1
|
Yu Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Wang N, Wei B, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS, Zhang F, Wang H. Quality control, safety assessment and preparation approaches of low molecular weight heparin. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122216. [PMID: 38823901 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) are well-established for use in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases, and as a substitute for unfractionated heparin (UFH) due to their predictable pharmacokinetics and subcutaneous bioavailability. LMWHs are produced by various depolymerization methods from UFH, resulting in heterogeneous compounds with similar biochemical and pharmacological properties. However, the delicate supply chain of UFH and potential contamination from animal sources require new manufacturing approaches for LMWHs. Various LMWH preparation methods are emerging, such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic or chemical depolymerization and chemoenzymatic synthesis. To establish the sameness of active ingredients in both innovator and generic LMWH products, the Food and Drug Administration has implemented a stringent scientific method of equivalence based on physicochemical properties, heparin source material and depolymerization techniques, disaccharide composition and oligosaccharide mapping, biological and biochemical properties, and in vivo pharmacodynamic profiles. In this review, we discuss currently available LMWHs, potential manufacturing methods, and recent progress for manufacturing quality control of these LMWHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China; Binjiang Cyberspace Security Institute of ZJUT, Hangzhou 310056, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China; Binjiang Cyberspace Security Institute of ZJUT, Hangzhou 310056, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei Y, Zhu W, Tian H, Liu J, Chen L, Yi L, Ouyang Y, Zhang Z. Structural elucidation of Sulodexide with multidimensional chromatography and online in-source acid-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1733:465242. [PMID: 39154497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Sulodexide, a heparinoid medicine, is wildly used in clinic for prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases and diabetic nephropathy. Despite its widespread use, the structure of Sulodexide remains poorly understood. It consists of various polysaccharides characterized by differing sugar compositions, linkages, and sulfonation patterns, yet they share common features such as strong hydrophilicity, high native charges, and considerable polydispersity, posing significant challenges for conventional chromatographic and online mass spectrometry (MS) characterization. In this work, a novel analytical method combining multiple-heart cut 2D-LC and in-source acid-induced dissociation (inAID) MS was developed. Three polysaccharides in Sulodexide were separated by high efficient strong-anion-exchange chromatography, followed by desalting with the second dimensional size-exclusion chromatography before MS. A novel MS strategy employing inAID technique was utilized for online analysis, leading to the initial identification of Sulodexide polysaccharide components. The results were validated through disaccharide composition analysis of those three polysaccharide components after offline preparation. This advanced strategy, merging various techniques, enable a comprehensive structural elucidation of such complex drugs and provides a viable tool for potential routine analysis of complex biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - He Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - Jinqiu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China.
| | - Yilan Ouyang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China.
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu X, Yun Z, Su N, Zhao L, Zhang H, Zhang M, Wu Q, Zhang C, Xing XH. Characterization of maltose-binding protein-fused heparinases with enhanced thermostability by application of rigid and flexible linkers. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 39072851 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Heparinases, including heparinases I-III (HepI, HepII, and HepIII, respectively), are important tools for producing low-molecular-weight heparin, an improved anticoagulant. The poor thermostability of heparinases significantly hinders their industrial and laboratory applications. To improve the thermostability of heparinases, we applied a rigid linker (EAAAK)5 (R) and a flexible linker (GGGGS)5 (F) to fuse maltose-binding protein (MBP) and HepI, HepII, and HepIII from Pedobacter heparinus, replacing the original linker from the plasmid pMAL-c2X. Compared with their parental fusion protein, MBP-fused HepIs, HepIIs, and HepIIIs with linkers (EAAAK)5 or (GGGGS)5 all displayed enhanced thermostability (half-lives at 30°C: 242%-464%). MBP-fused HepIs and HepIIs exhibited higher specific activity (127%-324%), whereas MBP-fused HepIIIs displayed activity similar to that of their parental fusion protein. Kinetics analysis revealed that MBP-fused HepIIs showed a significantly decreased affinity toward heparin with increased Km values (397%-480%) after the linker replacement, whereas the substrate affinity did not change significantly for MBP-fused HepIs and HepIIIs. Furthermore, it preliminarily appeared that the depolymerization mechanism of these fusion proteins may not change after linker replacement. These findings suggest the superior enzymatic properties of MBP-fused heparinases with suitable linker designs and their potential for the bioproduction of low-molecular-weight heparin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Yun
