1
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Yang M, Lv W, Chen Y, Wu X, Gao J, Xiao J, Chen H, Chen X. Chiral-induced covalent organic framework as novel chiral stationary phase for chiral separation using open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1736:465334. [PMID: 39260153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
As a novel class of chiral stationary phase (CPS) material, chiral covalent organic frameworks (CCOFs) have already shown great promise in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) for chiral separation. The synthesis methods of CCOFs used in OT-CEC mainly include bottom-up, post modification and chiral induction. The CCOFs synthesized by bottom-up and post modification strategies already have lots of applications in capillary electrochromatography, however, the chiral-induced synthesized via an asymmetric catalytic strategy has not yet been reported for using as the chiral stationary phase (CPS) in OT-CEC or even in chromatographic separation. Herein, the chiral-induced COF (Λ)-TpPa-1 was synthesized by asymmetric catalytic synthesis and coated on the inner surface of a capillary by an in-situ growth strategy as the CPS for chiral drug separation. The baseline separation of six enantiomers was achieved within 14 min, with a high-resolution (Rs) range from 1.85 to 6.75. Moreover, the resolution and migration time of the capillary keep stable within 160 runs, showing its superior stability and repeatability. This research provides a new idea for the development and application of novel CPS materials in the field of capillary electrochromatography separation, also shows the new application of chiral induced COFs. Furthermore, the chiral-induced CCOFs can be easily applied to other chromatographic separation fields, exhibiting its extensive application value in chiral analysis separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Yonglei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xuequan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jingrui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jianxi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xingguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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2
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Ali N, Yutong L, Wang F, Qi L. In situ growth of dual-responsive polymer as coating for open tubular capillary electrochromatographic separation of epimedins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4571-4580. [PMID: 38902347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) has captured considerable interest; its efficient separation capability hinges on the interactions between analytes and polymer coatings. However, in situ growth of stimuli-responsive polymers as coatings has been rarely studied and is crucial for expanding the OT-CEC technique and its application. Herein, following poly(styrene-maleicanhydride) (PSM) chemically bonded onto the inner surface of the capillary, a dual pH/temperature stimuli-responsive block copolymer, P(SMN-COOH), was prepared by in situ polymerizing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) carboxylic acid terminated [P(N-COOH)] in PSM. An OT-CEC protocol was first explored using the coated capillary for epimedins separation. As a proof of concept, the developed OT-CEC system facilitated hydrogen bonding and tuning the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions between the test analytes and the P(SMN-COOH) coating by varying buffer pH and environmental temperature. Four epimedins with similar chemical structures were baseline separated under 40 °C at pH 10.0, exhibiting dramatical improvement in separation efficiency in comparison to its performance under 25 °C at pH 4.0. In addition, the coated capillary showed good repeatability and reusability with relative standard deviations for migration time and peak area between 0.7 and 1.7% and between 2.9 and 4.6%, respectively, and no significant changes after six runs. This work introduces a paradigm for efficient OT-CEC separation of herbal medicines through adjusting the interactions between analytes and smart polymer coatings, addressing polymer coating design and OT-CEC challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Ali
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Yutong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Li Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Wang Z, Wang W, Luo AQ, Yuan LM. Recent progress for chiral stationary phases based on chiral porous materials in high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography separation. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400073. [PMID: 38965996 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Chirality is a fundamental property of nature. Separation and analysis of racemates are of great importance in the fields of medicine and the production of chiral biopharmaceutical intermediates. Chiral chromatography has the characteristics of a wide separation range, fast separation speed, and high efficiency. The development and preparation of novel chiral stationary phases with good chiral recognition and separation capacity is the core and key of chiral chromatographic separation and analysis. In this work, the representative research progress of novel chiral porous crystal materials including chiral covalent organic frameworks, chiral porous organic cages, chiral metal-organic frameworks, and chiral metal-organic cages used as chiral stationary phases of capillary gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography over the last 4 years is reviewed in detail. The chiral recognition and separation properties of the representative studies in this review are also introduced and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Qin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
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Wang G, Chen Y, Lv W, Jia Z, Chen H, Chen X. Rapid and in-situ preparation COFs coated capillary by adsorption method for the separation and determination of phthalate ester using CEC. Talanta 2024; 270:125617. [PMID: 38176250 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
As a novel class of stationary phase materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have shown great promise in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. However, the current preparation of COFs coating capillaries heavily relies on tedious and time-consuming covalent bond methods. In this work, a novel, simple and rapid adsorption method was developed for fabrication of TPB-DMTP COF (fabricated from 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TPB) and 2,5-dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde (DMTP)) coated capillary. Due to the crystallization process of the COF is greatly shortened because pre-modification capillary does not require silane coupling agent, this method enables the rapid preparation of COFs-coated capillaries. The organic molecular building units only need 25 min to form a stable COFs coating on the inner wall of a capillary by this method. To our knowledge, this is the shortest method for preparing COFs coated capillary up to now. The performance of the TPB-DMTP COF coated capillary was evaluated by using phthalate esters as model analytes. The results demonstrated that the TPB-DMTP COF coated capillary has excellent repeatability and stability. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the analyte's retention time of intra-day, inter-day and column-to-column were in the range of 0.05 %-0.27 %, 0.31 %-0.63 % and 0.31 %-0.88 %, respectively. And, no significant changes were observed in separation efficiency and retention time after over 200 runs. Finally, the TPB-DMTP COF coated capillary was applied for the determination of phthalates in marketed plastic bag and the recovery ranged from 88.0 % to 114.0 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing 101300, China.
