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De Luca C, Felletti S, Franchina FA, Bozza D, Compagnin G, Nosengo C, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Recent developments in the high-throughput separation of biologically active chiral compounds via high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115794. [PMID: 37890321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), are often chiral molecules where stereoisomers have different biological and therapeutic activity. Nevertheless, the preparation of these molecules can lead to racemic or scalemic mixtures (it is not trivial to produce just the optically pure compound). The evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of bioactive compounds, and therefore quality, is indeed of fundamental importance for regulatory scopes. Chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the gold standard technique to separate and to purify enantiomers. This comes from the wide availability of commercial chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and operational modes, which makes the technique extremely versatile. In recent years, the most relevant trend in the field of chiral analytical HPLC has been the development of CSPs suitable for fast or even ultrafast separations, thus favoring the high throughput screening of biologically active chiral compounds. This process has somehow lagged behind compared to achiral HPLC, due to a series of practical and fundamental issues. The experience has shown how in chiral chromatography even very basic concepts, such as the supposed kinetic superiority of core-shell (pellicular) particles over fully porous ones to improve the chromatographic efficiency, cannot be taken for granted. In this review, the most relevant fundamental and practical features that must be taken into consideration to design successful high-throughput, fast enantioseparations will be discussed. Afterwards, the main classes of CSPs and the most relevant, recent (last five-year) high-throughput applications in the field of the separation of chiral bioactive compounds (for pharmaceutical, forensic, food, and omics applications) will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Desiree Bozza
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Greta Compagnin
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara Nosengo
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharrmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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Rahmani T, Ampe A, Lynen F. Temperature Responsive × Fast Chiral Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography: a New 2D-LC Platform for Resolving Mixtures of Chiral Isomers. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chiral resolution of solutes occurring in mixtures of unrelated species is of relevance in life sciences and in pharmaceutical analysis. While this is conceptually achievable by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC), few approaches exist whereby the second dimension comprises the chiral separation. The latter is preferable in combination with a conventional reversed phase type of separation in the first dimension as it offers an extension of a conventional achiral analysis. The implementation of such rapid chiral analyses in the second dimension was, thus far, limited by the challenging transfer of the first dimension mobile phase to the second dimension while still achieving chiral separation. In this study, the combination of temperature-responsive and reversed-phase chiral liquid chromatography is assessed in terms of enantioselective separation of a broad range of pharmaceutical compounds. Applying temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) in the first dimension allows for analyses to be performed under purely aqueous conditions, which then allows for complete and more generic refocusing of (organic) solutes prior to the second dimension. This offers an enhanced ability to employ fast and broad compositional gradients over the chiral dimension, which broadens the applicability of the technique. In the proposed platform, seven chiral columns (superficially porous and fully porous columns (comprising both polysaccharide and macrocyclic antibiotic phases)) and four mobile phase gradients were screened on a pharmaceutical test mixture. The platform was shown to be able to offer the necessary resolving power for the molecules at hand and offers a new approach for chiral screening of mixtures of unrelated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turaj Rahmani
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adriaan Ampe
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Chin S, Cruz K, Goyon A, Venkatramani CJ, Yehl PM, Kurita KL. Two-dimensional reversed phase-normal phase liquid chromatography for simultaneous achiral-chiral analysis to support high-throughput experimentation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463820. [PMID: 36796276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Typical chromatographic analysis of chiral compounds requires the use of achiral methods to evaluate impurities or related substances along with separate methods to evaluate chiral purity. The use of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) to support simultaneous achiral-chiral analysis has become increasingly advantageous in the field of high-throughput experimentation where low reaction yields or side reactions can lead to challenging direct chiral analysis. Advancements in multi-dimensional chromatography have led to the development of robust 2D-LC instrumentation with reversed phase solvent systems (RPLC-RPLC) enabling this simultaneous analysis, eliminating the need to purify crude reaction mixtures to determine stereoselectivity. However, when chiral RPLC cannot separate a chiral impurity from the desired product, there are few viable commercial options. The coupling of NPLC to RPLC (RPLC-NPLC) continues to remain elusive due to solvent immiscibility between the two solvent systems. This solvent incompatibility leads to lack of retention, band broadening, poor resolution, poor peak shapes, and baseline issues in the second dimension. A study was conducted to understand the effect of various water-containing injections on NPLC and applied to the development of robust RPLC-NPLC methods. Following thoughtful consideration and modifications to the design of a 2D-LC system in regards to mobile phase selection, sample loop sizing, targeted mixing, and solvent compatibility, proof of concept has been demonstrated with the development of reproducible RPLC-NPLC 2D-LC methods to perform simultaneous achiral-chiral analysis. Second dimension NPLC method performance proved comparable to corresponding 1D-NPLC methods with excellent percent difference in enantiomeric excess results ≤ 1.09% and adequate limits of quantitation down to 0.0025 mg/mL for injection volumes of 2 µL, or 5 ng on-column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Chin
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
| | - Karissa Cruz
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Cadapakam J Venkatramani
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Peter M Yehl
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Kenji L Kurita
