aflatoxin in food using HPLC-MS/MS

A porous magnetic covalent organic framework, Fe3O4@TPBD-TPA (terephthalaldehyde (TPA) , N, N, N', N'-tetrakis(p-aminophenyl)-p-phenylenediamine (TPBD)), was synthesized using the Schiff base reaction under mild reaction conditions. This adsorbent exhibited excellent adsorption performance for aflatoxins. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@TPBD-TPA for aflatoxins ranged from 64.4 to 84.4 mg/g. A magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method based on Fe3O4@TPBD-TPA was developed for the efficient determination of four types of aflatoxins in food samples (maize, maize oil, peanut, and peanut oil). The determination coefficients (R2) were ≥0.9972. The method exhibited detection limits ranging from 0.01 to 0.06 μg/kg and spiked recoveries of 80.0 to 113.1%. The intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 6.77%, indicating good repeatability. The adsorbent showed promising prospects for the efficient enrichment of trace amounts of aflatoxins in complex food matrices.

Extraction and determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereal samples using pH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents followed by HPLC-FL analysis

A quick, simple and environmentally friendly liquid phase microextraction (LPME) sample pretreatment procedure was proposed based on pH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FL). This method was used for the quantitative study of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and applied to eight widely consumed cereal samples. In this method, six different DESs were synthesized and then their pH-switchability was investigated. DESs that could be switched with pH were employed for separation and preconcentration of AFB1 in cereal samples. In this method, dispersing the extractant phase in the aqueous solution and subsequent phase separation are performed only by changing the pH. Important parameters affecting extraction, such as the type of DES and its volume, concentration of KOH, volume of HCL, effect of salt and extraction time were investigated and optimum conditions were obtained. Under the optimum conditions, relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intra-day and inter-day of the method based on seven replicate measurements of 5.0 μg kg-1 of AFB1 in cereal samples were 3.3 and 5.2%, respectively. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.007-20 μg kg-1 and limit of detection (LOD) was 0.002 μg kg-1. The relative recoveries of real cereal samples which have been spiked with different levels of AFB1 were 90.8-107.5%.

Recent Insights into Sample Pretreatment Methods for Mycotoxins in Different Food Matrices: A Critical Review on Novel Materials

Mycotoxins pollution is a global concern, and can pose a serious threat to human health. People and livestock eating contaminated food will encounter acute and chronic poisoning symptoms, such as carcinogenicity, acute hepatitis, and a weakened immune system. In order to prevent or reduce the exposure of human beings and livestock to mycotoxins, it is necessary to screen mycotoxins in different foods efficiently, sensitively, and selectively. Proper sample preparation is very important for the separation, purification, and enrichment of mycotoxins from complex matrices. This review provides a comprehensive summary of mycotoxins pretreatment methods since 2017, including traditionally used methods, solid-phase extraction (SPE)-based methods, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)-based methods, matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), QuEChERS, and so on. The novel materials and cutting-edge technologies are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Moreover, we discuss and compare the pros and cons of different pretreatment methods and suggest a prospect.

Dummy molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction-SERS determination of AFB1 in peanut

As a class I carcinogen, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in foods and feeds accounts for 75 % of the total mycotoxin contamination. In this work, a simple and reliable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for sensitive and selective detection of AFB1 in peanut samples integrated with dummy molecularly imprinted polymers (DMIPs) is developed. N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EOC) are chosen as monomer and dummy template, respectively and their ratio was screened through molecular design in both of kinetic and static adsorption views to form the optimal DMIPs. As-prepared dummy molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (DMISPE) could selectively enrich AFB1 from peanut samples. Finally, a liquid-liquid interface self-assembly constructed thioctic acid-decorated AgNPs monolayer film (TA-AgNPs MF) as a SERS-active substrate is employed to determine the amount of AFB1 eluted from DMISPE. SERS assay shows high detection sensitivity for AFB1 in peanut samples with limit of detection of 0.1 μg L^-1 and a linear concentration relationship range from 0.1 to 10 μg L^-1.