| | - Yonglei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenjuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhe Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xingguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Li Z, Liao Z, Ding X, Hu J, Chen Z. Facile room-temperature synthesis of a spherical mesoporous covalent organic framework for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464626. [PMID: 38232637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a spherical covalent organic framework COF TAPB-DMTP was facilely synthesized from 2,5-dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde (DMTP) and 1,3,5-tri-(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) as monomers. COF TAPB-DMTP with regular mesoporous and excellent mass transfer ability was first introduced into the capillary and immobilized on the inner wall of the capillary through a simple in situ growth method. Through various characterization results, COF TAPB-DMTP was successfully prepared and modified onto the capillary inner wall. The separation performance and potential of COF TAPB-DMTP modified capillary column was explored. The new developed COF modified column achieved a highly efficiency and selective separation between analytes with different properties, including halogeno benzenes, alkylbenzenes, phenols and sulfonamides. Satisfactory stability and reproducibility were observed on COF TAPB-DMTP modified columns. The intraday, interday and three batch columns relative standard deviations were all less than 1.85 % for the retention time. The separation performance of prepared column has no significant change after 90 continuous runs. Additionally, the COF TAPB-DMTP modified capillary column was successfully used for separation and detection of triazole antifungal drugs in human plasma, and the recoveries of three antifungal drugs (fluconazole, isavuconazole and posaconazole) in spiked samples were in the range of 98.6-100.8 %, 92.4-102.1 % and 99.9-107.5 %, respectively. This self-made column showed excellent application potential in chromatography separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzheng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoru Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zilin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Niu X, Qi S, Sun J, Zhu A, Wang F, Wu M, Lv W, Chen H. In situ growth of imine-based covalent organic framework as stationary phase for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic separation. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300686. [PMID: 38286732 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Designing advanced stationary phases to improve separation efficiency is essential in capillary electrochromatography. Due to their outstanding performance, covalent organic frameworks have recently demonstrated considerable promise in the field of separation science. Herein, an open-tubular capillary electrochromatography method was reported using porous imine-based covalent organic framework with sufficiently available interaction sites as stationary phase. The imine-based covalent organic framework coated capillary was easily prepared via an in situ growth method at room temperature, and its separation performance was evaluated, indicating the high separation efficiency for three types of analytes, including herbicides, polybrominated dibenzofurans, and bisphenols. Moreover, the imine-based covalent organic framework coated capillary showed good reproducibility and stability, with intraday (n = 3), interday (n = 3), and column-to-column (n = 3) relative standard deviations of retention time and peak areas of less than 5%. The separation efficiency of the coated capillary remained unchanged even after 200 runs and the maximum theoretical plates reached up to 85 595 N/m for 4,4'-ethylidenebisphenol. It was predicted that the imine-based covalent organic framework stationary phase would be a strong contender for chromatographic separation with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengda Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ailing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fangling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mingfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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7
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Hu K, Wang Y, Wang G, Wu Y, He Q. Research progress of the combination of COFs materials with food safety detection. Food Chem 2023; 429:136801. [PMID: 37442087 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have received lots of attention due to their multiple advantages such as high specific surface area, controlled pore size, and excellent stability. When detecting food contaminants, the matrix effect brought by complex food samples can significantly affect the accuracy of the results. How to attenuate matrix effect has always been a major challenge. Utilizing the advantages of COFs and applying them to detect food contaminants is currently a key research direction. The aim of this work is to provide a systematic summary of sample pretreatment techniques and detection techniques combined with COFs, which include almost all current techniques combined with COFs. In addition, the principles of combining COFs with different techniques are explained. Finally, the research foci and development direction of COFs in food contaminant detection are discussed. This is an important reference for the future development of food safety and the design of COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Hu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guanzhao Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecules Science and Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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8
