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Li F, Knappe C, Carstensen N, Favorat E, Gao M, Holkenjans W, Hetzel T, Pell R, Lämmerhofer M. Two-dimensional sequential selective comprehensive chiral×reversed-phase liquid chromatography of synthetic phosphorothioate oligonucleotide diastereomers. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465076. [PMID: 38879975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, many nucleic acid-based pharmaceuticals have been approved and entered the market, and even a larger number are in late stage clinical trials. Conventional oligonucleotides are facing issues in vivo like fast renal clearance and nuclease degradation. Therefore, to increase their stability, phosphorothioation is a frequent modification of therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) which also leads to improved binding affinity facilitating cell internalization and intracellular distribution. At the same time, by replacing a phosphodiester linkage with a phosphorothioate group, a phosphorous stereogenic center is generated which causes the formation of Rp- and Sp-diastereomers. It increases the structural diversity. For example, with 15 of those phosphorothioate (PS) linkages, 32,768 different diastereomers are expected. Since the phosphorothioate is introduced non-stereoselectively, the molecular complexity of the resultant phosphorothioate ON products is tremendously increased impeding the chromatographic separation in the course of quality control. Since distinct phosphorothioate diastereomers have different bioactivities and pharmacological properties, there is increasing interest in implications of stereoisomerism of phosphorothiate oligonucleotides. From a quality and regulatory viewpoint, batch-to-batch reproducibility of the diastereomer profile may be of significant concern. In order to address this issue, this study investigates the stereoselectivity of LC methods for two phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (PSO) compounds differing in their molecular size and numbers of PS linkages. Diastereoselectivity of ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC), RPLC without ion-pairing agents and LC with chiral polysaccharide-based column were evaluated for model PSOs and an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of PSO with trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugate. Due to the structural complexity of PSOs, the separation power for the diastereomer mixture was increased by using sequential selective comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography with an amylose tris(α-methylbenzylcarbamate)-immobilized chiral stationary phase (CSP) in the first dimension and ion-pair RPLC with ethylammonium acetate in the second dimension. Improved diastereomer selectivity was obtained and a larger number of peaks could be separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knappe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Carstensen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Enrico Favorat
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mimi Gao
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceutical Division, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 217-333 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Wiebke Holkenjans
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceutical Division, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 217-333 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Terence Hetzel
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceutical Division, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 217-333 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Reinhard Pell
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceutical Division, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 217-333 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Serafimov K, Knappe C, Li F, Sievers-Engler A, Lämmerhofer M. Solving the retention time repeatability problem of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465060. [PMID: 38861823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction (liquid) chromatography (HILIC) has become the first choice LC mode for the separation of hydrophilic analytes. Numerous studies reported the poor retention time repeatability of HILIC. The problem was often ascribed to slow equilibration and insufficient re-equilibration time to establish the sensitive semi-immobilized water layer at the interface of the polar stationary phase and the bulk mobile phase. In this study, we compare retention time repeatability in HILIC for borosilicate glass and PFA (co-polymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkoxyethylene) solvent bottles. During this study, we observed peak patterns shifting towards higher retention times (for metabolites and peptides) and lower retention times (oligonucleotide sample) with ongoing analysis time when standard borosilicate glass bottles were used as solvent reservoirs. It was hypothesized that release of ions (sodium, potassium, borate, etc.) from the borosilicate glass bottles leads to alterations (thickness and electrostatic screening effects) in the semi-immobilized water layer which is adsorbed to the polar stationary phase surface under acetonitrile-rich eluents in HILIC with concomitant shifts in retention. When PFA solvent bottles were employed instead of borosilicate glass, retention time repeatability was greatly improved and changed from average 8.4 % RSD for the tested metabolites with borosilicate glass bottles to 0.14 % RSD for the PFA solvent bottles (30 injections over 12 h). Similar improvements were observed for peptides and oligonucleotides. This simple solution to the retention time repeatability problem in HILIC might contribute to a better acceptance of HILIC, especially in fields like targeted and untargeted metabolomics, peptide and oligonucleotide analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Serafimov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knappe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrian Sievers-Engler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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3
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Stoll D, Sylvester M, Meston D, Sorensen M, Maloney TD. Development of multiple heartcutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography with ion-pairing reversed-phase separations in both dimensions for analysis of impurities in therapeutic oligonucleotides. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464574. [PMID: 38103311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides constitute an emerging and highly complex bioanalytical challenge and it is becoming increasingly clear that 1D methodologies are unable to fully resolve all possible impurities present in these samples. 2D-LC therefore constitutes a perfect solution wherein critical pairs can be sampled from a steep gradient 1D and separated in a shallower 2D gradient. Herein, we provide a facile 2D-LC method development approach to quickly generate high selectivity gradients utilizing ion pairing reverse phase (IPRP-IPRP). In particular we demonstrate how to iteratively generate a 12 % gradient from two training runs and then to utilize that data to predict retentions of analytes with a 2 % gradient with retention prediction errors as low as 3 and 11 %, respectively. This iterative method development workflow was applied to impurity profiling down to 1:1000 for the full-length product and phosphorothioate modified impurities. Additionally, we demonstrated the elucidation of critical pairs in complex crude pharmaceutical oligonucleotide samples by applying tailored high selectivity gradients in the second dimension. It was found that the iterative retention modeling approach allows fast and facile 2D-LC method development for complex oligonucleotide separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA.
