1
|
Guo Q, Zheng J, Lin H, Han Z, Wang Z, Ren J, Zhai J, Zhao H, Du R, Li C. Conditioned media of deer antler stem cells accelerate regeneration of alveolar bone defects in rats. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13454. [PMID: 36929672 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The destruction of periodontal alveolar bone (AB) caused by periodontitis is regarded as one of the major reasons for tooth loss. The inhibition of bone resorption and regeneration of lost AB are the desirable outcomes in clinical practice but remain in challenge. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is one current approach for achieving true restoration of AB defects (ABD). Antler stem cells (AnSC) are capable of renewing a huge mammalian bony appendage, the deer antler, suggesting an unparalleled potential for bone regeneration. Herein, we investigated the effectiveness of deer AnSCs conditioned medium (CM, AnSC-CM) for repair of surgically-created ABD using a rat model and sought to define the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that AnSC-CM effectively induced regeneration of AB tissue; the outcome was significantly better than human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (hBMSC-CM). AnSC-CM treatment upregulated osteogenic factors and downregulated osteoclastic differentiation factors; stimulated proliferation, migration and differentiation of resident MSCs toward osteogenic lineage cells; modulated macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and suppressed osteoclastogenesis. That AnSC-CM resulted in better outcomes than hBMSC-CM in treating ABD was attributed to the cell compatibility as both AnSCs and AB tissue are neural crest-derived. In conclusion, the effects of AnSC-CM on AB tissue regeneration were achieved through both promotion of osteogenesis and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. We believe that AnSC-CM is a candidate for effective treatment of ABD in dental clinical practice but will require investment in further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junjun Zheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongbing Lin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongming Han
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jingjie Zhai
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Qingdao Agricultural University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Du
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao TQ, An HX, Ma RJ, Dai KY, Ji HY, Liu AJ, Zhou JP. Structural characteristics of a low molecular weight velvet antler protein and the anti-tumor activity on S180 tumor-bearing mice. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106304. [PMID: 36463590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Velvet antler is a traditional Chinese medicine with various pharmacological values, which is an important raw material for traditional Chinese medicinal wine. Nevertheless, the chemical compositions and bioactivities of velvet antler residue used for making medicinal wine are rarely reported, leading to a waste of resources. In this study, a velvet antler protein (VA-pro) was extracted from velvet antler residue by simulating the gastrointestinal digestion, and its composition, structural characteristics and in vivo anti-tumor activities were determined and investigated. VA-pro possessed high purity with a relatively low molecular weight as 22.589 kDa under HPLC, one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, and it contained high contents of Pro, Gly, Glu and Ala. Besides, the secondary structure of VA-pro was dominated by β-turn and β-sheet, and VA-pro possessed similar protein sequence, isoelectric point and amino acid compositions to hypothetical protein G4228_020061. The in vivo results substantiated that VA-pro could improve the body weights and immune organ indices, increase the expressions of sera cytokines and regulate the distributions of T and B lymphocytes subsets in peripheral blood of S180 tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, VA-pro could effectively inhibit solid S180 tumors growth by inducing S phase cell cycle arrest mediated through mitochondria. To summarize, our study provided theoretical support that VA-pro had the potential to be used as an immunopotentiator in immunocompromised or cancer-bearing hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qi Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hui-Xian An
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Rong-Jie Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ke-Yao Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hai-Yu Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - An-Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jia-Ping Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of sika deer antler using PacBio and Illumina sequencing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16161. [PMID: 36171236 PMCID: PMC9519574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antler is the fastest growing and ossifying tissue in animals and it is a valuable model for cartilage/bone development. To understand the molecular mechanisms of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of antlers, the PacBio Sequel II and Illumina sequencing technology were combined and used to investigate