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Wu X, Wang Y, He C, Wu B, Zhang T, Sun J. Several Feature Extraction Methods Combined with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Identifying the Geographical Origins of Milk. Foods 2024; 13:1783. [PMID: 38891010 PMCID: PMC11172198 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk is a kind of dairy product with high nutritive value. Tracing the origin of milk can uphold the interests of consumers as well as the stability of the dairy market. In this study, a fuzzy direct linear discriminant analysis (FDLDA) is proposed to extract the near-infrared spectral information of milk by combining fuzzy set theory with direct linear discriminant analysis (DLDA). First, spectral data of the milk samples were collected by a portable NIR spectrometer. Then, the data were preprocessed by Savitzky-Golay (SG) and standard normal variables (SNV) to reduce noise, and the dimensionality of the spectral data was decreased by principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), DLDA, and FDLDA were employed to transform the spectral data into feature space. Finally, the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier, extreme learning machine (ELM) and naïve Bayes classifier were used for classification. The results of the study showed that the classification accuracy of FDLDA was higher than DLDA when the KNN classifier was used. The highest recognition accuracy of FDLDA, DLDA, and LDA could reach 97.33%, 94.67%, and 94.67%. The classification accuracy of FDLDA was also higher than DLDA when using ELM and naïve Bayes classifiers, but the highest recognition accuracy was 88.24% and 92.00%, respectively. Therefore, the KNN classifier outperformed the ELM and naïve Bayes classifiers. This study demonstrated that combining FDLDA, DLDA, and LDA with NIR spectroscopy as an effective method for determining the origin of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (C.H.); (T.Z.); (J.S.)
- High-Tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (C.H.); (T.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Chengyu He
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (C.H.); (T.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Information Engineering, Chuzhou Polytechnic, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Tingfei Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (C.H.); (T.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jun Sun
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (C.H.); (T.Z.); (J.S.)
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de León-Solis C, Casasola V, Monterroso T. Metabolomics as a tool for geographic origin assessment of roasted and green coffee beans. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21402. [PMID: 38028010 PMCID: PMC10651463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee is widely consumed across the globe. The most sought out varieties are Arabica and Robusta which differ significantly in their aroma and taste. Furthermore, varieties cultivated in different regions are perceived to have distinct characteristics encouraging some producers to adopt the denomination of origin label. These differences arise from variations on metabolite content related to edaphoclimatic conditions and post-harvest management among other factors. Although sensory analysis is still standard for coffee brews, instrumental analysis of the roasted and green beans to assess the quality of the final product has been encouraged. Metabolomic profiling has risen as a promising approach not only for quality purposes but also for geographic origin assignment. Many techniques can be applied for sample analysis: chromatography, mass spectrometry, and NMR have been explored. The data collected is further sorted by multivariate analysis to identify similar characteristics among the samples, reduce dimensionality and/or even propose a model for predictive purposes. This review focuses on the evolution of metabolomic profiling for the geographic origin assessment of roasted and green coffee beans in the last 21 years, the techniques that are usually applied for sample analysis and also the most common approaches for the multivariate analysis of the collected data. The prospect of applying a wide range of analytical techniques is becoming an unbiased approach to determine the origin of different roasted and green coffee beans samples with great correlation. Predictive models worked accurately for the geographic assignment of unknown samples once the variety was known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia de León-Solis
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Biológicas, Biomédicas y Biofísicas, Mariano Gálvez University, 3 Avenida 9-00 zona 2, 01002, Interior Finca El Zapote, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Victoria Casasola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Biológicas, Biomédicas y Biofísicas, Mariano Gálvez University, 3 Avenida 9-00 zona 2, 01002, Interior Finca El Zapote, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Tania Monterroso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Biológicas, Biomédicas y Biofísicas, Mariano Gálvez University, 3 Avenida 9-00 zona 2, 01002, Interior Finca El Zapote, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
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El Maouardi M, Alaoui Mansouri M, De Braekeleer K, Bouklouze A, Vander Heyden Y. Evaluation of Multivariate Filters on Vibrational Spectroscopic Fingerprints for the PLS-DA and SIMCA Classification of Argan Oils from Four Moroccan Regions. Molecules 2023; 28:5698. [PMID: 37570667 PMCID: PMC10419999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an analytical method to determine the geographical origin of Moroccan Argan oil through near-infrared (NIR) or mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic fingerprints. However, the classification may be problematic due to the spectral similarity of the components in the samples. Therefore, unsupervised and supervised classification methods-including principal component analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA)-were evaluated to distinguish between Argan oils from four regions. The spectra of 93 samples were acquired and preprocessed using both standard preprocessing methods and multivariate filters, such as External Parameter Orthogonalization, Generalized Least Squares Weighting and Orthogonal Signal Correction, to improve the models. Their accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and selectivity were used to evaluate the performance of the models. SIMCA and PLS-DA models generated after standard preprocessing failed to correctly classify all samples. However, successful models were produced after using multivariate filters. The NIR and MIR classification models show an equivalent accuracy. The PLS-DA models outperformed the SIMCA with 100% accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and precision. In conclusion, the studied multivariate filters are applicable on the spectroscopic fingerprints to geographically identify the Argan oils in routine monitoring, significantly reducing analysis costs and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryeme El Maouardi
- Biopharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat 10100, Morocco; (M.E.M.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kris De Braekeleer
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis & Drug Discovery Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Libre Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Abdelaziz Bouklouze
- Biopharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat 10100, Morocco; (M.E.M.)