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Yin H, Zhen Z, Ning W, Zhang L, Xiang Y, Ye N. Three-dimensional fluorinated covalent organic frameworks coated capillary for the separation of fluoroquinolones by capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464234. [PMID: 37523908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a three-dimensional fluorinated covalent organic frameworks (3D FCOFs) JUC-515 was synthesized from tetra(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAM) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalol (TFA) by an ionic liquid method. JUC-515 was introduced into the capillary column and bonded to the inner wall of the capillary column by chemical bonding. Through a variety of characterization results, JUC-515 was successfully synthesized and introduced into the capillary column. The effects of buffer solution concentration, organic additive content and pH of the buffer solution on the separation of fluoroquinolones (FQs) were investigated in detail. The JUC-515-coated capillary column showed good resolution (>1.5) and reproducibility. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention time for intraday, interday, column-to-column and interbatch precision were less than 0.88%, 2.45%, 2.74% and 3.32%, respectively. The RSDs of the peak area for intraday, interday, column-to-column and interbatch precision were less than 3.79%, 4.31%, 3.33% and 5.62%, respectively. The JUC-515-coated capillary column could be used no less than 150 times. The results showed that the JUC-515-coated capillary column had good separation performance. In addition, by separating fluorinated β-phenylalanine analogs, β-phenylalanine and trifluoromethyl β-phenylalanine analogs, the separation mechanism based on fluorine interactions was discussed. In conclusion, JUC-515 had good potential as a stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Ziyi Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Weijie Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Yuhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
| | - Nengsheng Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
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Ahmed MA, Yu RB, Quirino JP. Recent developments in open tubular liquid chromatography and electrochromatography from 2019–2021. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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10
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In situ growth of imine-based covalent organic framework as stationary phase for high-efficiency electrochromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1694:463905. [PMID: 36881971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Design of the smart stationary phases, which can improve the separation efficiency is an essential work in the capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Owing to good excellent properties, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have showed promising potential in the area of separation science. Here, a micro- and mesoporous COF TAPB-BTCA with adequate available interaction sites and outstanding mass transfer performance was first exploited as a stationary phase for high-efficiency in capillary electrochromatography. Through in situ growth approach, the COF TAPB-BTCA coated capillary column was facilely prepared at room temperature. The separation ability of the COF TAPB-BTCA coated capillary column was studied. The fabricated column showed high efficiency for the separation of six types of small molecular compounds, including alkylbenzenes, chlorobenzenes, phenols, parabens, vanillin and related phenolic compounds, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The maximum theoretical plates reached up to 293,363 N/m for phloroglucinol, showing significantly improved column efficiency in comparison to previous reported COFs-based columns. In addition, the mass loadability for methylbenzene was achieved to 1.44 mg/mL. Also, excellent reproducibility and stability were obtained on the COF TAPB-BTCA coated columns. The relative standard deviations of intra-day (n = 3), inter-day (n = 3) and three batch tubes were all less than 2%, and no obvious change was presented in separation performance after the column was used 120 runs. This COF TAPB-BTCA-based stationary phase would be a promising candidate for high-efficiency chromatographic separation.
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Zhang Y, Lv W, Wang F, Niu X, Wang G, Wu X, Zhang X, Chen X. Room temperature in-situ preparation of hydrazine-linked covalent organic frameworks coated capillaries for separation and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Front Chem Sci Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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12
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Recent applications and chiral separation developments based on stationary phases in open tubular capillary electrochromatography (2019–2022). J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:323-339. [PMID: 37181297 PMCID: PMC10173184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) plays a significant role in chiral separation via the double separation principle, partition coefficient difference between the two phases, and electroosmotic flow-driven separation. Given the distinct properties of the inner wall stationary phase (SP), the separation ability of each SP differs from one another. Particularly, it provides large room for promising applications of open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). We divided the OT-CEC SPs developed over the past four years into six types: ionic liquids, nanoparticle materials, microporous materials, biomaterials, non-nanopolymers, and others, to mainly introduce their characteristics in chiral drug separation. There also added a few classic SPs that occurred within ten years as supplements to enrich the features of each SP. Additionally, we discuss their applications in metabolomics, food, cosmetics, environment, and biology as analytes in addition to chiral drugs. OT-CEC plays an increasingly significant role in chiral separation and may promote the development of capillary electrophoresis (CE) combined with other instruments in recent years, such as CE with mass spectrometry (CE/MS) and CE with ultraviolet light detector (CE/UV).
