Titanium dioxide-coated core-shell silica microspheres-based solid-phase extraction combined with sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for analysis of glyphosate, glufosinate and their metabolites in baby foods

Achieving ultrasensitive detection of glyphosate in fruits and vegetables using a triple-mode strategy based on carbon dots nanozymes derived from expired drugs

Rapid and sensitive detection of glyphosate (GLP) holds significant importance in the monitoring of environmental pollution and potential risks to human health. In this study, carbon dots nanozymes (CDszymes) with peroxidase-like activity were synthesized rapidly using a microwave-assisted method, employing expired drugs as raw materials. In the presence of H2O2, CDszymes catalyze the oxidation of TMB to generate blue oxTMB, which exhibits a photothermal effect under near-infrared light irradiation; an inner filter effect (IFE) may occur between oxTMB and CDszymes. By coupling the cascade catalysis of AChE and ChOx to generate H2O2, GLP effectively inhibits the activity of AChE, constructing a colorimetric/fluorescent/photothermal response platform for GLP. In colorimetry, the detection limit of GLP was 0.33 ng/mL. The detection limits of GLP by fluorescence method and photothermal method were 0.02 ng/mL and 0.41 ng/mL, respectively. The efficacy of this methodology has been successfully demonstrated in fruit and vegetable, it also provides a strategy for the high-value conversion of expired drugs.

Acid-base reaction-based dispersive solid phase extraction of favipiravir using biotin from biological samples prior to capillary electrophoresis analysis

In this study, an acid-base reaction-based dispersive solid-phase extraction method was developed for the extraction of favipiravir from deionized water, plasma and urine samples prior to its determination using a capillary electrophoresis-diode array detector. The target analyte was extracted from the samples using biotin as a green adsorbent. To reach this goal, the pH of the solution was first adjusted to 9.0 (using borate buffer), and the ionic strength of the solution was enhanced by adding sodium chloride (2.5%, w/v). Thereafter, an appropriate amount of biotin was dissolved in the solution and a homogenous phase was obtained. By adding hydrochloric acid to the solution, an acid-base reaction occurs via protonation of biotin, which decreases its solubility. During this procedure, the analyte was adsorbed onto the tiny particles of the produced adsorbent dispersed into the solution. The resulting mixture was sonicated to facilitate the adsorption of the analyte onto the adsorbent surface. After the collection of biotin particles through centrifugation, the analyte was eluted using acetonitrile and then used in the determination stage. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the calibration curve was linear from 250 to 3000 ng mL-1 with a coefficient of determination of 0.9968. Low limit of detection, and quantification, good repeatability on the same day and different days (relative standard deviation ≤ 8.2%), and acceptable extraction recovery were accessed. The applicability of the method was examined by performing it on spiked plasma and urine samples, and its performance was verified.

Capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics: Advances and applications in the period March 2021 to March 2023

This work presents a revision of the main applications of capillary electromigration (CE) methods in food analysis and Foodomics. Papers that were published during the period March 2021 to March 2023 are included. The work shows the multiple CE methods that have been developed and applied to analyze different types of molecules in foods and beverages. Namely, CE methods have been applied to analyze amino acids, biogenic amines, heterocyclic amines, peptides, proteins, phenols, polyphenols, pigments, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, DNAs, contaminants, toxins, pesticides, additives, residues, small organic and inorganic compounds, and other minor compounds. In addition, new CE procedures to perform chiral separation and for evaluating the effects of food processing as well as the last developments of microchip CE and new applications in Foodomics will be also discussed. The new procedures of CE to investigate food quality and safety, nutritional value, storage, and bioactivity are also included in the present review work.

Dendritic mesoporous nanoparticles for the detection, adsorption, and degradation of hazardous substances in the environment: State-of-the-art and future prospects

Equipped with hierarchical pores and three-dimensional (3D) center-radial channels, dendritic mesoporous nanoparticles (DMNs) make their pore volumes extremely large, specific surface areas super-high, internal spaces especially accessible, and so on. Other entities (like organic moieties or nanoparticles) can be modified onto the interfaces or skeletons of DMNs, accomplishing their functionalization for desirable applications. This comprehensive review emphasizes on the design and construction of DMNs-based systems which serve as sensors, adsorbents and catalysts for the detection, adsorption, and degradation of hazardous substances, mainly including the construction procedures of brand-new DMNs-based materials and the involved hazardous substances (like industrial chemicals, chemical dyes, heavy metal ions, medicines, pesticides, and harmful gases). The sensitive, adsorptive, or catalytic performances of various DMNs have been compared; correspondingly, the reaction mechanisms have been revealed strictly. It is honestly anticipated that the profound discussion could offer scientists certain enlightenment to design novel DMNs-based systems towards the detection, adsorption, and degradation of hazardous substances, respectively or comprehensively.

Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition

This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.

Recent advances of ordered mesoporous silica materials for solid-phase extraction

This review mainly focuses on the development and application of ordered mesoporous silica materials for solid-phase extraction in recent years. It overviews not only bare mesoporous silica but also the functionalized mesoporous silica with organic groups, molecularly imprinted polymers, and magnetic materials. These mesoporous silica materials were used as the extraction adsorbents in cartridge solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, micro-solid-phase extraction and matrix solid phase dispersion. Coupled with atomic emission spectrometry, chromatography or other detection methods, these techniques efficiently extracted and sensitively determined various targets, such as metal ions, perfluorocarboxylic acids, pesticides, drugs, endocrine disruptors, phenols, flavanones, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, parabens and so on. Based on unique advantages of mesoporous silica materials, the developed analytical method successfully analyzed different matrix samples, like environmental water samples, soil samples, food samples, biological samples and cosmetics. In addition, the prospects of these materials in solid-phase extraction are presented, which can offer an outlook for the further development and applications.

Determination of Glyphosate, Glufosinate, and Their Major Metabolites in Tea Infusions by Dual-Channel Capillary Electrophoresis following Solid-Phase Extraction

In this study, two analytical procedures were developed and validated using dual-channel capillary electrophoresis-coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) for simultaneous determination of glyphosate (GLYP), glufosinate (GLUF), and their two major metabolites, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and 3-(methylphosphinico) propionic acid (MPPA), respectively, in a popular beverage such as tea infusions. GLYP, GLUF, and AMPA were analyzed in the first channel using background electrolyte (BGE) of 1 mM histidine (His) adjusted to pH 2.75 by acetic acid (Ace). In contrast, MPPA was quantified in the second channel with a BGE of 30 mM His adjusted to pH 6.7 by 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) and 10 µM of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). In addition, the samples of tea infusions were treated using SPE with 10 mL of 0.5 mM HCl in methanol as eluent. At the optimized conditions, the method detection limit (MDL) of GLYP, GLUF, AMPA, and MPPA is 0.80, 1.56, 0.56, and 0.54 μg/l, respectively. The methods were then applied to analyze four target compounds in 16 samples of tea infusions. GLYP was found in two infusion samples of oolong tea with concentrations ranging from 5.34 to 10.74 µg/L, and GLUF was recognized in three samples of green tea infusion in the range of 45.1-53.9 µg/L.