1
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Zhang X, Sha C, Zhang W, Zhao F, Zhu M, Leng G, Liu W. Development and validation of an HILIC/MS/MS method for determination of nusinersen in rabbit plasma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31213. [PMID: 38799737 PMCID: PMC11126830 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of the fully phosphorothioate modified oligonucleotide nusinersen. HILIC/MS/MS method is more robust and compatible with mass spectrometry than ion pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (IP-RP-LC/MS/MS). Various types and concentrations of additives and different pH of mobile phase affected the mass spectrometry response, chromatographic peak shape and retention of nusinersen. The optimized extraction method of nusinersen employs hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid phase extraction, with a recovery of up to 80 %. Chromatographic quantification was performed using a gradient system on an amide column and the mobile phase consisted of ammonium acetate, acetonitrile and water in a certain proportion. The fully phosphorothioate modified nusinersen can obtain a high mass spectrometry response by providing greater peak symmetry and high ionization efficiency in a high-pH mobile phase. Moreover, the significant carry over interference was observed at the pH 6.3 of the mobile phase. Adjusting the pH value up to 10, and the carry over interference disappeared. The lower limit of quantitation of this developed HILIC/MS/MS assay was 30.0 ng/mL and the method was systematic methodology validated. This HILIC/MS/MS method provides an attractive and robust alternative for the quantitative analysis of nusinersen and was applied in the pharmacokinetic study of nusinersen in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Chunjie Sha
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Luye Pharmaceutical Group, Yantai, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Luye Pharmaceutical Group, Yantai, China
| | - Mingli Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Luye Pharmaceutical Group, Yantai, China
| | - Guangyi Leng
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Luye Pharmaceutical Group, Yantai, China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
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2
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Vosáhlová Z, Kalíková K, Gilar M, Szymarek J, Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M, Studzińska S. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the separation and identification of antisense oligonucleotides impurities and nusinersen metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464535. [PMID: 38039623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
With the development of therapeutic oligonucleotides for antisense and gene therapies, the demand for analytical methods also increases. For the analysis of complex samples, for example plasma samples, where the use of mass detection is essential, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography is a suitable choice. The aim of the present work was to develop a method for separation and identification of the oligonucleotide impurities and metabolites by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. First of all, the effects of different chromatographic conditions (e.g. pH of the aqueous part of the mobile phase, buffer concentration, column temperature) on the retention and separation of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides standards on the amide stationary phase were investigated. A set of model oligonucleotides containing a fully modified 21mer and its typical impurities (shortmers and oligonucleotides with different number of thiophosphate modifications) was used. The results showed that the concentration of the salt in the mobile phase as well as its pH, are the most influential parameters with regard to peak shape and separation. The knowledge gained was applied to the analysis of an unpurified 18mer oligonucleotides, analogues of the drug nusinersen used for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. The successful separation and identification of twenty-six and twenty-eight impurities was performed with the developed HILIC method. The method was applied to analysis of nusinersen metabolites of serum samples of patients treated with Spinraza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Vosáhlová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Květa Kalíková
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Gilar
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Jakub Szymarek
- Department of Developmental Neurology, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Dębinki Str., PL-80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic; Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin Str., PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wilenska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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3
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Wei B, Wang J, Dai L, Chen B, Zhang K. Characterization of synthetic guide ribonucleic acids through hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464414. [PMID: 37806043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method for the analysis of single guide ribonucleic acid (sgRNA), a critical reagent used in CRISPR genome editing. Our results showed that effective profiling of sgRNA can be achieved by suppressing the surface charge of the stationary phase in HILIC. We identified hydrogen bonding as the primary retention mechanism with potential weak partitioning in HILIC separation of large oligonucleotides like 100-mer sgRNA. Moreover, we demonstrated that direct coupling of HILIC with mass spectrometry (MS) allows the intact mass analysis of sgRNA and its impurities with minimal adduct present. Finally, we characterized the post peak shown in the low temperature HILIC and identified it as sgRNA aggregates. Our findings provide valuable insight into the characterization of sgRNA and highlight the potential of HILIC-MS as a powerful analytical tool for relatively large oligonucleotide analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchuan Wei
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America.
| | - Jenny Wang
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Lulu Dai
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Bifan Chen
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America.