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Zhang X, Zhu J, Wu Z, Wen W, Zhang X, Wang S. Electrochemical sensor based on confined synthesis of gold nanoparticles @ covalent organic frameworks for the detection of bisphenol A. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340743. [PMID: 36628736 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), a kind of conjugate crystalline polymers, has great potential for high performance electrochemical sensors due to high porosity, controllable pores and structure, and large specific surface area, etc. Herein, we developed an electrochemical sensor based on confined synthesis of gold nanoparticles @ 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and benzidine (BD) connected COFs (Au NPs@TpBD-COFs) for electrochemical detection of bisphenol A (BPA). Firstly, Au NPs were grown on the surface and in the pores of COFs by confinement synthesis strategy, which aimed to improve the conductivity and catalytic activity of COFs. Then, this composite was used to constitute electrochemical sensor for the oxidation of BPA, resulting a good electrocatalytic activity in the phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4). Due to high conductivity of Au NPs and TpBD-COFs recognize BPA via π-π stacking interactions and hydrogen bonds, the proposed sensor for the detection of BPA has the linear range of 5-1000 μM and the detection limit of 1 μM. Finally, the proposed sensor was used to measure the content of BPA in real water samples with a satisfactory recovery from 98.6 to 106.9%. Those good results confirmed that the proposed electrochemical sensors for monitoring of BPA in the application of COFs provided a significant guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Junlun Zhu
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, PR China.
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Wei Wen
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Xiuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Shengfu Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
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Wang F, Lv W, Zhang Y, Niu X, Wu X, Chen H, Chen X. Synthesis of spherical three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks and in-situ preparation of capillaries coated with them for capillary electrochromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Fu Y, Li Z, Hu C, Li Q, Chen Z. Synthesis of carbon dots-based covalent organic nanomaterial as stationary phase for open tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463343. [PMID: 35872537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of zero-dimensional carbon dots (CDs) to cross-linked nanomaterials is rare. In this work, a novel carbon dots-based covalent organic nanomaterial (CON CDs-TAPB) consisted of 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)-benzene (TAPB) and carbon dots (CDs) through facile Schiff-base reaction was synthesized and then employed as a stationary phase for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). The CON CDs-TAPB and the CDs-TAPB coated column were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-spectra experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thanks to CON CDs-TAPB unique structure and abundant accessibility and interaction sites, the prepared column exhibited a satisfactory separation ability towards analytes including parabens, phenolic compounds. Among all analytes, the highest column efficiency was over 1.6 × 105 plates·m-1. In addition, affording methylbenzene loading capacity of 156.9 pmole, surpassing most of those materials-based OT-CEC reported thus far. Thus, the prepared carbon dots-based covalent organic nanomaterial (CON CDs-TAPB) gave a potential as a stationary phase in the separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School ofPharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhentao Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School ofPharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Changjun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School ofPharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiaoyan Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School ofPharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School ofPharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Gu L, Guan J, Huang Z, Huo H, Shi S, Zhang D, Yan F. β-Cyclodextrin covalent organic framework supported by polydopamine as stationary phases for electrochromatographic enantioseparation. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1446-1454. [PMID: 35353923 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) column was prepared using β-cyclodextrin covalent organic framework (β-CD COF) as a stationary phase. Polydopamine was used to assist fabrication of β-CD COF on an inner wall of a fused-silica capillary. The coating layer on the capillary was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electroosmotic flow (EOF) was also studied to evaluate the variation of the inner wall of immobilized columns. Furthermore, the chiral separation effectiveness of the fabricated capillary column was evaluated by CEC using enantiomers of several related proton pump inhibitors as model analytes, including omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and tenatoprazole. The effects of bonding time and concentration of β-CD COF, the type, concentration and pH of buffer, applied voltage were investigated to obtain satisfactory enantioselectivity. In the optimum conditions, the enantiomers of four analytes were resolved within 15 min with resolutions of 1.63-2.62. The relative standard deviation values for migration times and resolutions of the analytes representing intraday and interday were less than 6.75% and 4.24%, respectively. The results reveal that β-CD COF has great potential as chiral-stationary phases for enantioseparation in CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Jin Guan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Hongyi Huo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Shi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiang Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
