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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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2
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Xu Y, Li A, Xue S, Ding S, Zhang Q. Chiral separation by capillary electrokinetic chromatography with hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as pseudo-stationary phases. Talanta 2023; 260:124556. [PMID: 37121143 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated for the first time that hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) can be used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for chiral separations. We found that the an HDES methyltrioctylammonium chloride:octanoic acid (N8881Cl:OctA) can exist in the form of nano-sized microdroplets in CE background electrolyte solutions, and show hydrophobic effects as a new type of pseudo-stationary phase (PSP) during CE separation. When used in combination with various cyclodextrin (CD)-type chiral selectors, the presence of N8881Cl:OctA significantly improved the enantioresolutions of several model drugs. Moreover, the migration time of the enantiomers can also be reduced when an anionic CD (e.g., carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD)) was used. Critical factors influencing the chiral separations were systematically investigated including the HDES concentration, hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA)/hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) ratio, CD concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage, etc. An insight into chiral recognition mechanism with HDES is provided for reference. A comparison of the chiral CE performance of HDESs with traditional surfactants was also performed to demonstrate their superiority as a new type of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Sihui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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3
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Capillary electrophoresis in phytochemical analysis: Advances and applications in the period 2018–2021. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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4
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Li A, Xue S, Xu Y, Ding S, Wen D, Zhang Q. A feasibility study on the use of hydrophobic eutectic solvents as pseudo-stationary phases in capillary electrophoresis for chiral separations. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340693. [PMID: 36628761 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A critical challenge in using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is to develop separation systems in which a DES can really work as a single entity. To achieve this, the authors recently demonstrated a novel strategy that takes advantage of the aqueous dispersibility of hydrophobic DESs (or more accurately hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HESs)). However, the previous work was limited only to the separation of achiral analytes, e.g., analogues, homologues, and isomers. The present study was designed as a follow-up study in order to explore the feasibility of employing HES-type pseudo-stationary phases (PSPs) in CE for chiral separations. By using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as a model chiral selector, we provide the first evidence that there is a potential synergistic effect between HESs and traditional chiral selectors. Specifically, the combined use of HES (-)-menthol:octanoic acid and CM-β-CD allowed excellent enantioseparations of several basic drugs which were not able to be resolved in the single CM-β-CD system. The enantioresolutions were significantly improved while the migration times of the enantiomers were also shortened due to the hydrophobic mechanism of the HES-type PSP. Critical factors influencing the novel chiral CE system were systematically investigated. Since HESs are considered as "designer" solvents with highly tunable properties, this study demonstrates the potential of employing HESs (or HDES)-type PSPs in CE for chiral separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Sihui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Di Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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5
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Quintas PY, Fiorentini EF, Llaver M, González RE, Wuilloud RG. State-of-the-art extraction and separation of enantiomers through the application of alternative solvents. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Suzuki N. Regular solution theory for nonlinear composition dependency of enantioselectivity by mixed micelle. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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The role of deep eutectic solvents in chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography: A comparative study based on α-cyclodextrin chiral selector. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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8
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Suzuki N. Understanding nonlinear composition dependency of enantioselectivity in chiral separation using mixed micelle. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:578-586. [PMID: 35878457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Mixtures of chiral and achiral building blocks of supramolecules exhibit interesting cooperative phenomena, indicated by the nonlinear composition dependence of the chiral properties. However, the nonlinear composition dependence of the enantioselectivity of mixed micelles is not well understood. It was hypothesized that in-depth understanding can be achieved by carefully investigating the composition dependence of the properties. EXPERIMENTS In this work, the nonlinear composition dependence of the enantioselectivity was found for the mixed micelle of achiral and chiralN-acyl amino acids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Capillary electrophoresis, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, surface tension measurement, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to investigate the mechanisms. FINDINGS Four mechanisms that could be causing the nonlinearity were investigated: (i) synergistic and antagonistic interactions of the surfactants; (ii) the chiral transfer from chiral to achiral surfactant; (iii) differences in the retention factor; and (iv) cooperative chiral recognition of the chiral and achiral surfactant. The investigation of the composition dependency of critical micelle concentration (CMC) and molar circular dichroism revealed that the effect of (i) and (ii) was negligibly small. The newly derived equations for (iii) and (iv) revealed that (iii) and (iv) have a major or medium effect on the nonlinear enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan; Department of Human Studies, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Shikoku Gakuin University, 3-2-1 Bunkyo-cho, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-8505, Japan.