Study on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Obtained Sonochemically for the Determination of Aflatoxins in Food

Aflatoxins (AFs) are fungi secondary metabolites produced by the Aspergillus family. These compounds can enter the food chain through food contamination, representing a risk to human health. Commercial immunoaffinity columns are widely used for the extraction and cleanup of AFs from food samples; however, their high cost and large solvent consumption create a need for alternative strategies. In this work, an alternative strategy for producing molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was proposed to extract aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 from complex food samples, using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The MIPs were synthesized via a low-cost and rapid (5 min) sonochemical free-radical polymerization, using 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid as a dummy template. MIPs-based solid phase extraction performance was tested on 17 dietary supplements (vegetables, fruits, and cereals), obtaining appreciable recovery rates (65-90%) and good reproducibility (RSD ≤ 6%, n = 3); the selectivity towards other mycotoxins was proved and the data obtained compared with commercial immunoaffinity columns. The proposed strategy can be considered an alternative affordable approach to the classical immunoaffinity columns, since it is more selective and better performing.

Using Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Reactive Carbon Fiber Ionization-Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Aflatoxin B1 from Complex Samples

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin present in agricultural and food products. Therefore, rapid screening methods must be developed for AFB1 detection with high sensitivity and good selectivity. In this study, we developed an analytical method based on the combination of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with carbon fiber ionization (CFI)-mass spectrometry (MS) to detect the presence of trace AFB1 from complex samples. A pencil lead (type 2B, length: ~2.5 cm) with a sharp end (diameter: ~150 μm) was used as the SPME fiber and the ionization emitter in CFI-MS analysis. Owing to the graphite structure of the pencil lead, AFB1 can be trapped on the pencil lead through π–π interactions. After adsorbing AFB1, the pencil lead was directly introduced in a pipette tip (length: ~0.7 cm; tip inner diameter: ~0.6 mm), placed close (~1 mm) to the inlet of the mass spectrometer, and applied with a high voltage (−4.5 kV) for in situ AFB1 elution and CFI-MS analysis. A direct electric contact on the SPME-CFI setup was not required. Followed by the introduction of an elution solvent (10 μL) (acetonitrile/ethanol/deionized water, 2:2:1 (v/v/v)) to the pipette tip, electrospray ionization was generated from the elution solvent containing AFB1 for CFI-MS analysis. A reactive SPME-CFI-MS strategy was employed to further identify AFB1 and improve elution capacity using our approach. Butylamine was added to the elution solvent, which was then introduced to the pipette tip inserted with the SPME fiber. Butylamine-derivatized AFB1 was readily generated and appeared in the resultant SPME-CFI mass spectrum. The lowest detectable concentration against AFB1 using our approach was ~1.25 nM. Our method can distinguish AFB1 from AFG1 in a mixture and can be used for the detection of trace AFB1 in complex peanut extract samples.

Three-Dimensional Ordered Macroporous Magnetic Inverse Photonic Crystal Microsphere-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Selective Capture of Aflatoxin B1

Development of an efficient detection method to monitor residual mycotoxins in food is very important to ensure food safety, but the complex food matrix seriously affects the detection sensitivity and accuracy. Here, using a three-dimensional ordered macroporous magnetic inverse photonic crystal microsphere (MPCM) as the supporting material, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) that can selectively recognize aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was synthesized through the dummy template imprinting strategy. The MPCM@MIP prepared by employing 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin as the template and methacrylic acid as the functional monomer displayed selectivity toward AFB₁ (imprinting factor of 1.5) and could be used as a solid-phase extraction material. By coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography, an analytical method targeting AFB₁ was established and displayed a wide linear range of 5-1000 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 0.4 ng/mL. The method showed a good recovery rate of 73-92% in AFB₁-spiked soy sauce and vinegar samples. Moreover, the MPCM@MIP could be separated from the sample solution easily because of its magnetic performance, displaying a promising future not only in the enrichment of AFB₁ to improve the detection sensitivity and accuracy but also in the removal of AFB₁ from food and environmental samples.

