Temperature and time-controlled hydrothermal growth and sorption selectivity of titania nanowires on titanium fiber for highly efficient solid-phase microextraction

A novel top-down strategy for in situ construction of vertically oriented hexagonal NiCr LDHs nanosheet arrays with intercalated sulfate ions on Nichrome fiber for selective solid-phase microextraction of phenolic compounds in water samples

BACKGROUND

Phenolic compounds (PCs) are a class of polar aromatic pollutants with high toxicity in environmental water. Generally the efficient sample preparation is essential for the quantification of ultra-trace target PCs in real water sample before appropriative instrumental analysis. SPME is a convenient, solvent-free and time-saving miniaturized technique and has been recognized as a green alternative to conventional extraction techniques. In SPME, however, commercial fused-silica fibers are limited to the fragility, operation temperature, extraction capacity and selectivity as well as lifetime. Therefore, the development of new SPME fibers is always needed to overcome such limitations.

RESULTS

We presented a novel top-down strategy for in situ construction of vertically oriented hexagonal sulfate intercalated NiCr layered double hydroxide nanosheet arrays (NiCr LDHs-SO4 NSAs) on the Nichrome (NiCr) substrate by hydrothermal treatment in NaOH solution containing (NH4)2S2O8. The results showed that much shorter hydrothermal time was needed for the construction of NiCr@NiCr LDHs-SO4 NSAs fiber in the presence of (NH4)2S2O8. Moreover, the unique NiCr LDHs-SO4 NSAs coating offered open access structure, and thereby more available surface area for adsorption. The resulting fiber exhibited better extraction efficiency for phenolic compounds (PCs), faster mass transfer rate, higher mechanical stability, and longer service life than original NiCr@NiCr LDHs NSs fiber and typical commercially fused-silica fibers. After optimizing conditions, the SPME-HPLC-UV method demonstrated a linear range from 0.05 μg L-1 to 200 μg L-1 with LODs of 0.015-0.156 μg L-1 (S/N = 3) and LOQs of 0.048-0.498 μg L-1 (S/N = 10), as well as good repeatability (3.06%-5.22%) and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility (4.32%-6.49%).

SIGNIFICANCE

The developed SPME-HPLC-UV method with the constructed fiber was applied to the preconcentration and detection of different types of PCs in real water samples, showing satisfactory recoveries ranging from 86.20% to 107.8% with RSDs of 3.18%-6.69%. This study provides a new strategy for in situ construction of bimetallic hydroxides and their derived nanocomposite coatings on the NiCr fiber substrate in practical SPME application.