| | - Maria Sylvester
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Daniel Meston
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Matt Sorensen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Todd D Maloney
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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4
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Sorensen MJ, Paulines MJ, Maloney TD. Evaluating orthogonality between ion-pair reversed phase, anion exchange, and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation of synthetic oligonucleotides. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464184. [PMID: 37419013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The orthogonality of separation between ion-pair reversed phase (IP-RP), anion exchange (AEX), and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was evaluated for oligonucleotides. A polythymidine standard ladder was first used to evaluate the three methods and showed zero orthogonality, where retention and selectivity were based on oligonucleotide charge/size under all three conditions. Next, a model 23-mer synthetic oligonucleotide containing 4 phosphorothioate bonds with 2' fluoro and 2'-O-methyl ribose modifications typical of small interfering RNA was used for evaluating orthogonality. The resolution and orthogonality were evaluated between the three modes of chromatography in terms of selectivity differences for nine common impurities, including truncations (n-1, n-2), addition (n + 1), oxidation, and de-fluorination. We first evaluated different ion-pairing reagents that provided the best separation of the key impurities while suppressing diastereomer separation due to phosphorothioate linkages. Although different ion-pairing reagents affected resolution, very little orthogonality was observed. We then compared the retention times between IP-RP, HILIC, and AEX for each impurity of the model oligonucleotide and observed various selectivity changes. The results suggest that coupling HILIC with either AEX or IP-RP provide the highest degree of orthogonality due to the differences in retention for hydrophilic nucleobases and modifications under HILIC conditions. IP-RP provided the highest overall resolution for the impurity mixture, whereas more co-elution was observed with HILIC and AEX. The unique selectivity patterns offered by HILIC provides an interesting alternative to IP-RP or AEX, in addition to the potential for coupling with multidimensional separations. Future work should explore orthogonality for oligonucleotides with subtle sequence differences such as nucleobase modifications and base flip isomers, longer strands such as guide RNA and messenger RNA, and other biotherapeutic modalities such as peptides, antibodies, and antibody-drug-conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sorensen
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Mellie June Paulines
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Todd D Maloney
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States.
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5
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Li F, Chen S, Studzińska S, Lämmerhofer M. Polybutylene terephthalate-based stationary phase for ion-pair-free reversed-phase liquid chromatography of small interfering RNA. Part 2: Use for selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464069. [PMID: 37216850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing numbers of nucleic acid-based pharmaceuticals like antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) entering the market, research facilities, pharmaceutical industries and also regulatory authorities have been looking for efficient analytical methods for these synthetic oligonucleotides (ON). Besides of conventional one-dimensional (1D) reversed-phase liquid chromatography with or without ion-pairing (IP-RP-LC, RP-LC), hydrophilic liquid chromatography (HILIC) and mixed-mode chromatography (MMC), two-dimensional (2D) approaches combining two orthogonal chromatographic techniques also become more relevant due to the high structural complexity of oligonucleotides. Recently, we tested a polybutylene terephthalate(PBT)-based stationary phase under ion-pairing free RP mode for the liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis of siRNA (Patisiran). In this study, retention profile and chromatographic orthogonality, respectively, were compared to other LC-modes like HILIC, IP-RPLC, another ion-pair free cholesterol-bonded RPLC and MMC considering their normalized retention times. Finally, because of higher orthogonality, the ion-pairing free PBT-bonded RPLC as first dimension (1D) was hyphenated with HILIC in the second dimension (2D) in a selective comprehensive 2D-LC setup leading to an enhanced resolution for peak purity evaluation of the main ON entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shenkai Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarin Str., PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Li F, Chen S, Studzińska S, Lämmerhofer M. Polybutylene terephthalate-based stationary phase for ion-pair-free reversed-phase liquid chromatography of small interfering RNA. Part 1: Direct coupling with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1694:463898. [PMID: 36921562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC) is the dominating generic method for the analysis of nucleic acid related compounds, such as antisense-oligonucleotides (ASO), small-interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) or other DNA or RNA type molecules and their conjugates. Despite of its effective performance, the usage of a high concentration of ion-pairing reagent in the eluent in IP-RPLC is unfavorable for the hyphenation with mass spectrometry (MS) which is required for a detailed structural characterization of the analytes and their structurally related impurities. In this work, we tested a polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)-bonded silica-based stationary phase for the separation of generically synthesized Patisiran as siRNA (antisense and sense single strands as well as their annealed double strand) giving some unexpected selectivity without any presence of ion-pairing reagents. Important chromatographic conditions affecting the separation have been investigated and evaluated. Furthermore, MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) characterization was possible without contamination of the MS system with ion-pair agent and related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Shenkai Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarin Str., Toruń PL-87-100, Poland