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Su
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyan Zhang
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu H, Fu XY, Bao YX, Zhu SY, Xu Z, Song M, Qi YK, Li Z, Du SS. d-type peptides based fluorescent probes for "turn on" sensing of heparin. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107356. [PMID: 38604021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Developing "turn on" fluorescent probes was desirable for the detection of the effective anticoagulant agent heparin in clinical applications. Through combining the aggregation induced emission (AIE) fluorogen tetraphenylethene (TPE) and heparin specific binding peptide AG73, the promising "turn on" fluorescent probe TPE-1 has been developed. Nevertheless, although TPE-1 could achieve the sensitive and selective detection of heparin, the low proteolytic stability and undesirable poor solubility may limit its widespread applications. In this study, seven TPE-1 derived fluorescent probes were rationally designed, efficiently synthesized and evaluated. The stability and water solubility were systematically estimated. Especially, to achieve real-time monitoring of proteolytic stability, the novel Abz/Dnp-based "turn on" probes that employ the internally quenched fluorescent (IQF) mechanism were designed and synthesized. Moreover, the detection ability of synthetic fluorescent probes for heparin were systematically evaluated. Importantly, the performance of d-type peptide fluorescent probe XH-6 indicated that d-type amino acid substitutions could significantly improve the proteolytic stability without compromising its ability of heparin sensing, and attaching solubilizing tag 2-(2-aminoethoxy) ethoxy) acid (AEEA) could greatly enhance the solubility. Collectively, this study not only established practical strategies to improve both the water solubility and proteolytic stability of "turn on" fluorescent probes for heparin sensing, but also provided valuable references for the subsequent development of enzymatic hydrolysis-resistant d-type peptides based fluorescent probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xing-Yan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266073, China; Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yong-Xin Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, China
| | - Shu-Ya Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zi Xu
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yun-Kun Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266073, China; Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Zhibo Li
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Du
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering in College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266073, China; Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu CL, Zhu CY, Li YN, Gao J, Zhang YW. Heparinase III with High Activity and Stability: Heterologous Expression, Biochemical Characterization, and Application in Depolymerization of Heparin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3045-3054. [PMID: 38307881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
A novel heparinase III from Pedobacter schmidteae (PsHep-III) with high activity and good stability was successfully cloned, expressed, and characterized. PsHep-III displayed the highest specific activity ever reported of 192.8 U mg-1 using heparin as the substrate. It was stable at 25 °C with a half-life of 323 h in an aqueous solution. PsHep-III was employed for the depolymerization of heparin, and the enzymatic hydrolyzed products were analyzed with gel permeation chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. PsHep-III can break glycosidic bonds in heparin like →4]GlcNAc/GlcNAc6S/GlcNS/GlcNS6S/GlcN/GlcN6S(1 → 4)ΔUA/ΔUA2S[1 → and efficiently digest heparin into seven disaccharides including N-acetylated, N-sulfated, and N-unsubstituted modification, with molecular masses of 503, 605, 563, 563, 665, 360, and 563 Da, respectively. These results indicated that PsHep-III with broad substrate specificity could be combined with heparinase I to overcome the low selectivity at the N-acetylated modification binding sites of heparinase I. This work will contribute to the application of PsHep-III for characterizing heparin and producing low-molecular-weight heparin effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Nan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
OUYANG Y, YI L, QIU L, ZHANG Z. [Advances in heparin structural analysis by chromatography technologies]. Se Pu 2023; 41:107-121. [PMID: 36725707 PMCID: PMC9892979 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin (Hp) is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the clinics, with an annual global output of over 10 billion dollars. Hp, a member of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), is prepared from porcine intestinal mucosa via extraction, separation, and purification. Hp is a linear polysaccharide with repeating disaccharide units. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are depolymerized from Hp via chemical or enzymatic degradation. Compared with Hp, LMWHs exhibit less bleeding side effect, milder immunogenicity, and higher bioavailability when injected subcutaneously. In general, Hps, including LMWHs, are high complex drugs with large molecular weights (MWs), inhomogeneous MW distributions, and structural heterogeneity, including different degrees and locations of sulfonation, and unique residues generated from different production processes. Thus, developing efficient analytical methods to elucidate the structures of Hps and characterize or quantitate their properties is extremely challenging. Unfortunately, this problem limits their quality control, production optimization, clinical safety monitoring, and new applications. Research has constantly sought to elucidate the complicated structures of Hp drugs. Among the structural analysis and quality control methods of Hp currently available, chromatographic methods are the most widely studied and used. However, no literature thoroughly summarizes the specific applications of chromatographic methods in the structural analysis, manufacturing process, and quality control of Hp drugs. This paper systematically organizes and describes recent research progresses of the chromatographic methods used to analyze Hp drugs, including the identification and composition of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The applications, innovations, and limitations of these chromatographic methods are also summarized in this review. The insights obtained in this study will help production and quality control personnel, as well as drug researchers, obtain a deeper understanding of the complex structures of Hp drugs. This paper also provides a comprehensive reference for the structural analysis and quality control of Hps, proposes ideas for the development of new quality control methods, and lays a strong foundation for the in-depth structural elucidation of Hp drugs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu W, Chen L, Yan N, Yi L, Sun Y, Ouyang Y, Liu D, Zhang Z. Sequencing analysis of heparin reducing terminals with orthogonal chromatographic approaches. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463318. [PMID: 35853422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a linear sulfated polysaccharide with a complex structure. It is important to figure out the sequences at the terminals of the sugar chains, as it will help us understand the heparin structure deeper and control its quality properly. The tetrasaccharide linkage region (LR) could be a tag to help us find out heparin terminals after digestion by different combinations of heparinases. In this work, orthogonal chromatographic approaches including SAX, SEC-MS and 2D-LC-MS were applied to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the heparinase released LR-terminals. The disaccharides next to LR are those ones with low or non-sulfation, UA-GlcNAc and UA-GlcNAc6S, and then they are extended with the highly sulfated disaccharides, IdoA2S-GlcNS and IdoA2S-GlcNS6S. It is suggested that the sulfo transferases did not work at the sugar residues next to LR terminal, especially the 2-O-sulfo and N-sulfo transferases, which could be affected by steric hindrance from LR, when heparin is biosynthesized. This conclusion will be theoretical fundamental to help us understand heparin's structure deeper. The methods provided in this work could be potential ways to control heparin's quality and monitor the production processes of heparin properly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Na Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- The fourth people's Hospital of Jinan City, Shandong 250031, China
| | - Yilan Ouyang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Dehua Liu
- The fourth people's Hospital of Jinan City, Shandong 250031, China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dai Y, Zhang K, Xiong L, Wang L, Guo Z, Yang J, Wu A, Wu J, Zeng J. Comprehensive profiling of Sanguisorba officinalis using off-line two-dimensional mixed-mode liquid chromatography × reversed-phase liquid chromatography, tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry, and molecular network. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1727-1736. [PMID: 35297180 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The profiling of natural products is important in modern biological sciences and new drug development. However, the separation and characterization of complex herbal extracts are significantly challenging for researchers in the biochemical field. Herein, an off-line two-dimensional mixed-mode LC × reversed-phase LC system is developed. Our system exhibits high orthogonality and is composed of a newly prepared stationary phase in the first dimension and a traditional C18 phase in the second dimension, and is operated in combination with high-resolution MS and molecular network. Sanguisorba officinalis L. is studied using the proposed method owing to its bioactivity. With the aid of orthogonal separation, the ionization of the individual components is improved. The number of detected compounds and separated peaks are significantly increased when one-dimensional-LC is upgraded to two-dimensional-LC. In addition, 270 compounds (127 of which are tentatively characterized as new compounds, and further confirmation is needed) are successfully characterized based on their fragmentation patterns under the guidance of molecular network, while only 95 compounds are characterized using one-dimensional-LC and high-resolution MS. The results indicate that the developed off-line two-dimensional mixed-mode LC × reversed-phase LC, tandem high-resolution MS, and molecular network method is effective for profiling complex samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubei Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kailian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Luzhou, China.,Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|