the mRNA expression profiles in antler tip, middle, and base at six different developmental stages, i.e., at 15th, 25th, 45th, 65th, 100th and 130th growth days. Consequently, we identified 24,856 genes (FPKM > 0.1), including 8778 novel genes. Besides, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a significant separation between the growth stage (25th, 45th and 65th days) and ossification stage (100th and 130th days). COL2A1 gene was significantly abundant in the growth stage, whereas S100A7, S100A12, S100A8, and WFDC18 genes were abundant at the ossification stage. Subsequently screened to 14,765 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), WGCNA and GO functional enrichment analyses revealed that genes related to cell division and chondrocyte differentiation were up-regulated, whereas those with steroid hormone-mediated signaling pathways were down-regulated at ossification stages. Additionally, 25 tumor suppressor genes and 11 oncogenes were identified and were predicted to interact with p53. Co-regulation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes is responsible for the special growth pattern of antlers. Together, we constructed the most complete sika deer antler transcriptome database so far. The database provides data support for subsequent studies on the molecular mechanism of sika deer antler chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xue F, Wang B, Guo DX, Jiao Y, Yin X, Cui WL, Zhou QQ, Yu FR, Lin YQ. Peptide Biomarkers Discovery for Seven Species of Deer Antler Using LC-MS/MS and Label-Free Approach. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154756. [PMID: 35897939 PMCID: PMC9331363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deer antler is a globally widely used precious natural medicine and the material of deer horn gelatin. However, identification of deer antler species based on traditional approaches are problematic because of their similarity in appearance and physical-chemical properties. In this study, we performed a comprehensive antler peptidome analysis using a label-free approach: nano LC-Orbitrap MS was applied to discover peptide biomarkers in deer adult beta-globin (HBBA), and HPLC-Triple Quadrupole MS was used to verify their specificity. Nineteen peptide biomarkers were found, on which foundation a strategy for antlers and a strategy for antler mixtures such as flakes or powder are provided to identify seven species of deer antler including Eurasian elk (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus), white-lipped deer (Przewalskium albirostris), fallow deer (Dama dama), sika deer (Cervus nippon), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) simultaneously. It is worth noting that our search found that the HBBA gene of sika deer, red deer, and North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis) in China may have undergone severe genetic drifts.
Collapse
|
5
|
Integrative Analyses of Antler Cartilage Transcriptome and Proteome of Gansu Red Deer (Cervus elaphus kansuensis) at Different Growth Stages. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070934. [PMID: 35405922 PMCID: PMC8997108 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Velvet antler is the only organ in mammals that can completely and circularly regenerate, which involves the co-development of a variety of tissues including cartilage. Thus, velvet antler can provide an ideal model for studying chondrogenesis, endochondral ossification and rapid tissue growth. However, the mechanism of rapid growth and regeneration of velvet antler is still unclear. In this study, we conducted integrated analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of antler cartilage tissues at different growth stages. The results showed that gene13546 and its coding protein rna13546 were annotated in Wnt signaling pathway. They may play roles in antler rapid growth and regeneration. Abstract The velvet antler is a unique model for cancer and regeneration research due to its periodic regeneration and rapid growth. Antler growth is mainly triggered by the growth center located in its tip, which consists of velvet skin, mesenchyme and cartilage. Among them, cartilage accounts for most of the growth center. We performed an integrative analysis of the antler cartilage transcriptome and proteome at different antler growth stages. RNA-seq results revealed 24,778 unigenes, 19,243 known protein-coding genes, and 5535 new predicted genes. Of these, 2722 were detected with differential expression patterns among 30 d, 60 d, and 90 d libraries, and 488 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened at 30 d vs. 60 d and 60 d vs. 90 d but not at 30 d vs. 90 d. Proteomic data identified 1361 known proteins and 179 predicted novel proteins. Comparative analyses showed 382 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 16 had differential expression levels at 30 d vs. 60 d and 60 d vs. 90 d but not at 30 d vs. 90 d. An integrated analysis conducted for DEGs and DEPs showed that gene13546 and its coding protein protein13546 annotated in the Wnt signaling pathway may possess important bio-logical functions in rapid antler growth. This study provides in-depth characterization of candidate genes and proteins, providing further insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling antler development.
