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Nascimento LES, Thapa B, Oliveira WDS, Rodrigues PR, Godoy HT, Anderson JL. Multivariate optimization for extraction of 2-methylimidazole and 4-methylimidazole from açaí-based food products using polymeric ionic liquid-based sorbent coatings in solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2024; 444:138593. [PMID: 38310774 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, polymeric ionic liquids featuring different functional moieties were applied as sorbent coatings in direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) for the extraction of 2-methylimidazole (2-MI) and 4-methylimidazole (4-MI) from açaí-based food products followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The analytical method was optimized using a sequential experimental design. Variables used in GC-MS such as desorption time, as well as for SPME-DI, including extraction time, extraction temperature, incubation time of extraction, amount of NaCl in the extract, and stirring rate, were optimized. The fitness-for-purpose of the method was verified by the linearity of matrix-matched calibration curves (R2 ≥ 0.9921), adequate recoveries (81.7-89.7 %), and precision (relative standard deviations ≤11.2 %). The method was applied to twenty-five samples of açaí-based food products. 4-MI was found in four samples whereas 2-MI was not detected above the limit of detection. The method was found to be suitable for quality control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Silva Nascimento
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bhawana Thapa
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Wellington da Silva Oliveira
- Reference Laboratory for Physical, Sensory and Statistics Analysis, Science and Food Quality Center, Institute of Food Technology (ITAL), Avenida Brasil 2880, 13070-178 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Plínio Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Teixeira Godoy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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2
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Silva Nascimento LE, da Silva Oliveira W, Mujtaba Abbasi N, Teixeira Godoy H, Anderson JL. Dilute-and-shoot approach combined with in-situ formed metal-containing ionic liquids for extraction of benzophenone and related compounds from açaí-based food products. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464686. [PMID: 38310697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
For the first time, benzophenone and related compounds were investigated in açaí-based food products. An extraction method based on the dilute-and-shoot approach, combined with the use of in-situ formed metal-containing ionic liquids (MCILs) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography, was developed and validated. A nickel and cobalt-based MCIL, in addition to the ratio of MCIL to lithium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide salt ([Li+][NTf2-]) for the ensuing metathesis reaction, were optimized. Parameters of the in-situ formed MCIL step, namely, the amount of MCIL, centrifugation time, and dilution step, were analyzed using a multivariate optimization approach, including central composite rotatable design and Derringer and Suich's tool. Optimum extraction performance was achieved using 50.98 mg of nickel-based MCIL and a MCIL to ([Li+][NTf2-]) ratio of 1:3 (m/m), a centrifuge time of 22 min, and 10.53 mL of water for the dilution step. This condition was used to perform analytical validation, which yielded satisfactory results with R2 ≥ 0.995, limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.0025 to 0.5 mg kg-1, and limits of quantification (LOQ) between 0.008 and 1.5 mg kg-1. The recovery rate ranged from 87 % to 107 % and precision values (as percent relative standard deviation) were equal or lower than 13 %. The validated method was applied to 25 samples of açaí-based food products purchased from Brazil and the United States. None of the samples showed analyte concentration levels above the LOD. The method's suitability was demonstrated for future monitoring of complex samples, such as foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Silva Nascimento
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Wellington da Silva Oliveira
- Reference Laboratory for Physical, Sensory and Statistics Analysis, Science and Food Quality Center, Institute of Food Technology (ITAL), Avenida Brasil 2880, 13070-178, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Helena Teixeira Godoy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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3
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Martín-Carrasco I, Carbonero-Aguilar P, Dahiri B, Moreno IM, Hinojosa M. Comparison between pollutants found in breast milk and infant formula in the last decade: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162461. [PMID: 36868281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, breastfeeding has been the fundamental way of nurturing the newborn. The benefits of breast milk are widely known, as it is a source of essential nutrients and provides immunological protection, as well as developmental benefits, among others. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, infant formula is the most appropriate alternative. Its composition meets the nutritional requirements of the infant, and its quality is subject to strict control by the authorities. Nonetheless, the presence of different pollutants has been detected in both matrices. Thus, the aim of the present review is to make a comparison between the findings in both breast milk and infant formula in terms of contaminants in the last decade, in order to choose the most convenient option depending on the environmental conditions. For that, the emerging pollutants including metals, chemical compounds derived from heat treatment, pharmaceutical drugs, mycotoxins, pesticides, packaging materials, and other contaminants were described. While in breast milk the most concerning contaminants found were metals and pesticides, in infant formula pollutants such as metals, mycotoxins, and packaging materials were the most outstanding. In conclusion, the convenience of using a feeding diet based on breast milk or either infant formula depends on the maternal environmental circumstances. However, it is important to take into account the immunological benefits of the breast milk compared to the infant formula, and the possibility of using breast milk in combination with infant formula when the nutritional requirements are not fulfilled only with the intake of breast milk. Therefore, more attention should be paid in terms of analyzing these conditions in each case to be able to make a proper decision, as it will vary depending on the maternal and newborn environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martín-Carrasco
