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Gong J, Zhang X, Liang R, Ma J, Yang N, Cai K, Wu J, Xie Z, Zhang S, Chen Y, Liao Q. Rapidly enrichment and detection of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in foods using a novel bifunctional covalent organic framework. Food Chem 2024; 447:139016. [PMID: 38513494 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are extensively found in foods, posing potential toxicity to humans. Therefore, rapid analysis and monitoring of PFASs in foods are crucial for public health and also a challenge. To detect trace PFASs in foods, construction of sorbents with multiple interactions could be an effective approach. Herein, a cationic-fluorinated covalent organic framework (CF-COF) was prepared by post-modification and used as a magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for adsorption of PFASs. By combining magnetic solid-phase extraction based on CF-COF with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC - MS/MS), a novel method was developed for determination of eight long-chain PFASs in foods. Under optimized conditions, the method exhibited low detection limits (0.003-0.019 ng/g) and satisfactory recovery rates (73.5-118%) for PFASs. This study introduces a novel idea for the development of adsorbents targeting PFASs, along with a new analytical method for monitoring of PFASs in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Rongyao Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Juanqiong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Na Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Kaiwei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Jinyun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518106, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center for Modern Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China..
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China..
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2
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Gong J, Chen Y, A W, Zhang X, Ma J, Xie Z, Li P, Huang A, Zhang S, Liao Q. Multiple-component covalent organic frameworks for simultaneous extraction and determination of multitarget pollutants in sea foods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134563. [PMID: 38735186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and bisphenols (BPs), have been raising global concerns due to their toxic effects on environment and human health. The monitoring of residues of POPs in seafood is crucial for assessing the accumulation of these contaminants in the study area and mitigating potential risks to human health. However, the diversity and complexity of POPs in seafood present significant challenges for their simultaneous detection. Here, a novel multi-component fluoro-functionalized covalent organic framework (OH-F-COF) was designed as SPE adsorbent for simultaneous extraction POPs. On this basis, the recognition and adsorption mechanisms were investigated by molecular simulation. Due to multiple interactions and large specific surface area, OH-F-COF displayed satisfactory coextraction performance for PFASs, PCBs, and BPs. Under optimized conditions, the OH-F-COF sorbent was employed in a strategy of simultaneous extraction and stepwise elution (SESE), in combination with HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS method, to effectively determined POPs in seafood collected from coastal areas of China. The method obtained low detection limits for BPs (0.0037 -0.0089 ng/g), PFASs (0.0038 -0.0207 ng/g), and PCBs (0.2308 -0.2499 ng/g), respectively. This approach provided new research ideas for analyzing and controlling multitarget POPs in seafood. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and bisphenols (BPs), have caused serious hazards to human health and ecosystems. Hence, there is a need to develop a quantitative method that can rapidly detect POPs in environmental and food samples. Herein, a novel multi-component fluorine-functionalized covalent organic skeletons (OH-F-COF) were prepared at room temperature, and served as adsorbent for POPs. The SESE-SPE strategy combined with chromatographic techniques was used to achieve a rapid detection of POPs in sea foods from the coastal provinces of China. This method provides a valuable tool for analyzing POPs in environmental and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China.
| | - Wenwei A
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Juanqiong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518106, China
| | - Pei Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Aihua Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center for Modern Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, China.