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9
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Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry: Developments and Applications for Enantioselective Analysis from 2011–2020. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134126. [PMID: 35807372 PMCID: PMC9268241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 25 years since the first report of enantioselective analysis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) appeared. This article reviews the power of chiral CE-MS in resolving issues on the use of chiral selector incompatibility with MS and poor detectability encountered for chiral compounds by UV detection. The review begins with the general principles, requirements, and critical aspects of chiral CE-MS instrumentation. Next, the review provides a survey of MS-compatible chiral selectors (CSs) reported during the past decade, and the key achievements encountered in the time period using these CSs. Within the context of the strategies used to combine CE and MS, special attention is paid to the approaches that feature partial filling technique, counter-migration techniques, and direct use of CS, such as molecular micelles. In particular, the development and application of moving and fixed CS for EKC-MS, MEKC-MS, and CEC-MS demonstrate how various chiral compounds analyses were solved in a simple and elegant way during the 2010–2020 review period. The most noteworthy applications in the determination of chiral compounds are critically examined. The operating analytical conditions are detailed in the Tables, and the authors provide commentary on future trends of chiral separations by CE-MS.
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Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as pseudo-stationary phases in capillary electrokinetic chromatography: An explorative study. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1213:339936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Chao H, Qiu L, Zhou X, Cui P, Wang C, Hu H, Jiang P, Shi H, Xuan Y, Wang J. Separation of ofloxacin enantiomers by CE with fluorescence detection using DNA oligonucleotides as chiral selectors. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2699-2707. [PMID: 35544319 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study used CE with fluorescence detection- and partial-filling mode-based method for chiral separation of ofloxacin. The DNA oligonucleotides with different base sequences were studied as potential chiral selectors including DNA tetrahedron, G-quadruplex, and G-riched double-strand DNA. Under the optimized conditions, all the DNA chiral selectors exhibited excellent chiral separation capabilities with a resolution higher than 1.5. The electrophoretic behavior of the ofloxacin enantiomer might result from the intermediate conjugate with different stabilities between chiral selectors and analytes by a combination of the hydrogen bond and spatial recognition structure. Moreover, satisfactory repeatability regarding run-to-run and interday repeatability was obtained, and all the RSD values of migration times and resolutions were below 4% (n = 6). Conclusively, both spatial structure and arrangement of the G bases potentiated the chiral separation capability of DNA for ofloxacin enantiomer. This work offered a stepping stone for enantioseparation using DNA as chiral selectors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hufei Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Xinpei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Huaanzi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Honglei Shi
- Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China.,The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xuan
- Key Lab of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116600, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
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12
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Synthetic Cathinones: Recent Developments, Enantioselectivity Studies and Enantioseparation Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072057. [PMID: 35408456 PMCID: PMC9000803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances represent a public health threat since they are not controlled by international conventions, are easily accessible online and are sold as a legal alternative to illicit drugs. Among them, synthetic cathinones are widely abused due to their stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. To circumvent the law, new derivatives are clandestinely synthesized and, therefore, synthetic cathinones keep emerging on the drug market, with their chemical and toxicological properties still unknown. In this review, a literature assessment about synthetic cathinones is presented focusing on the recent developments, which include more than 50 derivatives since 2014. A summary of their toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties are also presented. Furthermore, synthetic cathinones are chiral compounds, meaning that they can exist as two enantiomeric forms which may present different biological and toxicological activities. To analyze the enantiomers, the development of enantiomeric resolution methods for synthetic cathinones is crucial. Many methods have been reported over the years that include mostly chromatographic and electromigration techniques, with liquid chromatography using chiral stationary phases being the technique of choice. This review intended to present an overview of enantioselectivity studies and enantioseparation analysis regarding synthetic cathinones, highlighting the relevance of chirality and current trends.