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - P Carbonero-Aguilar
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - B Dahiri
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - I M Moreno
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - M Hinojosa
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Yang X, Zhang M, Yang J, Huo F, Li Y, Chen L. Sensitive determination of bisphenols in environmental samples by magnetic porous carbon solid-phase extraction combined with capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464052. [PMID: 37187097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol compounds exist widely in the environment and pose potential hazards to the environment and human health, which has aroused widespread concern. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an efficient and sensitive analytical method to enrich and determine trace bisphenols in environmental samples. In this work, magnetic porous carbon (MPC) was synthesized by one-step pyrolysis combined with a solvothermal method for magnetic solid-phase extraction of bisphenols. The structural properties of MPC were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and saturation magnetization analysis. Its adsorption properties were evaluated by adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm studies. By optimizing the magnetic solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis separation conditions, a capillary electrophoresis separation and detection method for four bisphenols was successfully constructed. The results showed that the detection limits of the proposed method for the four bisphenols were 0.71-1.65 ng/mL, the intra-day and inter-day precisions were 2.27-4.03% and 2.93-4.42%, respectively, and the recoveries were 87.68%-108.0%. In addition, the MPC could be easily recycled and utilized, and even if the magnetic solid-phase extraction was repeated 5 times, the extraction efficiency could still be kept above 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, China.
| | - Maosen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Feng Huo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro&Nano Intelligent Sensing, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641100, China
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Lianfang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, China.
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Hu Q, Lan L, Li W, Zhou H, Pan H, Yuan J, Ji S, Miao S. Low-Temperature Cleanup Followed by Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction for Determination of Nine Polar Plant Growth Regulators in Herbal Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2023; 86:483-495. [PMID: 37255950 PMCID: PMC10097522 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-023-04254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polar plant growth regulators, used alone or doped in fertilizers, are most effective and widely utilized plant growth regulators (PGRs) in agriculture, which play important roles in mediating the yield and quality of crops and foodstuffs. The application scope has been extended to herbal medicines in the past 2 decades and relevant study is inadequate. The aim of this study is to establish a QuPPe-based extraction method containing low-temperature and d-SPE cleanup procedure followed by the detection on a selective multiresidue ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) in three herbal matrices. This simple, accurate, versatile and robust method was verified according to the validation criteria of the SANTE/12682/2019 guideline document. The analytical range was from 2.5 to 200 μg/L, and the average recoveries were in the range of 64.6-117.8% (n = 6). The optimized method was applied to 135 herbal medicines thereof. Result showed that the detection frequency of chlormequat was the highest in the investigated PGRs, with the positive rate of 15.6%. Improvement of the detection method for polar PGRs will enrich the coverage of PGRs, which is conducive to safeguard public health and ensure drug safety. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10337-023-04254-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Lan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenting Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiqin Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Yuan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Ji
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shui Miao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Yuan ZL, Deng XY, Wei HD, Wang WL, Xu Z, Feng Y, Shi X. Metal-organic framework mixed-matrix membrane-based extraction combined HPLC for determination of bisphenol A in milk and milk packaging. Food Chem 2022; 386:132753. [PMID: 35367801 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The residues of bisphenol A (BPA) in milk packaging may transfer to milk, adversely affecting the human endocrine system. Consequently, to analyse or monitor BPA, it is imperative to develop rapid and effective approaches to BPA extraction from milk and milk packing as BPA is usually present in trace levels. Herein, we developed a rapid, simple, and low-cost dispersive-membrane-solid-phase-extraction (DME) for BPA with MIL-101(Cr) mixed-matrix-membrane (MMM). The MMM had large surface area (1322.09 m2/g) and pore volume (0.65 cm3/g), possessed great extraction efficiency of BPA, and kept more than 90% extraction efficiency after 20 times of reuse. Using the developed MIL-101(Cr)-MMM-based DME coupled with HPLC-fluorescence detector, we received an adequate linearity in the range of 0.1 ∼ 50 μg/L BPA and a limit of detection as low as 16 ng/L under optimized conditions. The recoveries of BPA in milk and milk bottles were from 74.2% to 110.6%, with RSDs less than 9.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhi-Liang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xin-Yu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao-Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenghua Xu
- Huangpu Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510770, China
| | - Yongwei Feng
- Technology Innovation Center of Special Food for State Market Regulation, Wuxi Food Safety Inspection and Test Center, Wuxi 214100, China.