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ZHANG W, LIU G, MA W, FANG M, ZHANG L. [Application progress of covalent organic framework materials in extraction of toxic and harmful substances]. Se Pu 2022; 40:600-609. [PMID: 35791598 PMCID: PMC9404040 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic and hazardous substances constitute a category of compounds that are potentially hazardous to humans, other organisms, and the environment. These substances include pesticides (benzoylureas, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids), persistent organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluorinated compounds), plasticizers (phthalate esters, phenolic endocrine disruptors), medicines (sulfonamides, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, tetracyclines, fluoroquinone antibiotics), heterocyclic aromatic amines, algal toxins, and radioactive substances. Discharge of these toxic and harmful substances, as well as their possible persistence and bioaccumulation, pose a major risk to human health, often to the extent of being life-threatening. Therefore, it is important to analyze and detect toxic and hazardous substances in the environment, drinking water, food, and daily commodities. Sample pretreatment is an imperative step in most of the currently used analytical methods, especially in the analysis of trace toxic and harmful substances in complex samples. An efficient and fast sample pretreatment technology not only helps improve the sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and accuracy of analytical methods, but also avoids contamination of the analytical instruments and even damages the performance and working life of instruments. Sample pretreatment techniques widely used in the extraction of toxic and hazardous substances include solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and dispersed solid-phase extraction (DSPE). The adsorbent material plays a key role in these pretreatment techniques, thereby determining their selectivity and efficiency. In recent years, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted increasing attention in sample pretreatment. COFs represent an exciting new class of porous crystalline materials constructed via the strong covalent bonding of organic building units through a reversible condensation reaction. COFs present four advantages: (1) precise control over structure type and pore size by consideration of the target molecular structure based on the connectivity and shape of the building units; (2) post-synthetic modification for chemical optimization of the pore interior toward optimized interaction with the target; (3) straightforward scalable synthesis; (4) feasible formation of composites with magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, etc., which is beneficial to enhance the performance of COFs and meet the requirement of diverse pretreatment technologies. Because of the well-defined crystalline porous structures and tailored functionalities, COFs have excellent potential for use in target extraction. However, some issues need to be addressed for the application of COFs in the extraction of toxic and hazardous substances. (1) For the sample matrix, most of the reported COFs are highly hydrophobic, which limits their dispersibility in water-based samples, leading to poor extraction performance. COFs with good dispersibility in water-based samples are urgently required. (2) Besides, COFs rely on hydrophobic interaction, size repulsion, π-π stacking, and Van der Waals forces to extract target substances, but they are not effective for some polar targets. Thus, it is necessary to develop COFs with high affinity for polar toxic and hazardous substances. (3) Methods for the synthesis of COFs have evolved from solvothermal methods to room-temperature methods, mechanical grinding, microwave-assisted synthesis, ion thermal methods, etc. Most of the existing methods are time-consuming, laborious, and environmentally unfriendly. The starting materials are too expensive to prepare COFs in large quantities. More effort is required to improve the synthesis efficiency and overcome the obstacles in the application of COFs for extraction. This article summarizes and reviews the research progress in COFs toward the extraction of toxic and hazardous substances in recent years. Finally, the application prospects of COFs in this field are summarized, which serves as a reference for further research into pretreatment technologies based on COFs.
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He N, Li Z, Hu C, Chen Z. In situ synthesis of a spherical covalent organic framework as a stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:610-616. [PMID: 36105161 PMCID: PMC9463497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a novel type of crystalline porous organic polymer materials recently developed. It has several advantages in chromatographic separation field, such as high thermal stability, porosity, structural regularity, and large specific surface area. Here, a novel spherical COF 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) and 2,5-bis(2-propyn-1-yloxy)-1,4-benzenedicarboxaldehyde (BPTA) was developed as an electrochromatographic stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography separation. The COF TAPB-BPTA modified capillary column was fabricated via a facile in situ growth method at room temperature. The characterization results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that COF TAPB-BPTA were successfully modified onto the capillary inner surface. The electrochromatography separation performance of the COF TAPB-BPTA modified capillary was investigated. The prepared column demonstrated outstanding separation performance toward alkylbenzenes, phenols, and chlorobenzenes compounds. Furthermore, the baseline separations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and parabens with good efficiency and high resolution were achieved. Also, the prepared column possessed satisfactory precision of the intra-day runs (n = 5), inter-day runs (n = 3), and parallel columns (n = 3), and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention times of tested alkylbenzenes were all less than 2.58%. Thus, this new COF-based stationary phase shows tremendous application potential in chromatographic separation field. COF TAPB–BPTA was studied as OT-CEC stationary phase. In situ, room-temperature growth method was quite facile and efficient. Excellent separation performances toward various hydrophobic compounds. The maximum column efficiency was 1.78 × 105 plates/m. Reproducibility and stability were found to be satisfactory.