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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Ma X, Zhang C, Cai L. Functional ionic liquids as chiral selector for visual chiral sensing and enantioselective precipitate. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Foster SW, Parker D, Kurre S, Boughton J, Stoll DR, Grinias JP. A review of two-dimensional liquid chromatography approaches using parallel column arrays in the second dimension. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1228:340300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liang L, Duan W, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Sun B. Recent Development of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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An overview of analytical methods for enantiomeric determination of chiral pollutants in environmental samples and biota. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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La Z, Charton J, Etienne L, Bourey J, Lipka E. Supercritical fluid chromatography and liquid chromatography for isomeric separation of a multiple chiral centers analyte. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462270. [PMID: 34087720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of a chiral separation strategy has always been a challenge of crucial importance, particularly in the pharmaceutical field. Chromatographic methods have become popular, particularly High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography from a preparative scale point of view. A bioactive compound bearing three stereogenic centers was entrusted in our laboratory and the aim of this work was to obtain the complete resolution of the eight stereoisomers. Nine different polysaccharide-based columns were tested in SFC under various carbon dioxide-based mobile phases. The use of a single chiral column Lux Cellulose-2 under 30% 2-PrOH in carbon dioxide, at a flow-rate of 1 mL/min, column temperature of 40°C, 120 bar outlet pressure allowed the obtention of eight peaks. To further improve the resolution of the two last isomers, two columns were serially coupled . The results obtained with the six different combinations are discussed. The tandem column supercritical fluid chromatography has demonstrated to be a useful technique to resolve the eight stereoisomers on Lux Cellulose-2//Cellulose-2 tandem of coupled columns with 30% 2-PrOH in carbon dioxide, at a flow-rate of 1 mL/min, column temperature of 40°C and 120 bar outlet pressure, despite a long analysis time. In order to compare the two methods (i.e supercritical and liquid), chiral liquid chromatography under polar aqueous-organic mode, polar organic mode and normal-phase mode, was implemented. The last mode allowed the full baseline resolution of the eight isomers on Cellulose-5 CSP, with 20% 2-PrOH in n-heptane at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min, at 25°C, λ = 220 nm. The limits of detection and of quantification were determined for this method and the best values obtained for isomer 8 were equal to 2.84 and 9.37 nM respectively. Finally, a small-scale preparative separation of the multiple chiral centers compound was implemented on Cellulose-5 CSP within 10% 2-PrOH in n-heptane in order to study the stereoisomer elution order on Cellulose-2, Cellulose-5 and Chiralpak AD-H, under EtOH or 2-PrOH in n-heptane mobile phases, and partial reversal elution orders were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo La
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Charton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lucile Etienne
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Bourey
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lipka
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F-59000 Lille, France.
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La Z, Danel C, Grolaux G, Charton J, Furman C, Lipka E. Electrophoretic separation of multiple chiral center analyte with a three cyclodextrins mixture. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1810-1817. [PMID: 33644914 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrokinetic chromatography method (CEKC) was developed for complete stereoisomeric separation of a neutral, hydrophobic, multiple chiral center dihydropyridone analogue, a drug candidate proposed in type 2 diabetes treatment. A background electrolyte comprising three cyclodextrins was found to successfully separate the eight isomers. First an anionic cyclodextrin, the SBE-β-CD, was selected to allow the chiral separation of our neutral compound and partial resolutions of the eight isomers were obtained. Then, the effects of different parameters such as the nature and concentration of the other cyclodextrins added and pH of the buffer were examined. Finally, a triple CD-system consisted of 15 mM SBE-β-CD plus 15 mM γ-CD and 40 mM HP-γ-CD in a 50 mM borate background electrolyte at pH 10, was found to successfully separate the eight isomers. Last, the selectivity and limits of detection and quantification were evaluated for this optimized method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo La
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Cécile Danel
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR-7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Gaëlle Grolaux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Julie Charton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for living Systems, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Christophe Furman
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lipka
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, F-59000, France
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Chiral chromatography method screening strategies: Past, present and future. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461878. [PMID: 33477025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Method screening is an integral part of chromatographic method development for the separation of racemates. Due to the highly complex retention mechanism of a chiral stationary-phase, it is often difficult, if not impossible, to device predefined method-development steps that can be successfully applied to a wide group of molecules. The standard approach is to evaluate or screen a series of stationary and mobile-phase combinations to increase the chances of detecting a suitable separation condition. Such a process is often the rate-limiting step for high-throughput analyses and purification workflows. To address the problem, several solutions and strategies have been proposed over the years for reduction of net method-screening time. Some of the strategies have been adopted in practice while others remained confined in the literature. The main objective of this review is to revisit, critically discuss and compile the solutions published over the last two decades. We expect that making the diverse set of solutions available in a single document will help assessing the adequacy of existing screening protocols in laboratories conducting chiral separation.
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Goyon A, Masui C, Sirois LE, Han C, Yehl P, Gosselin F, Zhang K. Achiral-Chiral Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Platform to Support Automated High-Throughput Experimentation in the Field of Drug Development. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15187-15193. [PMID: 33142065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Automated high-throughput experimentation (HTE) is a powerful tool for scientists to explore and optimize chemical transformations by simultaneously screening yield, stereoselectivity, and impurity profiles. To analyze the HTE samples, high-throughput analysis (HTA) platforms must be fast, accurate, generic, and specific at the same time. A large amount of high-quality data is critical for the success of machine learning models in the era of big data. Conventional chiral liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) HTE methods are hampered by compound co-eluting, possible ion suppression, and limited chiral column lifetime in the presence of crude reaction mixtures or complex sample matrices. To overcome these limitations, a generic and fast achiral-chiral heart-cutting two-dimensional (2D)-LC method has been developed to determine both the yield and stereoselectivity of chemical transformations within a 10 min run time. Successful implementation of the 2D-LC HTA platform in a routine drug development environment was achieved for real-world project support, with the analysis so far of over 2000 reaction mixtures prepared in the 96-well plate format. Excellent performance of the method was demonstrated by relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 0.83% for the 1D and 2D retention times, and determination coefficients higher than 0.99. The presented HTA 2D-LC platform has had a significant impact on drug development by analyzing the HTE samples rapidly with unambiguous peak tracking and providing a robust approach for accurately generating a large amount of high-quality data in a short time.
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12
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Method screening strategies of stereoisomers of compounds with multiple chiral centers and a single chiral center. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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