| | - Xueli Shi
- Shijiazhuang City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
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Li S, Feng S, Van Schepdael A, Wang X. Hollow fiber membrane-protected amino/hydroxyl bifunctional microporous organic network fiber for solid-phase microextraction of bisphenols A, F, S, and triclosan in breast milk and infant formula. Food Chem 2022; 390:133217. [PMID: 35597085 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenols and triclosan have been used in various products, and exposure to these chemicals may affect human health. The present study proposes a sensitive method for the determination of bisphenols A, F, S, and triclosan. The fiber was coated by amino/hydroxyl bifunctional microporous organic network and protected by polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membrane for direct immersion solid phase microextraction. The limit of detection was 0.005 μg/L (μg/kg), and the recoveries were in the range of 76.7% to 107.5% (87.4% to 107.6%) for breast milk (infant formula), with intra-day and inter-day precisions <10.5% (7.3%) and 13.6% (8.4%), respectively. Fiber-to-fiber reproducibility of < 9.5% and a lifespan of >100 cycles were obtained. The 95th percentile estimated daily intake of total bisphenols was close to temporary tolerable daily intake for infants fed by human milk, which highlighted the needs for further attention on human exposure to BPA and its substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Senwei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Determining the trace-level photoinitiators in juices and milk from various types of packages in Taiwan by a micro-QuEChERS-based UPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2022; 388:132929. [PMID: 35447581 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of 16 photoinitiators (PIs)-benzophenone (BP) and its five derivatives, 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate (M2BB), 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHDAB), and the other 7 PIs-in packaged juice and milk was assessed using an UPLC-MS/MS with micro-QuEChERS. The validated method demonstrated robust linearity (≥0.9908), LOQs (juice: 0.006-7.26 ng/mL; milk: 0.004-7.14 ng/mL), intra- and inter-day accuracy (93.1%-110.1% for juice and 66.8%-114.6% for milk with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of ≤16.8%), and matrix effect with RSDs of ≤14.8%. BP exceeded the LOQ in 100% of 136 packaged juice (14.22 ± 7.60 ng/mL) and 51 milk (8.45 ± 3.25 ng/mL) samples, and the quantitation rates for M2BB and EHDAB in packaged juice were 100%. Notably, the 4-MBP in both juice and milk was significantly related to the packaging material. The method has been successfully applied to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of PIs in packaged juice and milk.
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Karsauliya K, Bhateria M, Sonker A, Singh SP. Determination of Bisphenol Analogues in Infant Formula Products from India and Evaluating the Health Risk in Infants Asssociated with Their Exposure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3932-3941. [PMID: 33761244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-recognized endocrine disruptor, and considering its adverse effects its use in infant bottles has been banned in many countries. Growing concern on the use of BPA has led to its replacement with its analogues in numerous applications. Present is the first report determining the occurrence of seven bisphenols (BPs: BPA, BPAF, BPC, BPE, BPFL, BPS, and BPZ) in Indian infant formula. A reliable and efficient UPLC-MS/MS method for their simultaneous determination was developed and validated in powdered infant formula (n = 68). The limit of quantification of the method was 0.19 ng/g for BPA, BPAF, BPE, BPS and BPZ and 0.78 ng/g for BPC and BPFL. The highest concentration was detected for BPA (mean = 5.46 ng/g) followed by BPZ and BPS. BPAF, BPFL, BPC and BPE were detected in none of the samples. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of total BPs in infants (0-12 months old infants) was determined to be 54.33-213.36 ng/kg b.w./day. BPA mainly contributed to the total intake (EDI = 92.76 ng/kg b.w./day). The dietary exposure to total BPs evaluated in the present study was approximately 1 order of magnitude lower than the reference value of BPA set by EFSA (4 μg/kg b.w./day) and, thus, may not pose considerable risks to infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Karsauliya
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology, and Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manisha Bhateria
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology, and Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Sonker
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology, and Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology, and Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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