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3
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Wei X, Zhang Z, Li G. Preparation of MIL-101(Cr)-NH 2@TAPB-DVA-COF based membrane solid-phase extraction for efficient enrichment and sensitive determination of trace aromatic disinfection by-products in juice drinks. Talanta 2024; 273:125901. [PMID: 38503122 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic disinfection by-products (DBPs) have garnered considerable interest in recent years for their potential carcinogenicity. However, efficient separation and enrichment of DBPs in complex samples is a challenge due to the extremely low content of aromatic DBPs and the complexity of sample matrices. In this study, a MIL-101(Cr)-NH2@TAPB-DVA-COF hybrid material was prepared as the enrichment medium of membrane solid-phase extraction (M-SPE) to efficiently determine trace emerging aromatic DBPs. This medium exhibited excellent enrichment capacity and selectivity for aromatic DBPs because of the strong hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions. An efficient analytical method for five aromatic DBPs in juice drinks was successfully established by use of this hybrid material as the enrichment medium for M-SPE in combination with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limits of detection of the established method were from 0.50 to 3.00 ng/L. Moreover, the method had been successfully used in real juice drinks to determine trace five aromatic DBPs with the spiked recoveries ranging from 84.1% to 125%. The method possessed high analytical sensitivity and accuracy for these five aromatic DBPs in juice drinks with the aid of the efficient M-SPE technology proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Wei
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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4
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Phelps D, Parkinson LV, Boucher JM, Muncke J, Geueke B. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Packaging: Migration, Toxicity, and Management Strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5670-5684. [PMID: 38501683 PMCID: PMC10993423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PFASs are linked to serious health and environmental concerns. Among their widespread applications, PFASs are known to be used in food packaging and directly contribute to human exposure. However, information about PFASs in food packaging is scattered. Therefore, we systematically map the evidence on PFASs detected in migrates and extracts of food contact materials and provide an overview of available hazard and biomonitoring data. Based on the FCCmigex database, 68 PFASs have been identified in various food contact materials, including paper, plastic, and coated metal, by targeted and untargeted analyses. 87% of these PFASs belong to the perfluorocarboxylic acids and fluorotelomer-based compounds. Trends in chain length demonstrate that long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids continue to be found, despite years of global efforts to reduce the use of these substances. We utilized ToxPi to illustrate that hazard data are available for only 57% of the PFASs that have been detected in food packaging. For those PFASs for which toxicity testing has been performed, many adverse outcomes have been reported. The data and knowledge gaps presented here support international proposals to restrict PFASs as a group, including their use in food contact materials, to protect human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake
W. Phelps
- Independent
Consultant, Raleigh, North Carolina 27617, United States
| | | | | | - Jane Muncke
- Food
Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food
Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Chen Y, Zhang X, Ma J, Gong J, A W, Huang X, Li P, Xie Z, Li G, Liao Q. All-in-one strategy to construct bifunctional covalent triazine-based frameworks for simultaneous extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polychlorinated naphthalenes in foods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133084. [PMID: 38039811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are of growing concern due to their toxic effects on the environment and human health. There is an urgent need for strategies to monitor and analyze the coexistence of PFASs and PCNs, especially in food samples at trace levels, to ensure food safety. Herein, a novel β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derived fluoro-functionalized covalent triazine-based frameworks named CD-F-CTF was firstly synthesized. This innovative framework effectively combines the porous nature of the covalent organic framework and the host-guest recognition property of β-CD enabling the simultaneous extraction of PFASs and PCNs. Under the optimal conditions, a simple and rapid method was developed to analyze PFASs and PCNs by solid-phase extraction (SPE) based simultaneous extraction and stepwise elution (SESE) strategy for the first time. When coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), this method achieved impressive detection limits for PFASs (0.020 -0.023 ng/g) and PCNs (0.016 -0.075 ng/g). Furthermore, the excellent performance was validated in food samples with recoveries of 76.7-107 % (for PFASs) and 78.0-108 % (for PCNs). This work not only provides a simple and rapid technique for simultaneous monitoring of PFASs and PCNs in food and environmental samples, but also introduces a new idea for the designing novel adsorbents with multiple recognition sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Juanqiong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Jing Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Wenwei A
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510623, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Pei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518106, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China.
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China.
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Lin J, Xie Z, Hu Y, Li G, Zhong Q. Flower-like calix[6]arene-based covalent organic framework for membrane extraction of sulfonamides in animal-derived food through host-guest interaction prior to determination with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464499. [PMID: 37983987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular macrocycle-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising adsorbents for adsorption of hazards due to their host-guest recognition property. However, most supramolecular macrocycles are conformationally flexible, making them challenging to introduce into COFs. In this work, a calix[6]arene-based COF (CX6-BD COF) was fabricated with a unique flower-like morphology and high crystallinity. Especially, the cavity of CX6 exhibited host-guest inclusion interaction for sulfonamides (SAs), which was verified by quantum chemistry calculation. The integration of the porosity of COFs with the recognition cavity of CX6 made CX6-BD COF display excellent enrichment performance for SAs, with good enrichment factors (EFs) between 77 and 96. The material was employed as an adsorbent for COF membrane filter extraction, coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to simultaneously enrich and determine seven SAs in animal-derived food. The analytical method showed a wide linear range (0.01-100 µg/L and 0.05-100 µg/L) and low detection limits (3-10 ng/L). The established method was successfully applied to sensitively determine SAs in chicken, pork and beef samples, which achieved satisfactory recoveries (73.8-113%). These results demonstrated CX6-BD COF has good application potential in determination of trace and ultra-trace SAs in complex food matrices as an adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Lin