Recent Progress in Rapid Determination of Mycotoxins Based on Emerging Biorecognition Molecules: A Review

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species, which pose significant risk to humans and livestock. The mycotoxins which are produced from Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are considered most important and therefore regulated in food- and feedstuffs. Analyses are predominantly performed by official laboratory methods in centralized labs by expert technicians. There is an urgent demand for new low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable analytical devices for rapid on-site determination. Most significant advances were realized in the field bioanalytical techniques based on molecular recognition. This review aims to discuss recent progress in the generation of native biomolecules and new bioinspired materials towards mycotoxins for the development of reliable bioreceptor-based analytical methods. After brief presentation of basic knowledge regarding characteristics of most important mycotoxins, the generation, benefits, and limitations of present and emerging biorecognition molecules, such as polyclonal (pAb), monoclonal (mAb), recombinant antibodies (rAb), aptamers, short peptides, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), are discussed. Hereinafter, the use of binders in different areas of application, including sample preparation, microplate- and tube-based assays, lateral flow devices, and biosensors, is highlighted. Special focus, on a global scale, is placed on commercial availability of single receptor molecules, test-kits, and biosensor platforms using multiplexed bead-based suspension assays and planar biochip arrays. Future outlook is given with special emphasis on new challenges, such as increasing use of rAb based on synthetic and naïve antibody libraries to renounce animal immunization, multiple-analyte test-kits and high-throughput multiplexing, and determination of masked mycotoxins, including stereoisomeric degradation products.

Mycotoxins detection: view in the lens of molecularly imprinted polymer and nanoparticles

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor-made functional composites which selectively recognize and bind the target molecule of interest. MIP composites are products of the massively cross-linked polymer matrices, generated via polymerization, with bio-inspired recognition cavities that are morphologically similar in size, shape and spatial patterns to the target conformation. These features have enabled researchers to expand the field of molecular recognition, more specifically for target with peculiar requirements. Nevertheless, MIPs alone are characterized with weak sensitivity. Besides, nanoparticles (NPs) are remarkably sensitive but also suffer from poor selectivity. Intriguingly, the combination of the two results in a highly sensitive and selective MIP composite. For instance, the conjugation of different functional NPs with MIPs can generate new flexible target capture tools, either a dynamic sensor or a novel drug delivery system. In this regard, although the technology is considered an established and feasible approach, it is still perceived as a burgeoning technology for various fields, which makes it unceasingly worthy reviewing. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to give an update on various custom-made biosensors based on MIPs in combination with various NPs for the detection of mycotoxins, the toxic secondary metabolites of fungi. We first summarize the classification, prevalence, and toxicological characteristics of common mycotoxins. Next, we provide an overview of MIP composites and their characterization, and then segment the role of NPs with respect to common types of MIP-based sensors. At last, conclusions and outlook are discussed.

Bioavailability of Aflatoxins in Cultured Fish and Animal Livers Using an In Vitro Dialyzability Approach

The objective of the present study was to investigate the bioavailability of aflatoxins (AFs) from fish, and chicken and rabbit livers using an in vitro dialyzability approach. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to assess the aflatoxin content in samples, as well as in dialyzate and residue fractions after the in vitro procedure. A vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) technique was used for preconcentrating AFs before determination. Raw samples showed bioavailability ratios of 41-45% for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 28-38% for aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), and 42% for aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) was not detected. The culinary process (steaming or grilling) was found to change AFs' bioavailability (higher bioavailability ratios were found in cooked samples). AFB2 was found to be transformed into other compounds during the in vitro process, and the presence of AFB2 and AFB2 transformation/degradation products was investigated and confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS).

