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Böth A, Foshag D, Schulz C, Atwi B, Maier SE, Estes DP, Buchmeiser MR, de Goor TV, Tallarek U. Feed injection in liquid chromatography: Reducing the effect of large-volume injections from purely organic diluents in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465165. [PMID: 39025026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In liquid chromatography (LC), discrepancies in liquid properties such as elution strength and viscosity lead to a mismatch between the sample diluent and mobile phase. This mismatch can result in peak deformation, including peak splitting or even breakthrough, particularly when large sample volumes are injected. The formation of a T-junction between sample solution and mobile phase flow stream, a technique previously used in supercritical fluid chromatography, is the key enabler of feed injection in LC. This T-junction allows the injection needle to infuse the sample directly into the mobile phase. It ensures that the diluent is continuously mixed with the mobile phase before introduced onto the column, thereby reducing the initial solvent mismatch. The degree of dilution depends on the ratio between mobile phase flow rate (Qmp) and feed rate (Qfeed) at which the sample is infused. Our study examined the effect of several parameters on the feed injection of large sample volumes from purely organic diluents in reversed-phase LC. These parameters included the type of diluent, compound retention factor (k), injected sample volume (Vinj), and Qmp. With varied Qfeed, all compounds revealed a similar range of optimal values for Qr = (Qmp-Qfeed)/Qfeed between 2 and 5, a range unaffected by Vinj and Qmp. For Qr > 5, the slope of the plate height curves (H vs. Qr) decreases with increasing k, potentially extending the range of optimal Qr-values. However, the best Qr-value for a separation is determined by the compound with the smallest k, simplifying optimization. Using feed injection, we were able to reduce plate heights by up to a factor of 8 compared to classic flow-through injection of large sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Böth
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Foshag
- Agilent Technologies R&D and Marketing GmbH & Co. KG, Hewlett Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Boshra Atwi
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah E Maier
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Deven P Estes
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael R Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tom van de Goor
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Agilent Technologies R&D and Marketing GmbH & Co. KG, Hewlett Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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2
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Dang J, Tong Y, Wang Q, Li G, Abd El-Aty AM. Innovative orthogonal two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography × supercritical fluid chromatography with a phenyl/tetrazole stationary phase for the preparative isolation of diarylheptanoids. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464950. [PMID: 38704964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In this investigation, we successfully isolated and purified natural diarylheptanoids using an orthogonal offline two-dimensional RPLC × SFC approach, employing only the phenyl/tetrazole stationary phase. First, a styrene-divinylbenzene matrix medium pretreatment liquid chromatography system effectively processed chlorophyll-containing plant extract solution with a recovery rate of 33.8 %, obviating the need for concentration steps. Subsequently, an offline two-dimensional RPLC × SFC employing only the phenyl/tetrazole stationary phase achieved a remarkable 96.38 % orthogonality and was established and utilized in the preparative separation and purification of natural products. Finally, the constructed single stationary phase highly orthogonal RPLC × SFC system was successfully applied in the preparative separation and purification of natural diarylheptanoids from the Saxifraga tangutica target fraction and yielded four diarylheptanoids with purities exceeding 95 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Yingying Tong
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China; Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Qilan Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
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3
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Kempen T, Dahlseid T, Lauer T, Florea AC, Aase I, Cole-Dai N, Kaur S, Southworth C, Grube K, Bhandari J, Sylvester M, Schimek R, Pirok B, Rutan S, Stoll D. Characterization of a high throughput approach for large scale retention measurement in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464182. [PMID: 37442072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Many contemporary challenges in liquid chromatography-such as the need for "smarter" method development tools, and deeper understanding of chromatographic phenomena-could be addressed more efficiently and effectively with larger volumes of experimental retention data than are available. The paucity of publicly accessible, high-quality measurements needed for the development of retention models and simulation tools has largely been due to the high cost in time and resources associated with traditional retention measurement approaches. Recently we described an approach to improve the throughput of such measurements by using very short columns (typically 5 mm), while maintaining measurement accuracy. In this paper we present a perspective on the characteristics of a dataset containing about 13,000 retention measurements obtained using this approach, and describe a different sample introduction method that is better suited to this application than the approach we used in prior work. The dataset comprises results for 35 different small molecules, nine different stationary phases, and several mobile phase compositions for each analyte/phase combination. During the acquisition of these data, we have interspersed repeated measurements of a small number of compounds for quality control purposes. The data from these measurements not only enable detection of outliers but also assessment of the repeatability and reproducibility of retention measurements over time. For retention factors greater than 1, the mean relative standard deviation (RSD) of replicate (typically n=5) measurements is 0.4%, and the standard deviation of RSDs is 