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4
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Sorensen MJ, Paulines MJ, Maloney TD. Evaluating orthogonality between ion-pair reversed phase, anion exchange, and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation of synthetic oligonucleotides. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464184. [PMID: 37419013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The orthogonality of separation between ion-pair reversed phase (IP-RP), anion exchange (AEX), and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was evaluated for oligonucleotides. A polythymidine standard ladder was first used to evaluate the three methods and showed zero orthogonality, where retention and selectivity were based on oligonucleotide charge/size under all three conditions. Next, a model 23-mer synthetic oligonucleotide containing 4 phosphorothioate bonds with 2' fluoro and 2'-O-methyl ribose modifications typical of small interfering RNA was used for evaluating orthogonality. The resolution and orthogonality were evaluated between the three modes of chromatography in terms of selectivity differences for nine common impurities, including truncations (n-1, n-2), addition (n + 1), oxidation, and de-fluorination. We first evaluated different ion-pairing reagents that provided the best separation of the key impurities while suppressing diastereomer separation due to phosphorothioate linkages. Although different ion-pairing reagents affected resolution, very little orthogonality was observed. We then compared the retention times between IP-RP, HILIC, and AEX for each impurity of the model oligonucleotide and observed various selectivity changes. The results suggest that coupling HILIC with either AEX or IP-RP provide the highest degree of orthogonality due to the differences in retention for hydrophilic nucleobases and modifications under HILIC conditions. IP-RP provided the highest overall resolution for the impurity mixture, whereas more co-elution was observed with HILIC and AEX. The unique selectivity patterns offered by HILIC provides an interesting alternative to IP-RP or AEX, in addition to the potential for coupling with multidimensional separations. Future work should explore orthogonality for oligonucleotides with subtle sequence differences such as nucleobase modifications and base flip isomers, longer strands such as guide RNA and messenger RNA, and other biotherapeutic modalities such as peptides, antibodies, and antibody-drug-conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sorensen
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Mellie June Paulines
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Todd D Maloney
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States.
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Guimaraes GJ, Leach FE, Bartlett MG. Microflow Liquid Chromatography – Multi-Emitter Nanoelectrospray Mass Spectrometry of Oligonucleotides. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463976. [PMID: 37054634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
While the most sensitive LC-MS methods for oligonucleotide analysis contain ion-pairs in the mobile phase, these modifiers have been associated with instrument contamination and ion suppression. Typically, entire LC-MS systems are reserved for oligonucleotide LC-MS when using ion-pairing buffers. To overcome these limitations, numerous HILIC methods, liberated from ion-pairs, have been recently developed. Since ion-pairs play a role in analyte desorption from ESI droplets, their removal from mobile phases tend to impact method sensitivity. An effective way to recover MS sensitivity is to reduce the LC flow rate and therefore reduce ESI droplet size. With a focus on MS sensitivity, this study investigates the applicability of a microflow LC- nanoelectrospray MS platform in oligonucleotide ion-pair RP and HILIC LC-MS methods. The platform is effective and substantially increased the MS sensitivity of HILIC methods. Furthermore, LC method development for both types of separations provide insight into microflow chromatography of oligonucleotides, an under investigated chromatographic scale.
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6
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Comprehensive evaluation of zwitterionic hydrophilic liquid chromatography stationary phases for oligonucleotide characterization. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463785. [PMID: 36641941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been proposed as a valuable alternative to ion-pairing reversed-phase chromatography (IP-RPLC) for oligonucleotide (ON) analysis. In this context, the potential of seven zwitterionic HILIC columns has been evaluated against amide- and poly-hydroxy fructan-functionalized HILIC columns and a C18 column operated under IP-RPLC mode. Based on the retention characteristics of key small molecule pairs, each zwitterionic HILIC column showed a unique radar-shaped profile, suggesting different selectivities for distinct structural differences. Unmodified DNA and RNA samples were then evaluated, and the columns classified based on their retentivity. Two zwitterionic columns were particularly promising in terms of overall resolution, especially for the largest ONs (> 40-mer). Finally, separations between a chemically modified drug-like ON and its closely related impurities were performed. Although the ZIC-cHILIC column showed similar selectivity values as compared to the reference IP-RPLC technique, all columns demonstrated a general decrease in selectivity due to the minor structural differences present in the highly complex samples. This work highlights the utility of zwitterionic HILIC mode for ON analysis and it reveals the importance of understanding columns characteristics - in terms of retention and selectivity - when selecting a stationary phase for specific ON applications.
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7
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Bioanalysis of Oligonucleotide by LC-MS: Effects of Ion Pairing Regents and Recent Advances in Ion-Pairing-Free Analytical Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415474. [PMID: 36555119 PMCID: PMC9779676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides (OGNs) are relatively new modalities that offer unique opportunities to expand the therapeutic targets. Reliable and high-throughput bioanalytical methods are pivotal for preclinical and clinical investigations of therapeutic OGNs. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is now evolving into being the method of choice for the bioanalysis of OGNs. Ion paring reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC) has been widely used in sample preparation and LC-MS analysis of OGNs; however, there are technical issues associated with these methods. IP-free methods, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and anion-exchange techniques, have emerged as promising approaches for the bioanalysis of OGNs. In this review, the state-of-the-art IP-RPLC-MS bioanalytical methods of OGNs and their metabolites published in the past 10 years (2012-2022) are critically reviewed. Recent advances in IP-reagent-free LC-MS bioanalysis methods are discussed. Finally, we describe future opportunities for developing new methods that can be used for the comprehensive bioanalysis of OGNs.