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Zenghui Xie
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510656, China
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7
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Su R, Xiao X, Li G. Thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel/highly internal phase emulsion porous polymer tube tip solid-phase extraction for the determination of methylimidazoles in beverage. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464476. [PMID: 37924617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) thermosensitive hydrogel tube tip solid-phase extraction/ultra-high liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for analysis of methylimidazoles in beverages. Thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogel solid-phase extraction (SPE) medium was prepared on the surface of highly internal phase emulsion (HIPE) porous polymer by thermally initiated polymerization in a tube tip. The temperature sensitive SPE medium has the characteristics of high porosity and high specific surface area. When the temperature is higher than 30.0℃, it can well adsorb polar molecular, and could quickly desorb polar molecular when the temperature was less than 20.0℃. The tube tip SPE coupled with UPLC-MS/MS method was established for the determination of three polar molecules including 1-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole and 2-methylimidazole, with linear ranges of 2.50 - 240 μg/L, and detection limits of 1.20, 1.20 and 0.65 μg/L, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of three methylimidazoles in beverages with the spiked recoveries of 81.5%-115.5% and the RSD of 0.6%-5.0%, and the relative errors of the results with the national standard UPLC-MS/MS method were in the range of -8.5%-8.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihui Su
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaohua Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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8
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Cao S, Huang S, Yang C, Lian L, Ren M, Sun D. ZIF-67-modified magnetic nanoparticles for extraction of phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicides. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5483-5491. [PMID: 37840357 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01257c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Phenoxy carboxylic acid (PCA) herbicides are commonly used herbicides that can easily accumulate in soil, groundwater, crops, and vegetable surfaces. Thus, they pose a serious risk to human health. Accurate detection of trace amounts of PCAs in various matrixes is crucial. Herein, ZIF-67-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs, ZIF-67@Fe3O4) were prepared by growing ZIF-67 on the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs. The introduction of ZIF-67 improved the dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in water and enhanced their extraction performance for PCAs. When an eluent consisting of ammonia water and acetonitrile (5% : 95%; v/v) was employed, 10 mg of ZIF-67@Fe3O4 displayed optimal extraction performance for PCAs in a 20 mL sample solution at a pH of 3. We achieved a limit of detection ranging from 0.014 μg L-1 to 0.056 μg L-1 for four types of PCA herbicides by using the newly developed method. Notably, the values were considerably lower than the maximum concentration levels of PCAs in drinking water set by the Environmental Protection Agency. The relative recovery rate of PCAs using ZIF-67@Fe3O4 ranged from 83.75% to 117.07% when applied to river water and apple samples. These results demonstrate the great potential of ZIF-67@Fe3O4 in determining the residues of organic pesticides in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Cao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China.
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Vocational & Technical Institute of Industry, Guangxi, China
| | - Chudi Yang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China.
| | - Lili Lian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Vocational & Technical Institute of Industry, Guangxi, China
| | - Minhong Ren
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Vocational & Technical Institute of Industry, Guangxi, China
| | - Dazhi Sun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China.
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9
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Xie Z, Hu Y, Lin J, Li G, Zhong Q. Calix[4]arene-based covalent organic frameworks with host-guest recognition for selective adsorption of six per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in food followed by UHPLC-MS/MS detection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132198. [PMID: 37541121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term ingestion or exposure to food contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may cause potential harm to human health. Due to the low contents of PFASs in complex food matrices, it is of great significance to develop adsorbents with excellent properties to enrich PFASs before analysis. Herein, calix[4]arene (CX4) was used as building block to prepare ordered crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The perfect combination of the host-guest recognition ability of CX4 and the porosity of COFs makes the CX4-COFs selective and high adsorption capacity for linear molecular PFASs (261-1055 mg/g). The adsorption behavior and mechanism were verified by isotherm adsorption experiments and simulation calculations. The CX4-COFs were then used as adsorbents for membrane solid-phase extraction (M-SPE), combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to determine PFASs in food. The method has low detection limits (0.11-0.28 ng/kg) and good precision (1.3%-9.8%), and has been successfully applied to the simultaneous enrichment and determination of six PFASs in fish, shrimp and shellfish. Satisfactory recoveries (79.9%-118%) were obtained. This study provides a new strategy for preparing CX4-COFs containing macrocyclic molecules with different morphologies and expands the application of COFs as attractive enrichment media for sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Xie
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiana Lin
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510656, China
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10