0.4%. Most differences between selectivity values measured six months apart for 15 non-ionogenic compounds were in the range of +/- 1%, indicating good reproducibility. A critically important observation from these analyses is that selectivity defined as retention of a given analyte relative to the retention of a reference compound (kx/kref) is a much more consistent measure of retention over a time span of months compared to the retention factor alone. While this work and dataset also highlight the importance of stationary phase stability over time for achieving reliable retention measurements, we are nevertheless optimistic that this approach will enable the compilation of large databases (>> 10,000 measurements) of retention values over long time periods (years), which can in turn be leveraged to address some of the most important contemporary challenges in liquid chromatography. All the data discussed in the manuscript are provided as Supplemental Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Kempen
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Tina Dahlseid
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Thomas Lauer
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | | | - Isabella Aase
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Nathan Cole-Dai
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Simerjit Kaur
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Grube
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Jos Bhandari
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Maria Sylvester
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Ryan Schimek
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Bob Pirok
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Rutan
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA
| | - Dwight Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA.
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Teboul E, Tammekivi E, Batteau M, Geantet C, Faure K. Off-line two-dimensional separation involving supercritical fluid chromatography for the characterization of the wastewater from algae hydrothermal liquefaction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1694:463907. [PMID: 36905897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
An off-line multidimensional method involving liquid chromatography combined with supercritical fluid chromatography was developed for the characterization of the wastewater of hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana. The first dimension consisted of a phenyl hexyl column operated in reversed-phase mode, whereas the second dimension was performed on a diol stationary phase. Optimization of the kinetic parameters of the first and second dimensions were performed, taking into account the fraction collection system. The beneficial effect of working at high flow rate in both dimensions, as well as the need to work with short columns (50 mm) in the second dimension was evidenced. Injection volume was also optimized in both dimensions. The first dimension benefited from on-column focusing, while in the second dimension, untreated water-rich fractions could be injected without peak deformation. The performances of offline LCxSFC were compared to LC-HRMS, SFC-HRMS and LCxLC-HRMS for the analysis of the wastewater. Despite a long analysis time of 3.3h, the off-line separation coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry exhibited a very large orthogonality with 75 % occupation rate of the separation space, reaching an effective peak capacity of 1050. While other evaluated techniques were faster, one-dimensional techniques failed to separate the numerous isomers while LCxLC exhibited lower orthogonality (45% occupation rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Teboul
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Eliise Tammekivi
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Magali Batteau
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Geantet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON UMR 5256, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karine Faure
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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Pepermans V, Januarius T, Desmet G, Broeckhoven K. Diffusion coefficients of an extensive set of pharmaceutical compounds in supercritical fluid chromatography over a wide range of mobile phase compositions. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463327. [PMID: 35872536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion data are essential for adequate analysis of the kinetic separation performance of any chromatographic system. Unfortunately, for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC), very little data is available of the diffusion coefficients in mobile phases typically used in contemporary methods, i.e. with a non-negligible amount of polar modifier such as methanol. In this work, a relative simple method which only requires minor modifications to a standard commercially available SFC instrument is used to determine the diffusion coefficient of an extensive set of pharmaceutical compounds in the range of 10-50 vol% of modifier (methanol) in CO2. By using a traditional SFC column, the solute is first separated from the sample solvent plug, before entering a long capillary, where the band broadening can be linked to its diffusion coefficient using the Taylor-Aris equation. By using two UV-detectors, before and after the capillary, the effect of the dispersion in the column can be eliminated and the true volumetric flow rate determined. It was found that in the investigated range of conditions, the change in mobile phase viscosity in a first approximation allows to predict the variation in diffusion coefficient. Chemical structure and more particularly functional groups can however have a significant effect on the diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium.
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Effect of the injection of water-containing diluents on band broadening in analytical supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Broeckhoven K. Advances in the limits of separation power in supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Si-Hung L, Bamba T. Current state and future perspectives of supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Berger TA. Diffusion and Dispersion in Tubes in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Using Sub-2 µm Packings. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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