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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7
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Togawa H, Okubo T, Nonaka Y, Yamaguchi T, Obika S. Retention behavior of short double-stranded oligonucleotide and its potential impurities by anion-exchange chromatography under non-denaturing conditions. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463808. [PMID: 36706652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), consisting of two complementary single-stranded RNAs with overhanging bases, is being adopted as a potent and specific inhibitor of target gene expression. However, non-duplexed single strands and undesired double strands composed of impurities (e.g., n-1 mer) could be produced in addition to the target double strand in the siRNA manufacturing process. Compared to the liquid chromatography analysis of single strands, the analysis of the duplexes under non-denaturing conditions is challenging, since restricted chromatographic conditions are required to maintain the Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds. This study reports the analysis of double-stranded oligomers having approximately 20 base pairs with some overhanging bases as non-denatured forms by anion-exchange chromatography (AEX). Optimization of the chromatographic conditions could potentially achieve the adequate separation of excess single strands from the double strand. Non-optimal duplexes, such as duplexes with long overhangs or bulge structures, were prepared by intentionally deleting terminal or middle nucleotide(s) of either the sense or the antisense strand, and these non-optimal duplexes were eluted at different retention times in most of the cases. Interestingly, under alkaline chromatographic conditions (pH 9.0), non-optimal duplexes containing a shortmer tended to exhibit a stronger retention than their parent duplexes, although they possessed a less negative charge. This study demonstrated some retention behavior of double strands with overhangs by AEX under non-denaturing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Togawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 3-822 Ishii-machi, Hita, Oita 877-0061, Japan
| | - Takashi Okubo
- CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 3-822 Ishii-machi, Hita, Oita 877-0061, Japan
| | - Yumi Nonaka
- CERI Kurume, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 3-2-7 Miyanojin, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0801, Japan
| | - Takao Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Studzińska S, Li F, Szumski M, Buszewski B, Lämmerhofer M. Cholesterol Stationary Phase in the Separation and Identification of siRNA Impurities by Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314960. [PMID: 36499291 PMCID: PMC9738757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to develop a simple and efficient ion-pair reagent-free chromatographic method for the separation and qualitative determination of oligonucleotide impurities, exemplified by synthesis of raw products of the two single strands of patisiran siRNA. The stationary phases with mixed hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties (cholesterol and alkylamide) were firstly used for this purpose with reversed-phased high-performance liquid chromatography. Several different chromatographic parameters were tested for their impact on impurities separation: type, concentration, pH of salt, as well as organic solvent type in the mobile phase. The pH was the most influential factor on the separation and signal intensities in mass spectrometry detection. Finally, the optimized method included the application of cholesterol stationary phase, with mobile phase containing 20 mM ammonium formate (pH 6.5) and methanol. It allowed good separation and the identification of most impurities within 25 min. Since not all closely related impurities could be fully resolved from the main peak in this oligonucleotide impurity profiling, two-dimensional liquid chromatography was used for peak purity determination of the target oligonucleotides. The Ethylene Bridged Hybrid (BEH) Amide column in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was applied in the second dimension, allowing additional separation of three closely related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-56-6114753
| | - Feiyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michał Szumski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wilenska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Tang S, Venkatramani CJ. Resolving Solvent Incompatibility in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography with In-Line Mixing Modulation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16142-16150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Tang
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cadapakam J. Venkatramani
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Dispas A, Sacré PY, Ziemons E, Hubert P. Emerging analytical techniques for pharmaceutical quality control: Where are we in 2022? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115071. [PMID: 36179505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quality control is a fundamental and critical activity in the pharmaceutical industry that guarantees the quality of medicines. QC analyses are currently performed using several well-known techniques, mainly liquid and gas chromatography. However, current trends are focused on the development of new techniques to reduce analysis time and cost, to improve the performances and decrease ecological footprint. In this context, analytical scientists developed and studied emerging technologies based on spectroscopy and chromatography. The present review aims to give an overview of the recent development of vibrational spectroscopy, supercritical fluid chromatography and multi-dimensional chromatography. Selected emerging techniques are discussed using SWOT analysis and published pharmaceutical QC applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Dispas