Collapse
|
6
|
Exosomes from antler stem cells alleviate mesenchymal stem cell senescence and osteoarthritis. Protein Cell 2021; 13:220-226. [PMID: 34342820 PMCID: PMC8901817 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
7
|
SWATH-MS Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Deer Antler from Two Regenerating and Mineralizing Sections. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070679. [PMID: 34356534 PMCID: PMC8301299 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Deer antler is a unique and astonishing case of annual regeneration in mammalians. Several studies have pointed out the potential for use of velvet antler extract as a nutraceutical supplement, among others, because of its anti-cancer activity. The study of antler regeneration and growth allow us to identify the main proteins and regulatory pathways involved in cell differentiation and regeneration. For this purpose, two sections of antlers (tips and middle sections) using ribs as controls were analyzed from a proteomic point of view. A total of 259 proteins mainly associated with antioxidant mechanisms and Wnt signalling pathways could be responsible for deer antler regeneration and these proteins may be linked to human health benefits. Further studies should be focused on discovering which proteins from velvet antler extracts are associated with these beneficial effects. Abstract Antlers are the only organ in the mammalian body that regenerates each year. They can reach growth rates of 1–3 cm/day in length and create more than 20 cm2/day of skin in the antler tips (their growth centers). Previous proteomic studies regarding antlers have focused on antler growth centers (tips) compared to the standard bone to detect the proteins involved in tissue growth. However, proteins of cell differentiation and regeneration will be more accurately detected considering more growing tissues. Thus, we set out to compare proteins expressed in antler tips (the highest metabolism rate and cell differentiation) vs. middle sections (moderate cell growth involving bone calcification), using ribs as controls. Samples were obtained in mid-June with antlers’ phenology corresponding to the middle of their growth period. Quantitative proteomic analysis identified 259 differentially abundant proteins mainly associated with antioxidant metabolic mechanisms, protein formation and Wnt signalling pathway, meanwhile, the mid antler section was linked to blood proteins. The high metabolic rate and subsequent risk of oxidative stress also seem to have resulted in strong antioxidant mechanisms. These results suggest that redox regulation of proteins is a key factor in the model of deer antler regeneration.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong Z, Coates D. Bioactive Molecular Discovery Using Deer Antlers as a Model of Mammalian Regeneration. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2167-2181. [PMID: 33769828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to activate and regulate stem cells during wound healing and tissue regeneration is a promising field that is resulting in innovative approaches in the field of regenerative medicine. The regenerative capacity of invertebrates has been well documented; however, in mammals, stem cells that drive organ regeneration are rare. Deer antlers are the only known mammalian structure that can annually regenerate to produce a tissue containing dermis, blood vessels, nerves, cartilage, and bone. The neural crest derived stem cells that drive this process result in antlers growing at up to 2 cm/day. Deer antlers thus provide superior attributes compared to lower-order animal models, when investigating the regulation of stem cell-based regeneration. Antler stem cells can therefore be used as a model to investigate the bioactive molecules, biological processes, and pathways involved in the maintenance of a stem cell niche, and their activation and differentiation during organ formation. This review examines stem cell-based regeneration with a focus on deer antlers, a neural crest stem cell-based mammalian regenerative structure. It then discusses the omics technical platforms highlighting the proteomics approaches used for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell regulation in antler tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Separation of Antler Polypeptide and Its Effects on the Proliferation and Osteogenetic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:1294151. [PMID: 33082815 PMCID: PMC7563042 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1294151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Colla Cornus Cervi (CCC) has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of osteoporosis and osteonecrosis of the femoral head. However, the bioavailability of CCC is seriously limited owing to its large molecular weight and complex ingredients. In the present study, antler polypeptide was separated from CCC, and the effects of antler polypeptide on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were investigated. Methods Antler polypeptide was separated from Colla Cornus Cervi by ultrafiltration into different samples according to the molecular weight. The total peptide content of these samples was determined by the biuret method. The content of antler polypeptide in different samples was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of antler polypeptide at different concentrations on the proliferation, cell cycle, alkaline phosphatase activity, and BMP7 expression of BMSCs were investigated. Results Antler polypeptide was separated by ultrafiltration into different samples: A (molecular weight <800 Da), B (molecular weight 800-1500 Da), and C (molecular weight >1500 Da). The total peptide contents of A, B, and C were 0.602 mg/mL, 8.976 mg/mL, and 38.88 mg/mL. Antler polypeptide B eluted at 14.279∼15.351 min showed that the content of antler polypeptide was significantly higher than that of A and C with a peak area of 933.80927. The BMSCs proliferation rate (84.66%) of polypeptide B was the highest at the concentration of 1.578 × 10-2 g/mL. Antler polypeptide B significantly promoted the proliferation of BMSCs with a proliferation index of 38.68%, which was significantly higher than that of the other groups. Antler polypeptide B significantly enhanced the activity of alkaline phosphatase in BMSCs compared to that of the blank group (P < 0.001). Antler polypeptide B increased the BMP7 protein expression in BMSCs. Conclusions Results suggested that antler polypeptide may promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Our study lays an experimental foundation for the further development and application of antler polypeptide in medicine.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong Z, Haines S, Coates D. Proteomic Profiling of Stem Cell Tissues during Regeneration of Deer Antler: A Model of Mammalian Organ Regeneration. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1760-1775. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Haines
- Proteins & Metabolites, AgResearch Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|