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8
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Studzińska S, Li F, Szumski M, Buszewski B, Lämmerhofer M. Cholesterol Stationary Phase in the Separation and Identification of siRNA Impurities by Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314960. [PMID: 36499291 PMCID: PMC9738757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to develop a simple and efficient ion-pair reagent-free chromatographic method for the separation and qualitative determination of oligonucleotide impurities, exemplified by synthesis of raw products of the two single strands of patisiran siRNA. The stationary phases with mixed hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties (cholesterol and alkylamide) were firstly used for this purpose with reversed-phased high-performance liquid chromatography. Several different chromatographic parameters were tested for their impact on impurities separation: type, concentration, pH of salt, as well as organic solvent type in the mobile phase. The pH was the most influential factor on the separation and signal intensities in mass spectrometry detection. Finally, the optimized method included the application of cholesterol stationary phase, with mobile phase containing 20 mM ammonium formate (pH 6.5) and methanol. It allowed good separation and the identification of most impurities within 25 min. Since not all closely related impurities could be fully resolved from the main peak in this oligonucleotide impurity profiling, two-dimensional liquid chromatography was used for peak purity determination of the target oligonucleotides. The Ethylene Bridged Hybrid (BEH) Amide column in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was applied in the second dimension, allowing additional separation of three closely related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-56-6114753
| | - Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michał Szumski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wilenska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Oligonucleotides Isolation and Separation—A Review on Adsorbent Selection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179546. [PMID: 36076941 PMCID: PMC9455468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides have many important applications, including as primers in polymerase chain reactions and probes for DNA sequencing. They are proposed as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for various diseases and therapeutics in antisense therapy. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop liquid chromatography and solid phase extraction methods to separate oligonucleotides and isolate them from biological samples. Many reviews have been written about the determination of these compounds using the separation technique or sample preparation for their isolation. However, presumably, there are no articles that critically review the adsorbents used in liquid chromatography or solid phase extraction. The present publication reviews the literature from the last twenty years related to supports (silica, polymers, magnetic nanoparticles) and their modifications. The discussed issues concern reversed phase (alkyl, aromatic, cholesterol, mixed ligands), ion-exchange (strong and weak ones), polar (silica, polyhydroxy, amide, zwitterionic), and oligonucleotide-based adsorbents.
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10
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Lardeux H, Goyon A, Zhang K, Nguyen JM, Lauber MA, Guillarme D, D'Atri V. The impact of low adsorption surfaces for the analysis of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463324. [PMID: 35858489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As interest in oligonucleotide (ON) therapeutics is increasing, there is a need to develop suitable analytical methods able to properly analyze those molecules. However, an issue exists in the adsorption of ONs on different parts of the instrumentation during their analysis. The goal of the present paper was to comprehensively evaluate various types of bioinert materials used in ion-pairing reversed-phase (IP-RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) to mitigate this issue for 15- to 100-mer DNA and RNA oligonucleotides. The whole sample flow path was considered under both conditions, including chromatographic columns, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system, and ultraviolet (UV) flow cell. It was found that a negligible amount of non-specific adsorption might be attributable to the chromatographic instrumentation. However, the flow cell of a detector should be carefully subjected to sample-based conditioning, as the material used in the UV flow cell was found to significantly impact the peak shapes of the largest ONs (60- to 100-mer). Most importantly, we found that the choice of column hardware had the most significant impact on the extent of non-specific adsorption. Depending on the material used for the column walls and frits, adsorption can be more or less pronounced. It was proved that any type of bioinert RPLC/HILIC column hardware offered some clear benefits in terms of adsorption in comparison to their stainless-steel counterparts. Finally, the evaluation of a large set of ONs was performed, including a DNA duplex and DNA or RNA ONs having different base composition, furanose sugar, and modifications occurring at the phosphate linkage or at the sugar moiety. This work represents an important advance in understanding the overall ON adsorption, and it helps to define the best combination of materials when analyzing a wide range of unmodified and modified 20-mer DNA and RNA ONs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honorine Lardeux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland.
