1
|
Palmquist KB, Truver MT, Shoff EN, Krotulski AJ, Swortwood MJ. Review of analytical methods for screening and quantification of fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids in biological specimens. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1643-1661. [PMID: 37221651 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids (NSO), including nitazene analogs, prevail in forensic toxicology casework. Analytical methods for identifying these drugs in biological specimens need to be robust, sensitive, and specific. Isomers, new analogs, and slight differences in structural modifications necessitate the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), especially as a non-targeted screening method designed to detect newly emerging drugs. Traditional forensic toxicology workflows, such as immunoassay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), are generally not sensitive enough for detection of NSOs due to observed low (sub-μg/L) concentrations. For this review, the authors tabulated, reviewed, and summarized analytical methods from 2010-2022 for screening and quantification of fentanyl analogs and other NSOs in biological specimens using a variety of different instruments and sample preparation approaches. Limits of detection or quantification for 105 methods were included and compared to published standards and guidelines for suggested scope and sensitivity in forensic toxicology casework. Methods were summarized by instrument for screening and quantitative methods for fentanyl analogs and for nitazenes and other NSO. Toxicological testing for fentanyl analogs and NSOs is increasingly and most commonly being conducted using a variety of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based techniques. Most of the recent analytical methods reviewed exhibited limits of detection well below 1 μg/L to detect low concentrations of increasingly potent drugs. In addition, it was observed that most newly developed methods are now using smaller sample volumes which is achievable due to the sensitivity increase gained by new technology and new instrumentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael T Truver
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Elisa N Shoff
- Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Department, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alex J Krotulski
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Madeleine J Swortwood
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Calero-Cañuelo C, Casado-Carmona FA, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Mixed-mode cationic exchange sorptive tapes combined with direct infusion mass spectrometry for determining opioids in saliva samples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1702:464097. [PMID: 37244164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis of mixed-mode cationic exchange (MCX) tapes as sorptive phases in bioanalysis, and it faces the determination of methadone and tramadol in saliva as the model analytical problem. The tapes are synthesized using aluminum foil as substrate, which is subsequently covered with double-sided adhesive tape where the MCX particles (ca. 1.4 ± 0.2 mg) finally adhere. MCX particles allow the extraction of the analytes at the physiological pH, where both drugs are positively charged, minimizing the potential co-extraction of endogenous matrix compounds. The extraction conditions were studied considering the main variables (e.g. ionic strength, extraction time, sample dilution). Under the optimum conditions and using direct infusion mass spectrometry as the instrumental technique, detection limits as low as 3.3 μg·L-1 were obtained. The precision calculated at three different levels, and expressed as relative standard deviation, was better than 3.8%. The accuracy, expressed as relative recoveries, ranged from 83 to 113%. The method was finally applied to determine tramadol in saliva samples from patients under medical treatment. This approach opens the door to easily preparing sorptive tapes based on commercial (or ad-hoc synthesized) sorbent particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calero-Cañuelo
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) research group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente IQUEMA, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Antonio Casado-Carmona
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) research group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente IQUEMA, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) research group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente IQUEMA, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) research group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente IQUEMA, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Zhang N, Tua D, Zhu Y, Rada J, Yang W, Song H, Thompson AC, Collins RL, Gan Q. Superhydrophobic 3D-Assembled Metallic Nanoparticles for Trace Chemical Enrichment in SERS Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204234. [PMID: 36260841 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The performance of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is determined by the interaction between highly diluted analytes and boosted localized electromagnetic fields in nanovolumes. Although superhydrophobic surfaces are developed for analyte enrichment, i.e., to concentrate and transfer analytes toward a specific position, it is still challenging to realize reproducible, uniform, and sensitive superhydrophobic SERS substrates over large scales, representing a major barrier for practical sensing applications. To overcome this challenge, a superhydrophobic SERS chip that combines 3D-assembled gold nanoparticles on nanoporous substrates is proposed, for a strong localized field, with superhydrophobic surface treatment for analyte enrichment. Intriguingly, by concentrating droplets in the volume of 40 µL, the sensitivity of 1 nm is demonstrated using 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-ethylene molecules. In addition, this unique chip demonstrates a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.2% in chip-to-chip reproducibility for detection of fentanyl at 1 µg mL-1 concentration, revealing its potential for quantitative sensing of chemicals and drugs. Furthermore, the trace analysis of fentanyl and fentanyl-heroin mixture in human saliva is realized after a simple pretreatment process. This superhydrophobic chip paves the way toward on-site and real-time drug sensing to tackle many societal issues like drug abuse and the opioid crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youhai Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Dylan Tua
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jacob Rada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenhong Yang
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Haomin Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexis C Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - R Lorraine Collins
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Qiaoqiang Gan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Material Science Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yence M, Cetinkaya A, Kaya SI, Ozkan SA. Recent Developments in the Sensitive Electrochemical Assay of Common Opioid Drugs. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:882-895. [PMID: 35853096 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2099732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are a class of drugs used to treat moderate to severe pain and have short-term adverse effects. Nevertheless, they are considered necessary for pain management. However, well-known hazards are connected with an opioid prescription, such as overuse, addiction, and overdose deaths. For example, the death rate from opioid analgesic poisoning in the USA approximately doubled, owing to the overuse and addiction of opioid analgesics. Also, opioids are a very important group of analytes in forensic chemistry, so it is necessary to use reliable, fast, and sensitive analytical tools to determine opioid analgesics. This review focuses on the opioid overdose crisis, the properties of commonly used opioid drugs, their mechanism, effects, and some chromatographic and spectroscopic detection methods are explained briefly. Then most essentially recent developments covering the last ten years in the sensitive electrochemical methods of common opioid analgesics, their innovations and features, and future research directions are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Yence
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|