Green molecularly imprinted polymers for sustainable sample preparation

The use of molecularly imprinted polymers in sample preparation as selective sorbent materials has received great attention during the last years leading to analytical methods with unprecedented selectivity. However, with the progressive implementation of Green Analytical Chemistry principles, it is necessary to critically review the greenness of synthesis and further use of molecularly imprinted polymers in sample preparation. Accordingly, in the present review, the different steps and strategies for the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers, the used reagents, as well as their incorporation to microextraction techniques are reviewed from a green perspective and recent alternatives to make the use of molecularly imprinted polymers more sustainable are provided.

Preparation and properties of aflatoxins imprinted polymer grafted onto the surface of mesoporous silica SBA-15 functionalized with double bonds

Mesoporous silica Santa Barbara-15 was functionalized by methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. Taking this as the carrier material, a new mesoporous silica surface imprinted polymer was synthesized by using the C=C bond, functional monomer α-methacrylic acid, and crosslinker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, which was used to extract aflatoxin from grain efficiently. It is different from the preparation of surface imprinted polymers which is physically wrapping carrier materials with polymer layers. The chemical grafting method makes the coating of the polymer layer more controllable. A new method for selective separation, enrichment, and determination of trace aflatoxin in grain was established by using the polymers as the filter of the solid-phase extraction column and high-performance liquid chromatography. The linear range of the method was 0.5-100 μg/kg, R²  = 0.9990-0.9993. The recovery of aflatoxin G2, G1, B2, and B1 was 98.9-119.7% and the relative standard deviation was 3.07-5.76%. By comparing the self-made column with the immunoaffinity column, it was found that the self-made column had better extraction performance for aflatoxins than the immunoaffinity column. It can be used for the analysis and detection of aflatoxins in cereal.

Assessment of trace levels of aflatoxins AFB1 and AFB2 in non-dairy beverages by molecularly imprinted polymer based micro solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) adsorbent was synthesised and used in a batch micro-solid phase extraction format for isolating aflatoxins (AFB1, and AFB2) from non-dairy beverages before liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination. MIP synthesis (precipitation polymerization in 3 : 1 acetonitrile/toluene as a porogen) was performed with 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (DMC), methacrylic acid (MAA) and divinylbenzene-80 (DVB) as a dummy template, functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively (1 : 4 : 20 molar ratio). 2,2'-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as a polymerization initiator. The adsorbent MIP (50 mg) was enclosed in a cone-shaped polypropylene membrane (porous membrane protected molecularly imprinted micro-solid phase extraction), and parameters such as sample pH, mechanical (orbital-horizontal) shaking, the extraction time (loading stage), the composition of the eluting solution, and the desorption time were optimised. The highest extraction yields were obtained by using 5 mL of non-dairy beverages (pH adjusted at 6.0), and mechanical shaking (150 rpm) for 15 min. Elution was performed with 5 mL of an acetonitrile/formic acid (97.5 : 2.5) mixture under ultrasound (325 W, 35 kHz) for 15 min. After eluate evaporation to dryness and re-dissolution in 150 μL of the mobile phase, the pre-concentration factor of the method was 33.3, which yields limits of detection within the 0.085-0.207 μg L^-1 range. In addition, the current proposal was shown to be an accurate and precise method through relative standard deviation of intraday and inter-day assays below 18% and analytical recoveries in the range of 91-104%. However, the method was found to suffer from matrix effects.

Recent developments in non-enzymatic (bio)sensors for detection of pesticide residues: Focusing on antibody, aptamer and molecularly imprinted polymer