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Liu M, Xiao W, Zhang H, Sun G. Quality control strategies of medicine food homology materials based on fingerprint profiling and chemometrics: Citri Reticulata Pericarpium as an example. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121968. [PMID: 36257215 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to provide a reliable and feasible strategy for the comprehensive quality control of medicine food homology materials (MFHM). The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints and Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) quantized fingerprints were successfully developed to comprehensively evaluate overall quality of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium (CRP) by applying comprehensive quantified fingerprint method (CQFM). All samples were well distinguished and divided into 5 grades. In addition, through principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the identification ability of HPLC fingerprints and FT-MIR fingerprints on CRP with different storage years was discussed. The results showed that HPLC fingerprints combined with PCA had good discrimination ability, and the PLS-DA model established by the preprocessed FT-MIR fingerprint data could accurately distinguish and predict the storage period of CRP. Finally, based on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) scavenging assay, combined with bivariate correlation analysis, the fingerprint-activity relationship of offline antioxidant activity of CRP samples with the fingerprints peak were studied. In general, the comprehensive strategies provide a reliable and scientific reference scheme for the quality control of MFHM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Wanzhen Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Editorial: special issue machine learning and other tools for data handling in chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1684:463579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mourjane A, Hanine H, El Adnany EM, Ouhammou M, Hidar N, Nabil B, Boumendjel A, Bitar K, Mahrouz M. Energetic Bio-Activation of Some Organic Molecules and Their Antioxidant Activity in the Pulp of the Moroccan Argan Tree «Argania spinosa L. ». Molecules 2022; 27:3329. [PMID: 35630807 PMCID: PMC9144852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Argania spinosa L. Skeels is an emblematic tree in Morocco, known worldwide for its medicinal and nutritional value. Its fruits contain kernels used to prepare an edible oil, the leaves are used to feed livestock, and its wood is used as fuel. If the oil acquires high importance, the other components of the fruit of the argan are undervalued. Our objective is to invest the waste of the argan industry. Particularly, our study aimed to assess the effect of thermal activation of argan pulp on its therapeutic value, its phenolic profile and its functional and physicochemical properties. After heat treatment, the HPLC analysis for the average total phenolic content varied from 2% to 37%, depending on temperature. The antioxidant activity was increased with heat treatment. Higher values of antioxidant activity, polyphenol and pigment content were recorded at 70 °C. Functional properties analysis indicated that water solubility index and water absorption capacity were significantly affected by heat stress. Physicochemical analysis showed that moisture content, titratable acidity and soluble solids were affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Mourjane
- Laboratory of Bioprocesses and Bio Interfaces, FST Beni Mellal, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mella 23000, Morocco; (A.M.); (H.H.)
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Hafida Hanine
- Laboratory of Bioprocesses and Bio Interfaces, FST Beni Mellal, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mella 23000, Morocco; (A.M.); (H.H.)
| | - El Mustapha El Adnany
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mourad Ouhammou
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Nadia Hidar
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Bouchra Nabil
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Fkih Ben Saleh, Beni Mella 23000, Morocco;
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Laboratoire Radiopharmaceutiques Biocliniques (LRB), INSERM U1039, Faculté de Médecine La Tronche, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Khalid Bitar
- IRCOS Laboratory, ZI Al-Massar, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco;
| | - Mostafa Mahrouz
- Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.A.); (M.O.); (N.H.); (M.M.)
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