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Artime-Naveda F, Hevia D, Alonso-Arias R, Martínez C, Quirós-González I, Cernuda-Cernuda R, Alvarez-Artime A, Menéndez-Valle I, Sainz RM, Mayo JC. Interplay between oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory cytokines and melatonin in Alzheimer's disease: Insights from cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Heliyon 2025; 11:e41841. [PMID: 39897852 PMCID: PMC11786639 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 01/08/2025] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/04/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Among neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease (AD) displays the highest prevalence and the projected increase in its incidence will require new advances in early diagnosis and treatment, particularly for distinguishing AD from other dementias. While beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau biomarkers are currently used to discriminate AD from other tauopathies and dementias, additional indicators could enhance patient stratification for specific dementia types. The present study was designed to find potential associations among the classic neurologic markers, Aβ, total and phospho-tau (T-tau and P-tau), with other biomarkers including melatonin and its oxidative-derived metabolite, Formyl-N-acetyl-5-methoxykynurenamine (AFMK) levels, assayed in patients' cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) taken previously for diagnostic purposes. Other factors previously associated with the aetiology of AD, including redox indicators or proinflammatory biomarkers, were also included. Methods The cross-sectional study included a cohort of 148 patients showing signs of dementia. A group of age-matched patients without neurological disorders were used as controls. CSF levels of Aβ, T-tau and P-tau were assayed, and patients were further classified according to threshold CSF levels of the three markers protein following the criteria of NIA-AA. Results Correlational and group analysis showed a positive association between oxidative stress and neuronal damage. TNF-α negatively correlated with CSF Aβ levels (amyloid plaques) while only RANTES/CCL5 correlated positively with T-tau and P-tau. Qualitative analysis of the proinflammatory cytokines assayed showed a higher detection level in Aβ-positive patients. Regarding melatonin in the CSF, indolamine levels did not correlate with its major oxidative-derived metabolite, i.e., AFMK. However, melatonin CSF levels were significantly reduced in AD patients but not in OT. On the contrary, AFMK showed the opposite pattern, with higher levels in samples from patients displaying high T-tau and P-tau levels. Neuroinflammation was associated with Aβ deposits (low concentration in CSF), while oxidative stress significantly correlated with high T-tau and P-tau levels. Finally, among all the parameters assayed in CSF samples from the cohort studied, P-tau, in combination with antioxidant capacity, offered the best ROC curve for the diagnostic capacity to discriminate between AD and OT, showing an 85 % specificity. Conclusion While oxidative stress is instead associated with high T- and P-tau levels, higher neuroinflammatory cytokines correlate with low CSF Aβ levels. An intriguing lack of correlation between neuroinflammation and melatonin found in this study could be as a result of sample size and requires further studies with a larger sample size. Even though indolamine levels in CSF drop significantly in AD, they do not correlate with AFMK, suggesting a different kynurenine synthesis source. None of them appear to discriminate between AD and OT. Finally, among all the parameters assayed in this study, P-tau in combination with antioxidant capacity, offered the best ROC curve for the diagnostic ability capacity to discriminate between AD and OT, showing an 85 % specificity. This study holds the potential to significantly improve patient stratification and contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Artime-Naveda
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Hevia
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Isabel Quirós-González
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rafael Cernuda-Cernuda
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejando Alvarez-Artime
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Menéndez-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Sainz
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan C. Mayo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
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Peruri A, Morgan A, D’Souza A, Mellon B, Hung CW, Kayal G, Shin H, Nguyen K, Zahed M, Yount M, Ellis R, Wynne T, Fritz V, Simmons Z, Roballo KCS. Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1057. [PMID: 35888145 PMCID: PMC9317964 DOI: 10.3390/life12071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review demonstrates current literature on pineal gland physiology, pathology, and animal model experiments to concisely explore future needs in research development with respect to pineal gland function and neuro-regenerative properties. The pineal gland plays an integral role in sleep and recovery by promoting physiologic circadian rhythms via production and release of melatonin. Yet, the current literature shows that the pineal gland has neuroprotective effects that modulate both peripheral and central nerve injuries through several direct and indirect mechanisms, such as angiogenesis and induction of growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators. Animal models have also shown correlations between pineal gland function and metabolic homeostasis. Studies have shown that a functional pineal gland is essential in preventing and slowing the progression of certain diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, vertebral osteoarthritis, and neurodegenerative processes. Lastly, the array of cell culturing methods and animal models that can be used to further develop the study of pineal gland function and nervous system injury were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekhya Peruri
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Alexandra Morgan
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Alida D’Souza
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bridget Mellon
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Carey W. Hung
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Gabriella Kayal
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Haejung Shin
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Kim Nguyen
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Malek Zahed
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mason Yount
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Reilly Ellis
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Taylor Wynne
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Virginia Fritz
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zachary Simmons
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Kelly C. S. Roballo
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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