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Avigo L, Hallez F, Combès A, Desoubries C, Albaret C, Bossée A, Pichon V. Analytical methods based on liquid chromatography for the analysis of albumin adducts involved in retrospective biomonitoring of exposure to mustard agents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2173-2188. [PMID: 37702771 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present review is to list, describe, compare, and critically analyze the main procedures developed in the last 20 years for the analysis of digested alkylated peptides, resulting from the adduction of albumin by different mustard agents, and that can be used as biomarkers of exposure to these chemical agents. While many biomarkers of sulfur mustard, its analogues, and nitrogen mustards can easily be collected in urine such as their hydrolysis products, albumin adducts require blood or plasma collection to be analyzed. Nonetheless, albumin adducts offer a wider period of detectability in human exposed patients than urine found biomarkers with detection up to 25 days after exposure to the chemical agent. The detection of these digested alkylated peptides of adducted albumin constitutes unambiguous proof of exposure. However, their determination, especially when they are present at very low concentration levels, can be very difficult due to the complexity of the biological matrices. Therefore, numerous sample preparation procedures to extract albumin and to recover alkylated peptides after a digestion step using enzymes have been proposed prior to the analysis of the targeted peptides by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry method with or without derivatization step. This review describes and compares the numerous procedures including a number of different steps for the extraction and purification of adducted albumin and its digested peptides described in the literature to achieve detection limits for biological samples exposed to sulfur mustard, its analogues, and nitrogen mustards in the ng/mL range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Avigo
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM) Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Florine Hallez
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM) Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Combès
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM) Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Anne Bossée
- DGA, CBRN Defence, 5 Rue Lavoisier, 91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM) Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
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Vosáhlová-Kadlecová Z, Gilar M, Molnárová K, Kozlík P, Kalíková K. Mixed-mode column allows simple direct coupling with immobilized enzymatic reactor for on-line protein digestion. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123866. [PMID: 37657402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is widely used in the field of proteomic analysis after off-line protein digestion. On-line digestion with chromatographic column connected in a series with immobilized enzymatic reactor is not often used approach. In this work we investigated the impact of chromatographic conditions on the protein digestion efficiency. The investigation of trypsin reactor activity was performed by on-line digestion of N-α-benzoyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride (BAPNA), followed by separation of the digests on the mixed-mode column. Two trypsin column reactors with the different trypsin coverage on the bridged ethylene hybrid particles were evaluated. To ensure optimal trypsin activity, the separation temperature was set at 37.0 °C and the pH of the mobile phase buffer was maintained at 8.5. The on-line digestion itself ongoing during the initial state of gradient was carried out at a low flow rate using a mobile phase that was free of organic modifiers. Proteins such as cytochrome C, enolase, and myoglobin were successfully digested on-line without prior reduction or alkylation, and the resulting peptides were separated using a mixed-mode column. Additionally, proteins that contain multiple cysteines, such as α-lactalbumin, albumin, β-lactoglobulin A, and conalbumin, were also successfully digested on-line (after reduction and alkylation). Moreover, trypsin immobilized enzymatic reactors were utilized for over 300 injections without any noticeable loss of digestion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Vosáhlová-Kadlecová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Gilar
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Katarína Molnárová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kozlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Květa Kalíková
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Tang Y, Liu L, Nong Q, Guo H, Zhou Q, Wang D, Yin Y, Shi J, He B, Hu L, Jiang G. Sensitive determination of metalloprotein in salt-rich matrices by size exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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