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13
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Chiral separation using cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives in open-tubular liquid chromatography with a pseudophase coating. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1195-1201. [PMID: 35014193 PMCID: PMC9304321 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chiral separation of various analytes (dichlorprop, mecoprop, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen) was demonstrated with different cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives in open‐tubular liquid chromatography using a stationary pseudophase semipermanent coating. The stable coating was prepared by a successive multiple ionic layer approach using poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), polystyrene sulfonate, and didodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide. Increasing concentrations (0–0.2 mM) of various native and derivatized cyclodextrins in 25 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.2) were investigated. Chiral separation was achieved for the four test analytes using 0.05–0.1 mM β‐cyclodextrin (resolution between 1.11 and 1.34), γ‐cyclodextrin (resolution between 0.78 and 1.27), carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (resolution between 1.64 and 2.59), and 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (resolution between 0.71 and 1.76) with the highest resolutions obtained with 0.1 mM carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. %RSD values were <10%. This is the first demonstration of chiral open‐tubular liquid chromatography using achiral chromatographic coatings and cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B Yu
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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14
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Greño M, Amariei G, Boltes K, Castro-Puyana M, García MA, Marina ML. Ecotoxicity evaluation of tetramethrin and analysis in agrochemical formulations using chiral electrokinetic chromatography. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149496. [PMID: 34388647 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The separation of the four isomers of tetramethrin was performed for the first time using a cyclodextrin-micellar electrokinetic chromatography methodology. Using sodium deoxycholate and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD as chiral selectors, tetramethrin isomers were separated with resolution values of 1.7 and 1.1 for trans- and cis-isomers, respectively, in analysis times lower than 12.5 min. Once developed and optimized, the analytical method was applied to the analysis of an antiparasitic commercial formulation and to the evaluation of the stability and ecotoxicity of tetramethrin. Using measured concentrations, the stability was assessed at enantiomeric level and the ecotoxicological parameters on Daphnia magna were determined. Tetramethrin presents toxicity on aquatic microinvertebrates, with EC50 (t = 72 h) of 1.8 mg/L. The acute toxicity of tetrametrin was attributed to the trans-1 enantiomer. The first evidence of oxidative stress-mediated mode of action for tetramethrin on Daphnia magna is reported in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Greño
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Amariei
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Boltes
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies of Water (IMDEA Agua), Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Castro-Puyana
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A García
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2019-mid 2021). Electrophoresis 2021; 43:82-108. [PMID: 34632606 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The review provides a comprehensive overview of developments and applications of high performance capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, microscale isolation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides from 2019 up to approximately the middle of 2021. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides and in the methodology of their analysis, such as sample preparation, sorption suppression, EOF control, and detection, are presented. New developments in the individual CE and CEC methods are demonstrated and several types of their applications are shown. They include qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes, amino acid, sequence, and chiral analyses, and peptide mapping of proteins. In addition, micropreparative separations and determination of significant physicochemical parameters of peptides by CE and CEC methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
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17
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El Deeb S, Silva CF, Junior CSN, Hanafi RS, Borges KB. Chiral Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Principle and Applications, Detection and Identification, Design of Experiment, and Exploration of Chiral Recognition Using Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2021; 26:2841. [PMID: 34064769 PMCID: PMC8151978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews the literature of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography from January 2016 to March 2021. This is done to explore the state-of-the-art approach and recent developments carried out in this field. The separation principle of the technique is described and supported with simple graphical illustrations, showing migration under normal and reversed polarity modes of the separation voltage. The most relevant applications of the technique for enantioseparation of drugs and other enantiomeric molecules in different fields using chiral selectors in single, dual, or multiple systems are highlighted. Measures to improve the detection sensitivity of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography with UV detector are discussed, and the alternative aspects are explored, besides special emphases to hyphenation compatibility to mass spectrometry. Partial filling and counter migration techniques are described. Indirect identification of the separated enantiomers and the determination of enantiomeric migration order are mentioned. The application of Quality by Design principles to facilitate method development, optimization, and validation is presented. The elucidation and explanation of chiral recognition in molecular bases are discussed with special focus on the role of molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Camilla Fonseca Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Clebio Soares Nascimento Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Rasha Sayed Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
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Krait S, Konjaria ML, Scriba GKE. Advances of capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations in pharmaceutical analysis (2017-2020). Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1709-1725. [PMID: 33433919 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis is a powerful technique for the analysis of polar chiral compounds and has been widely accepted for analytical enantioseparations of drug compounds in pharmaceuticals and biological media. In addition, many mechanistic studies have been conducted in an attempt to rationalize enantioseparations in combination with spectroscopic and computational techniques. The present review will focus on recent examples of mechanistic aspects and summarize recent applications of stereoselective pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis published between January 2017 and November 2020. Various separation modes including electrokinetic chromatography in combination with several detection modes including laser-induced fluorescence, mass spectrometry and contactless conductivity detection will be discussed. A general trend also observed in other analytical techniques is the application of quality by design principles in method development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Krait
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Mari-Luiza Konjaria
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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