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19
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Li Q, Li Z, Fu Y, Hu C, Chen Z. Synthesis of crystalline covalent organic framework as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Recent advances of innovative and high-efficiency stationary phases for chromatographic separations. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Post-modification of covalent organic framework for gas chromatographic separation of isomers. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Wei W, Han Q, Tian S, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Liang Q. Effective separation of α-asarone and β-asarone in TCM by covalent organic framework modified magnetic solid phase extraction. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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24
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Zhong Z, Zhu M, Chu Z, Ren X, Tu B, Zhang W, Zhang L. Preparation and evaluation of ultra-long open-tubular capillary columns modified with Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 incorporated polymeric porous layer for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Fikarova K, Moore E, Nicolau A, Horstkotte B, Maya F. Recent trends on the implementation of reticular materials in column‐centered separations. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1411-1424. [PMID: 35080129 PMCID: PMC9305254 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the development of column‐based analytical separations are strongly linked to the development of novel materials. Stationary phases for chromatographic separation are usually based on silica and polymer materials. Nevertheless, recent advances have been made using porous crystalline reticular materials, such as metal‐organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. However, the direct packing of these materials is often limited due to their small crystal size and nonspherical shape. In this review, recent strategies to incorporate porous crystalline materials as stationary phases for liquid‐phase separations are covered. Moreover, we discuss the potential future directions in their development and integration into suitable supports for analytical applications. Finally, we discuss the main challenges to be solved to take full advantage of these materials as stationary phases for analytical separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Fikarova
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Tasmania Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Analytical Chemistry Charles University Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Edward Moore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Tasmania Australia
| | - Alma Nicolau
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Tasmania Australia
| | - Burkhard Horstkotte
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Analytical Chemistry Charles University Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | - Fernando Maya
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Tasmania Australia
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26
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Gao L, Zhao X, Qin S, Dong Q, Hu X, Chu H. A covalent organic framework for chiral capillary electrochromatography using a cyclodextrin mobile phase additive. Chirality 2022; 34:537-549. [PMID: 34997664 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been recognized as promising solid phases in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Imine-based COF-coated open-tubular CEC column (COF TpBD-coated OT column) was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), nitrogen adsorption/desorption (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET]), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the column efficiency was up to 26,776 plate/m, and the thickness of stationary phase was about 6.00 μm for the column prepared under the optimal conditions. Enantioseparation of 15 kinds of the single chiral compounds (histidine, arginine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, valine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, fipronil, diclofop, imazamox, quizalofop-p, imazethapyr, and acephate) and 3 kinds of mixed amino acids racemaces (valine, methionine, and glutamic acid) were performed with three methods: capillary electrochromatography with COF TpBD-coated OT column (Method 1), CEC with COF TpBD-coated OT column as the separation channels, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) with HP-β-CD as the chiral mobile phase additive (Method 2) and CE with HP-β-CD as the chiral mobile phase additive (Method 3). Separation efficiency and chiral selectivity of Method 2 was best among the three methods. Under the optimal separation conditions of Method 2, all the enantiomers reached the baseline separation regardless of the single chiral compounds or the mixed amino acids. Relative standard deviation (RSDs) of the mean column efficiency for reproducibility and stability was in the range of 0.46-1.49%. This combination of CEC and CE has great potential for use in chiral separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidi Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Shili Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Qing Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xingfang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hongtao Chu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
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Synthesis of a covalent organic framework with hydrazine linkages and its application in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462681. [PMID: 34856505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), owning to their excellent and unique properties, are attracting the attention of numerous researchers in some areas, especially the domain of chromatographic separation. However, the application of hydrazine linkages COFs in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) lies in the early stage at present. Herein, a well-crystallized hydrazine-linked COF (Tf-DHzOH) was synthesized successfully from 2,5-dihydroxyterephtalohydrazide and 1,3,5-triformyl-benzene. Tf-DHzOH was firstly regarded as a stationary phase material to prepare the Tf-DHzOH coated capillaries with different coating thickness by covalent bonding in this work. The characterization results showed that Tf-DHzOH was successfully synthesized. The separation performance and stability of the Tf-DHzOH coated capillary were evaluated by considering amino acids, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and benzene compounds as analytes. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of separation time in the intra-day (n = 9), inter-day (n = 6), column-to-column (n = 3) and batch-to-batch (n = 3) were 0.76-4.97%, 1.59-5.94%1.78-8.72% and 1.66%-8.23%, respectively, the RSDs of peak areas were 1.90-5.16%, 1.73-5.24%, 1.26-7.33% and 3.77%-11.24%, respectively. It was confirmed that there was no visible change of separation efficiency after the Tf-DHzOH-coated capillary was used more than 200 runs. The results make clear that 2D hydrazine-linked COF (Tf-DHzOH) has superior potential as the stationary phase in OT-CEC for chromatographic separation.