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Ma J, Zhang X, Huang X, Gong J, Xie Z, Li P, Chen Y, Liao Q. Advanced porous organic materials for sample preparation in pharmaceutical analysis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300205. [PMID: 37525342 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel sample preparation media plays a crucial role in pharmaceutical analysis. To facilitate the extraction and enrichment of pharmaceutical molecules in complex samples, various functionalized materials have been developed and prepared as adsorbents. Recently, some functionalized porous organic materials have become adsorbents for pharmaceutical analysis due to their unique properties of adsorption and recognition. These advanced porous organic materials, combined with consequent analytical techniques, have been successfully used for pharmaceutical analysis in complex samples such as environmental and biological samples. This review encapsulates the progress of advanced porous materials for pharmaceutical analysis including pesticides, antibiotics, chiral drugs, and other compounds in the past decade. In addition, we also address the limitations and future trends of these porous organic materials in pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanqiong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Yin H, Zhen Z, Ning W, Zhang L, Xiang Y, Ye N. Three-dimensional fluorinated covalent organic frameworks coated capillary for the separation of fluoroquinolones by capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464234. [PMID: 37523908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a three-dimensional fluorinated covalent organic frameworks (3D FCOFs) JUC-515 was synthesized from tetra(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAM) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalol (TFA) by an ionic liquid method. JUC-515 was introduced into the capillary column and bonded to the inner wall of the capillary column by chemical bonding. Through a variety of characterization results, JUC-515 was successfully synthesized and introduced into the capillary column. The effects of buffer solution concentration, organic additive content and pH of the buffer solution on the separation of fluoroquinolones (FQs) were investigated in detail. The JUC-515-coated capillary column showed good resolution (>1.5) and reproducibility. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention time for intraday, interday, column-to-column and interbatch precision were less than 0.88%, 2.45%, 2.74% and 3.32%, respectively. The RSDs of the peak area for intraday, interday, column-to-column and interbatch precision were less than 3.79%, 4.31%, 3.33% and 5.62%, respectively. The JUC-515-coated capillary column could be used no less than 150 times. The results showed that the JUC-515-coated capillary column had good separation performance. In addition, by separating fluorinated β-phenylalanine analogs, β-phenylalanine and trifluoromethyl β-phenylalanine analogs, the separation mechanism based on fluorine interactions was discussed. In conclusion, JUC-515 had good potential as a stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Ziyi Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Weijie Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Yuhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
| | - Nengsheng Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
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12
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Ning Y, Xu Y, Bao J, Wang W, Wang AJ. β-cyclodextrin-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide for the efficient enrichment of bisphenols in milk and milk packaging. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463854. [PMID: 36780847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, β-cyclodextrin-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide (NiFe2O4@GO@β-CD) was synthesized and employed as magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the extraction of bisphenols before high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The modification of β-cyclodextrin could enhance the adsorption performance of NiFe2O4@GO@β-CD towards bisphenols through the host-guest interaction and hydrogen-bond interaction. Under the optimal conditions, good linearities between peak area and concentration of bisphenols (1 - 300 μg L-1, r ≥ 0.9989) were obtained with the limits of detection (S/N = 3) in the range of 0.050 - 0.10 μg L-1. The recoveries of bisphenols in milk and milk packaging ranged from 78.0% to 101.6%. Moreover, NiFe2O4@GO@β-CD showed stable chemical properties and good reusability with the recoveries of bisphenols remained above 80.0% after 12 MSPE cycles. The adsorption characteristics of NiFe2O4@GO@β-CD towards bisphenols fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model. The hydrogen-bond interaction, π-π interaction, host-guest interaction and electrostatic interaction between sorbent and bisphenols played important role during the adsorption process. The developed method showed potential applications for the analysis of trace bisphenols in milk and milk packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ning
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jingyi Bao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ai-Jun Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Lin J, Ouyang X, Hu Y, Li G, Zhong Q. Primary amide-functionalized cyclotricatechylene covalent organic frameworks membrane for efficient enrichment of melamine and its derivatives in migration solution of food contact materials. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e202200862. [PMID: 36680331 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A highly chemically stable primary amide-functionalized cyclotricatechylene covalent organic framework was synthesized by an irreversible reaction and a post-synthetic modification. It possessed a rod-like morphology and exhibited strong solvent stability owing to the polyether bonds. The material showed good adsorption performance for melamine and its derivatives and adsorption mechanism was investigated by molecular simulations. The adsorbent was coated on the nylon-66 membrane to prepare the enrichment membrane. Under optimized conditions, an in-syringe membrane-based extraction method, combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the analysis of melamine and six melamine derivatives in the migration solution. A good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9924 to 0.9995. The limits of detection were 1-200 ng/L and the limits of quantification were 3-500 ng/L. This method was successfully applied to the migration solution of sushi bamboo rolling mats with spiked recoveries of 73.2%-115% and relative standard deviations of 0.9%-9.9%. This work shows a practical and perspective approach for the efficient enrichment of food contact material hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Lin
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu Ltd, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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14
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Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes and Their Application in Food Safety Analysis: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233871. [PMID: 36496679 PMCID: PMC9736450 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety issues are a major threat to public health and have attracted much attention. Therefore, exploring accurate, efficient, sensitive, and economical detection methods is necessary to ensure consumers' health. In this regard, cyclodextrins (CDs) are promising candidates because they are nontoxic and noncaloric. The main body of CDs is a ring structure with hydrophobic cavity and hydrophilic exterior wall. Due to the above characteristics, CDs can encapsulate small guest molecules into their cavities, enhance their stability, avoid agglomeration and oxidation, and, at the same time, interact through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Additionally, they can selectively capture the target molecules to be detected and improve the sensitivity of food detection. This review highlights recent advances in CD inclusion technology in food safety analysis, covering various applications from small molecule and heavy metal sensing to amino acid and microbial sensing. Finally, challenges and prospects for CDs and their derivatives are presented. The current review can provide a reference and guidance for current research on CDs in the food industry and may inspire breakthroughs in this field.