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
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11
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Vanhoenacker G, Sandra P, Sandra K. Minimizing the Risk of Missing Critical Sample Information by Using Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.vg2884v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Analytical requirements in the biopharmaceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries, among several others, are more demanding than ever. Chromatographic techniques are great tools to acquire detailed information on a vast number of molecules and sample types. The present challenge in research and development (R&D), as well as in quality control (QC) laboratories, is to collect as much sample information as possible. However, even with the current one-dimensional (1D) analytical portfolio, it is not possible to fully ensure that all the relevant information from a sample has been captured. This article illustrates the power of an online two-dimensional liquid chromatographic (2D-LC) setup to unravel the complexity of biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical samples. This technology tremendously increases the resolving power in all areas where LC is applied and drastically reduces the risk of missing information about the sample.
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12
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Dai Y, Zhang K, Xiong L, Wang L, Guo Z, Yang J, Wu A, Wu J, Zeng J. Comprehensive profiling of Sanguisorba officinalis using off-line two-dimensional mixed-mode liquid chromatography × reversed-phase liquid chromatography, tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry, and molecular network. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1727-1736. [PMID: 35297180 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The profiling of natural products is important in modern biological sciences and new drug development. However, the separation and characterization of complex herbal extracts are significantly challenging for researchers in the biochemical field. Herein, an off-line two-dimensional mixed-mode LC × reversed-phase LC system is developed. Our system exhibits high orthogonality and is composed of a newly prepared stationary phase in the first dimension and a traditional C18 phase in the second dimension, and is operated in combination with high-resolution MS and molecular network. Sanguisorba officinalis L. is studied using the proposed method owing to its bioactivity. With the aid of orthogonal separation, the ionization of the individual components is improved. The number of detected compounds and separated peaks are significantly increased when one-dimensional-LC is upgraded to two-dimensional-LC. In addition, 270 compounds (127 of which are tentatively characterized as new compounds, and further confirmation is needed) are successfully characterized based on their fragmentation patterns under the guidance of molecular network, while only 95 compounds are characterized using one-dimensional-LC and high-resolution MS. The results indicate that the developed off-line two-dimensional mixed-mode LC × reversed-phase LC, tandem high-resolution MS, and molecular network method is effective for profiling complex samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubei Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kailian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Luzhou, China.,Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Talap J, Zhao J, Shen M, Song Z, Zhou H, Kang Y, Sun L, Yu L, Zeng S, Cai S. Recent advances in therapeutic nucleic acids and their analytical methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114368. [PMID: 34571322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic nucleic acids are various chemically modified RNA or DNA with different functions, which mainly play roles at the gene level. Owing to its accurately targeting at pathogenic genes, nucleic acid based therapeutics have a wide range of application prospects. Recently, the improvement on chemical synthesis and delivery materials accelerated the development of therapeutic nucleic acids rapidly. Up to now, 17 nucleic acid based therapeutics approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA). The development of therapeutics raised higher requirements for analytical methods, both in quality control and in clinical research. The first part of this review introduces different classes of therapeutic nucleic acids, including antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), RNA interference (RNAi) therapy, mRNA, aptamer and other classes which are under research. The second part reviews the therapeutic nucleic acids commercialized from 2019 to now. The third part discusses the analytical methods for nucleic acid based therapeutics, including liquid chromatography-based methods, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), hybridization enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and other infrequently used methods. Finally, the advantages and shortcomings of these methods are summarized, and the future development of analysis methods are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadera Talap
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Minzhe Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zihan Song
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lianli Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Sheng Cai
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, China.
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