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Zhang JH, Xie SM, Yuan LM. Recent progress in the development of chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:51-77. [PMID: 34729907 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Separations and analyses of chiral compounds are important in many fields, including pharmaceutical production, preparation of chemical intermediates, and biochemistry. High-performance liquid chromatography using a chiral stationary phase is regarded as one of the most valuable methods for enantiomeric separation and analysis because it is highly efficient, is broadly applicable, and has powerful separation capability. The focus for development of this method is the identification of novel chiral stationary phases with superior recognition performance and good stability. The present article reviews recent progress in the development of new chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography between January 2018 and June 2021. These newly reported chiral stationary phases are divided into three categories: small organic molecule-based (cyclodextrin and its derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, cinchona alkaloids, and other low molecular weight chiral molecules), macromolecule-based (cellulose and amylose derivatives, chitin and chitosan derivatives, and synthetic helical polymers) and chiral porous material-based (chiral metal-organic frameworks, chiral covalent organic frameworks, and chiral inorganic mesoporous silicas). Each type of chiral stationary phase is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Ming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
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Capillary coated with three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for separation of fluoroquinolones by open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462549. [PMID: 34543884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Schiff-base reaction of 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and tetra(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAM) was performed for the synthesis of a three-dimensional covalent organic framework named 3D TpTAM, which was obtained by an ultrasound-assisted method for the first time. The morphology and structure of the synthesized TpTAM were characterized through various methods. Then, TpTAM-coated capillary columns were subsequently prepared by a covalent bonding method within a short time and applied for the separation of fluoroquinolones by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with good resolution and reproducibility. The intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention time and peak areas were 0.88%-0.95% and 2.27%-3.81%, respectively. The interday RSDs of retention time and peak areas were 0.71%-0.89% and 0.88%-3.60%, respectively. The column-to-column RSDs of retention time and peak areas were less than 1.90% and 13.56%, respectively. The interbatch RSDs of retention time and peak areas were less than 3.48% and 3.89%, respectively. The TpTAM-coated capillary columns could be used for no less than 100 runs with no observable changes in the separation efficiency. The separation mechanism was also studied, which indicated that π-π stacking effects, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding were the main factors. The results revealed that 3D TpTAM should have superior potential as the stationary phase in CEC for chromatographic separation.
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30
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Chen L, Liu M, Yang S, Zhao H, Yao X, Li X, Meng J. Theoretical electronic circular dichroism investigations of chiral amino acids and development of separation and identification methods independent of standards. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462446. [PMID: 34384924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Through an appropriate computational protocol and environmental simulation, a satisfactory fit was observed for the theoretical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of 19 chiral amino acids (AAs), which correspondeds to the forms of the AAs in aqueous solution. Methods for enantioseparation of these chiral AAs by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed. Combining ECD with chromatographic separation methods, enantiomers were identified and quantified independent of a single enantiomer standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Yao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jinghua Meng
- Department of Mathematics, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, Shanxi 034000, China
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31
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In situ room-temperature preparation of a covalent organic framework as stationary phase for high-efficiency capillary electrochromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1649:462239. [PMID: 34034110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), considered as a series of newly emerging porous organic materials, have been widely utilized in separation fields. Herein, a novel COF (TFPB-BD) was first employed as stationary phase for high-efficiency capillary electrochromatographic separation. Benzidine (BD) and 1,3,5-Tris-(4-formylphenyl)benzene (TFPB) were selected as organic linkers and then introduced into the aldehyde group modified capillary for the in situ growth of TFPB-BD onto the capillary inner wall at room temperature. The morphology and formation of TFPB coated capillary column were confirmed by a variety of tools including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). It's interesting that the TFPB globular crystals with nanoscale were uniformly and densely modified on the capillary inner surface. Hence, the prepared column exhibited prominent separation performance for the test analytes including alkylbenzenes, chlorobenzenes and phenolic compounds with high efficiency and high resolution. The maximum column efficiency can reach about 1.8 × 105 plates•m-1. Additionally, the high resolutions of anilines, amino acids and parabens were also achieved on the TFPB modified capillary. The precisions (RSDs) of the retention times of alkylbenzenes of intra-day runs (n = 3), inter-day runs (n = 3) and parallel columns (n = 3) were all less than 2.83%. This innovative COF-based stationary phase gives great promise for the chromatographic separation field.