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Li WB, Cheng YZ, Yang DH, Liu YW, Han BH. Fluorine-Containing Covalent Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Application. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022:e2200778. [PMID: 36404104 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a type of crystalline porous polymers that possess ordered structures and eternal pores. Because of their unique structural characteristics and diverse functional groups, COFs have been used in various application fields, such as adsorption, catalysis, separation, ion conduction, and energy storage. Among COFs, the fluorine-containing COFs (fCOFs) have been developed for special applications by virtue of special physical and chemical properties resulting from fluorine element, which is a nonmetallic halogen element and possesses strong electronegativity. In the organic chemistry field, introducing fluorine into chemicals enables those chemicals to exhibit many interesting properties, and fluorine chemistry increasingly plays an important role in the history of chemical development. The introduction of fluorine in COFs can enhance the crystallinity, porosity, and stability of COFs, making COFs having superior performances and some new applications. In this review, the synthesis and application of fCOFs are systematically summarized. The application involves photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide, photocatalytic water splitting, electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, adsorption for different substances (H2 , pesticides, per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, bisphenols, and positively charged organic dye molecules), oil-water separation, energy storage (e.g., zinc-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries), and proton conduction. Perspectives of remaining challenges and possible directions for fCOFs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Hebei Province, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuan-Zhe Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong-Hui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yu-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Hebei Province, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Bao-Hang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Tan W, Zhu L, Tian L, Zhang H, Peng R, Chen K, Zhao S, Ye F. Preparation of cationic hierarchical porous covalent organic frameworks for rapid and effective enrichment of perfluorinated substances in dairy products. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463188. [PMID: 35667218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated substances (PFASs) are harmful pollutants that have environmental persistence and high bioaccumulation. Effective sample pretreatment must be performed to detect trace or even ultra-trace PFASs in actual samples because of their extremely low contents in complex samples. In this study, a cationic hierarchical porous covalent organic frameworks (C-H-COF) were customized via a template-assisted strategy using polystyrene spheres (PS) as sacrificial materials and a post-synthetic modification method. C-H-COF showed good adsorption selectivity for PFASs owing to the dual effects of the full utilization of the internal adsorption sites and electrostatic interaction. The key role of electrostatic attraction in the extraction of PFASs using C-H-COF was further proven by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The maximum adsorption capacity of the C-H-COF for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was 400 mg·g⁻1, which was superior to that of microporous COFs (M-COF) and hierarchical porous COFs without cationic functionalization (H-COF). Accordingly, an analytical method for sensitively detecting five PFASs was established by employing C-H-COF as a dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) adsorbent combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the limits of detection were 0.011‒0.29 ng·L⁻1. Moreover, the hierarchical porous structure of the C-H-COF accelerated the mass transfer of analytes so that the extraction process could be completed within 10 min. This method was employed to analyze PFASs in dairy products, in which the ultra-trace levels of analytes were quickly determined with spiked recoveries of 80.1‒112.6%. This work not only provides a rational synthetic strategy for novel ionic hierarchical porous COFs but also helps to expand the application of COFs in sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Liuzhou Institute of Technology, Liuzhou 545616, PR China
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, PR China
| | - Longfei Tian
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, PR China
| | - Rongfei Peng
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, PR China
| | - Kuncai Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, PR China.
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Fanggui Ye
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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Magnetic graphene oxide−based covalent organic frameworks as novel adsorbent for extraction and separation of triazine herbicides from fruit and vegetable samples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1219:339984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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