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11
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Fan F, Wang L, Lu X, Liang X, Guo Y. Synthesis and application of smart gel material modified silica microspheres for pH-responsive hydrophilicity in liquid chromatography. Analyst 2021; 146:6262-6269. [PMID: 34546229 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01182k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by porous smart gel materials, we designed pH-responsive polymer-modified silica microspheres as liquid chromatography stationary phase materials by a one-step strategy. The free radicals generated by the oxidation of dopamine are used to initiate the cross-linking polymerization of functional monomers. At the same time, the good adhesion of dopamine enables the polymer to be modified on silica. The hydrophilicity of this new stationary phase can change in response to the pH of the mobile phase and the stationary phase has weaker hydrophilicity under acidic (pH = 3.78) mobile phase conditions and stronger hydrophilicity under neutral mobile phase conditions. The hydrophilicity difference of the stationary phase leads to the selectivity difference in separation. To evaluate the chromatographic performance of this new stationary phase, 10 oligosaccharides and 9 nucleosides/bases were separated on this stationary phase. This paper will provide good guidance for us to achieve more pH-responsive hydrophilic/hydrophobic stationary phases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbin Fan
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yong Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Kozlik P, Vaclova J, Kalikova K. Mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/ion-exchange liquid chromatography – Separation potential in peptide analysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Huang M, Xu X, Qiu H, Li N. Analytical characterization of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462184. [PMID: 33991753 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been widely implemented as a powerful tool for providing in-depth characterization of nucleic acid therapeutic modalities, such as anti-sense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In this study, we developed a generic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry method in the absence of ion-pairing reagents and demonstrated its capability as an attractive and robust alternative for oligonucleotide and siRNA analysis. HILIC separation of mixtures of unmodified and fully phosphorothioate-modified DNA oligonucleotides and their synthetic 3' exonuclease-digested metabolites were also assessed. High-resolution mass spectrometric (HRMS) analysis was used to determine the deconvoluted masses of oligonucleotide and siRNA standards and their impurities. To enable unbiased sequence characterization with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), we also optimized higher-energy C-trap dissociation (HCD) on improving the sequence coverage of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides. Lastly, we evaluated on-column sensitivity for a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide by performing targeted analysis with either targeted selected ion monitoring (tSIM) or parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Higher on-column sensitivity of 13 ng, equivalent to 2.0 pmol, of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide was achieved by tSIM analysis as compared to PRM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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Distribution and biotransformation of therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides and conjugates. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2244-2258. [PMID: 33862193 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug properties of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) differ significantly from those of traditional small-molecule therapeutics. In this review, we focus on ASO disposition, mainly as characterized by distribution and biotransformation, of nonconjugated and conjugated ASOs. We introduce ASO chemistry to allow the following in-depth discussion on bioanalytical methods and determination of distribution and elimination kinetics at low concentrations over extended periods of time. The resulting quantitative data on the parent oligonucleotide, and the identification and quantification of formed metabolites define the disposition. Proper quantitative understanding of disposition is pivotal for nonclinical to clinical predictions, supports communication with health agencies, and increases the probability of delivering optimal ASO therapy to patients.
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15
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Ganewatta N, El Rassi Z. Polymethacrylate-based monolithic column with incorporated carbamide-modified fumed silica nanoparticles for hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1899940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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16
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Tang T, Guo D, Huang S. Preparation and chromatographic evaluation of the hydrophilic interaction chromatography stationary phase based on nucleosides or nucleotides. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:419-425. [PMID: 33427266 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of novel hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) stationary phases were prepared by grafting nucleosides or nucleotides on the surface of silica gel. Firstly, the silica was modified with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). And then nucleosides or nucleotides were bonded on the surface of GPTMS-modified silica through the epoxy-amine ring-opening reaction to provide four HILIC materials. These obtained stationary phases were successfully characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and elemental analysis (EA), respectively. Effects of column temperature, water content of the mobile phase, pH and buffer concentration on the retention behavior of these HILIC materials and the corresponding separation mechanism were evaluated using various nucleosides and nucleobases, respectively. In addition, polar and hydrophilic compounds such as amino acids and water-soluble vitamins were successfully separated using the corresponding columns, showing application potential for the separation of bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfeng Tang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Bartlett MG, Omuro S. Evaluation of alkylamines and stationary phases to improve LC-MS of oligonucleotides. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5045. [PMID: 33283300 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated four bridged-ethylene hybrid (BEH) columns containing C18 (130 Å), peptide C18 (300 Å), phenyl, or a mixed-mode charged surface hybrid (CSH C18 ) using a wide range of antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics. The BEH C18 , peptide, and phenyl columns were all capable of providing significant retention of oligonucleotide samples across multiple ion-pairing systems using alkylamines and 1,1,1,3,3,3,-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). The retention of the oligonucleotides varied depending on the choice of alkylamine, with the order of retention being dimethylcyclohexylamine > diisopropylethylamine > triethylamine. The selectivity of these columns for several closely eluting impurities was similar. Although overall the C18 , peptide, and phenyl columns were all found to be capable of analyzing oligonucleotide therapeutics, the phenyl column was found to be the most retentive and the C18 column provided the best peak shape. The CSH C18 column was found to be degraded by the alkylamine-HFIP mobile phase despite the mobile phase being within the pH stability range of the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Shogo Omuro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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