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Bao T, Wang S, Zhang N, Zhang J. Facile synthesis and immobilization of functionalized covalent organic framework-1 for electrochromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462130. [PMID: 33848663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the outstanding functions of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), which can be used for functionalization of both covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and substrate surfaces, herein, a proof-of-concept demonstration was carried out by one-step synthesis and immobilization of COF-1 in capillary. COF-1 was grown on the inner wall of capillary using APTES, which played a triple role of catalyst, stabilizer, and connecting arm during the process. The immobilization of COF-1 on silicon surface was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, COF-1 modified capillary (COF-1@capillary) column exhibited excellent performance in the electrochromatographic separation of amino acids. High resolution and separation efficiency (225,378 plates/m for 4-methylbiphenyl) were successfully achieved. Separation of methylbenzene, styrene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 4-methylbiphenyl, naphthalene, and 4-vinylbipheny in the electro-driven mode confirmed the successful growth of COF-1 on the inner wall of capillary. The developed facile method for the immobilization of COF-1 may pave the way for further application prospects of boron-based COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China..
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
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Kou X, Tong L, Huang S, Chen G, Zhu F, Ouyang G. Recent advances of covalent organic frameworks and their application in sample preparation of biological analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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In situ controllable synthesis of Schiff base networks porous polymer coatings for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:82. [PMID: 33586055 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A uniform Schiff base network (SNW) film was synthesized in situ in a controllable way through continuous flow of reactants inside the capillary. The properties and application of the as-prepared capillary was investigated in capillary electrochromatography. The effects of reaction monomer concentration and reaction time on coating thickness were studied by SEM. The results show that the reaction condition has a significant influence on the morphology and thickness of the SNW films. The thickness of the film can be controlled by changing the concentration of reaction solution and reaction time. Capillaries coated under different conditions were employed to separate four nucleotides by capillary electrochromatography, which demonstrated significant variation of migration time, peak order, and separation efficiency. Analytes containing nitrogen heterocycle structures, such as nucleotides, methylimidazole isomers, and β-lactam antibiotics, were successfully separated with the prepared open-tubular columns. Under the selected separation conditions, theoretical plate number of four nucleotides is in a range 45,237-104,505 plates·m-1, and the resolutions are 1.98-8.07. A resolution of 1.75 is obtained for methylimidazole isomers. The nucleotides in a real sample, chicken essence seasoning, were determined using the prepared capillary column with satisfactory recoveries in the range 95 to 105%.
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Cai Z, Hu X, Zong R, Wu H, Jin X, Yin H, Huang C, Xiang Y, Ye N. A graphene oxide-molybdenum disulfide composite used as stationary phase for determination of sulfonamides in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461487. [PMID: 32823013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A graphene oxide-molybdenum disulfide (GO-MoS2) composite was synthesized and utilized as the highly efficient stationary phase of open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). The characterization results indicated that GO-MoS2 composite was successfully synthesized. The GO-MoS2-coated capillary column was prepared by covalent immobilization method for the determination of seven sulfonamides. The baseline separation of seven sulfonamides was achieved by GO-MoS2-coated capillary column. The linear range was 0.05-100 μg/mL for sulfisomidine, sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, phthalylsulfathiazole and sulfacetamide, 0.1-100 μg/mL for sulfamonomethoxine and sulfachloropyridazine with a satisfactory correlation coefficients (R2) > 0.9994. This developed OT-CEC method was successfully applied to determinate of seven sulfonamides in environmental water and milk samples with good recoveries of 85.77% - 109.10% and 80.03% - 109.97%, respectively. These results indicated that GO-MoS2-coated capillary column possessed good stability and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Rui Zong
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Hanqing Wu
- College of Teacher Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
| | - Xiaotong Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Han Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Chuanlin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Yuhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Nengsheng Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
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Bai Q, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Wang C, Maihemuti M, Sun C, Qi Y, Peng J, Guo X, Zhang Z, Fang L. Evaluation of chiral separation based on bovine serum albumin–conjugated carbon nanotubes as stationary phase in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1253-1260. [PMID: 32350876 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Bai
- Department of Pharmacy Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Chenning Zhang
- Institute of Wudang Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taihe Hospital Hubei University of Medicine Shiyan P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy Dalian Medical University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy Dalian Medical University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Mairewaniguli Maihemuti
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Chengpeng Sun
- College of Pharmacy Dalian Medical University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yan Qi
- College of Pharmacy Dalian Medical University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- College of Pharmacy Dalian Medical University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Ⅳ (Cardiac Failure) Affiliated Hospital 2 of Dalian Medical University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Linlin Fang
- College of Pharmacy Dalian Medical University Dalian P. R. China
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Niu X, Lv W, Sun Y, Dai H, Chen H, Chen X. In situ fabrication of 3D COF-300 in a capillary for separation of aromatic compounds by open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:233. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-4196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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