The utilization of pesticides has been increased in recent years due to population growth and increasing urbanization. The constant use of pesticides has resulted in contamination of the environment and agricultural products with serious human health concerns associated with their use. Therefore, detection and quantification of pesticides by sensitive and selective methods is highly required in food safety management. Traditional detection methods cannot realize highly sensitive, selective and on-site detection, which limits their application. (Bio)sensors and (bio)assays are emerging tools with unique properties such as rapid, sensitive, efficient and portable detection. Among them, enzyme-based biosensors have been widely developed and some have even been commercialized. However, they suffer from some limitations such as instability and low reproducibility that originate from the nature of enzyme. Non-enzymatic (bio)sensors overcome the current limitations of enzyme-based detection methods and provide great potential for efficient, highly sensitive and low-cost detection assays using smart and miniaturized devices. In this study, we provide an overview of recent advances and new trends in optical and electrochemical non-enzymatic (bio)sensors for the detection of pesticides by focusing on antibody, aptamer and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as recognition elements. Performance, advantages and drawbacks of the developed (bio)sensors are discussed well. The main advantage these recognition elements is their stability over an extended period of time compared to the enzymes. Furthermore, the combination of nanomaterials in these (bio)sensors can significantly improve their performance.

Recent Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Membranes for Sample Treatment and Separation

This review describes the recent advances from the past five years concerning the development and applications of molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) in the field of sample treatment and separation processes. After a short introduction, where the importance of these materials is highlighted, a description of key aspects of membrane separation followed by the strategies of preparation of these materials is described. The review continues with several analytical applications of these MIMs for sample preparation as well as for separation purposes covering pharmaceutical, food, and environmental areas. Finally, a discussion focused on possible future directions of these materials in extraction and separation field is also given.

Ultrasonication-facilitated synthesis of functionalized graphene oxide for ultrasound-assisted magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G

A simplistic approach is presented for the synthesis of ultrasonically fabricated graphene oxide functionalized with polyaniline and N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine. The synthesized nanocomposite was then employed for the facile, green, ultrasound-assisted, magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G in milk samples and infant formula prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet determination. The designed nanocomposites were comprehensively characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In order to achieve the best extraction efficiencies, the influential parameters including pH, amount of magnetic sorbent, type and volume of elution solvent, extraction time, sample volume, and desorption time were assessed. At the optimum conditions, linear ranges of 2.5-1000 (μg L^-1) for ampicillin and penicillin G and a linear range of 2.5-750 (μg L^-1) were obtained for amoxicillin at optimum conditions. Moreover, the limits of detection (S/N = 3) of 0.5, 0.8, and 0.9 (μg L^-1) were obtained for amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G, respectively. The precision (relative standard deviations (%)) values of 3.1, 2.6, and 2.5 at the concentration of 50 μg L^-1 for seven replicates were obtained for ampicillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin G, respectively. The efficiencies of ≤ 96% and relative standard deviations of less than 3.1% were also obtained thereby confirming the high potential of the synthesized nanocomposites for simultaneous preconcentration and separation of the β-lactam antibiotics in complex matrixes. Graphical Abstract.

Miniaturized vortex assisted-dispersive molecularly imprinted polymer micro-solid phase extraction and HPLC-MS/MS for assessing trace aflatoxins in cultured fish

A dispersive micro-solid phase extraction approach using a molecularly imprinted polymer as an adsorbent has been developed for pre-concentrating aflatoxins from cultured fish. Aflatoxins were first isolated from fish muscle and liver by an ultrasound assisted extraction procedure using a 60 : 40 acetonitrile/0.1 M KH2PO4 aqueous buffer (pH 6.0) mixture. Polymeric adsorbent beads were synthesized using 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin as a dummy template, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, divinylbenzene as a crosslinker, and 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. Parameters affecting the steps of extraction procedure, including the sample (fish extract) pH, adsorption stirring speed and time, desorption stirring speed and time, elution solvent ratio, and polymer capacity, were investigated and optimized. The limit of detection was found to vary from 0.29 to 0.61 μg kg-1 for the several aflatoxins. The proposed method was shown to be accurate and precise. Intraday and inter-day relative standard deviations were lower than 20%, and intraday and inter-day analytical recoveries were within the 80-100% range. The prepared adsorbent in the dispersive micro-solid phase extraction format was re-usable, and the pre-concentration procedure was found to be simple, rapid and highly selective and sensitive to identify/quantify AFs in fish.