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Ge D, Yang J, Yu Z, Lu J, Chen Y, Jin Y, Ke Y, Fu Q, Liang X. Synthesis and evaluation of aromatic stationary phases based on linear solvation energy relationship model for expanded application in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464640. [PMID: 38219626 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, the separation application based on aromatic stationary phases has been demonstrated in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). In this paper, four aromatic stationary phases involving aniline (S-aniline), 1-aminonaphthalene (S-1-ami-naph), 1-aminoanthracene (S-1-ami-anth) and 1-aminopyrene (S-1-ami-py) were synthesized based on full porous particles (FPP) silica, which were not end-capped for providing extra electrostatic interaction. Retention mechanism of these phases in SFC was investigated using a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) model. The aromatic stationary phases with five positive parameters (a, b, s, e and d+) can provide hydrogen bonding, π-π, dipole-dipole and cation exchange interactions, which belong to the moderate polar phases. The LSER results obtained using routine test solutes demonstrated that the aforementioned interactions of four aromatic stationary phases were influenced by the type and bonding density of the ligand, but to a certain extent. Furthermore, the LSER data verified that the S-1-ami-anth column based on full porous particles silica had higher cation exchange capacity (d+ value), compared to the commercialized 1-AA column (based on the ethylene-bridged hybrid particles). The relationship between the d+ value and SFC additive was quantitatively proved so as to regulate electrostatic interaction reasonably. This value was greatly increased by phosphoric acid, slightly increased by trifluoroacetic acid and formic acid, but significantly reduced by ammonium formate and diethylamine. Taking the S-1-ami-naph column as an example, better peek shape of the flavonoids was obtained after the addition of 0.1 % phosphoric acid in MeOH while isoquinoline alkaloids were eluted successfully within 11 min after adding 0.1 % diethylamine in MeOH. Combined with the unique π-π interaction and controllable electrostatic interaction, the aromatic stationary phases in this study have been proven to have expandable application potential in SFC separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zimo Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jiahao Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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Sun Y, Xu Y, Sun Z, Wang C, Wei Y. Effect of stereoconfiguration of aromatic ligands on retention and selectivity of terphenyl isomer-bonded stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1698:464005. [PMID: 37087855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The structure of ligands has a significant influence on the separation properties of alkyl and aromatic phases in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Compared with alkyl phases, the effect of stereoconfiguration of aromatic ligands on the retention and selectivity of stationary phases has rarely been addressed. To illustrate the issue, three terphenyl isomer-bonded stationary phases were prepared via the coupling chemistry of isocyanate with terphenyl amine isomers, 3,4-diphenylaniline, 2,4-diphenylaniline and 4-amino-p-terphenyl, respectively. The retention behaviors of stationary phases were assessed in terms of retention strength, selectivity, hydrophobic and π-π interaction by five kinds of solutes. It is found that the selectivity towards the solutes is slightly larger on the branched m-terphenyl-bonded phase (m-π3) than o-terphenyl-bonded phase (o-π3) but is significantly improved on the chain p-terphenyl-bonded phase (p-π3). The results can be interpreted by the ease self-adjustment of the conformation of the chain p-terphenyl ligand and the smaller steric effect of p-π3 towards the insertion of solutes into the ligand brushes. In addition, the p-π3 yields excellent selective separation towards aromatic solutes. These findings are of significance in the design of aromatic stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yidong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Zhi'an Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yinmao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
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Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Zhong H, Han H, Qiu H. p-Terphenyl-based rigid stationary phases with embedded polar groups for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463782. [PMID: 36638689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Terphenyls are important building blocks for a wide range of functional molecules. Among the three isomers, p-terphenyl (C18H14) is particularly useful for the construction of optical devices on account of its unique structure. Herein, two rigid stationary phases bearing p-terphenyl as an external moiety and variable embedded carbamate groups (p-TerC with one embedded carbamate group and p-TerC2 with two embedded carbamate group) were presented. The proposed stationary phases were characterized by various means and evaluated in reversed-phase (RP) mode, using different classes of analytes, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylbenzenes, 4-alkylbiphenyls, substituted ureas, sulfonylureas, substituted sulfanilamides and aromatic acids. The comparison with conventional C18, several other polar-embedded aromatic and C18 equivalents indicated p-terphenyl-based stationary phases were featured by multiple retention mechanisms, involving π-π interaction, charge-transfer interaction, hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interaction in RP mode. A unusually high specificity to the analytes with linear structures was observed, as exemplified by an irreversible adsorption of tetracene and a readily separation of tetraphene and chrysene. The aliphatic linker used in the proposed stationary phases was an influential factor for retentivity, selectivity and column efficiency. Interestingly, p-TerC2 was operable in normal-phase mode for the separation of certain PAHs through polar-related interactions. The linear, rigid polyphenyl structure of p-terphenyl endowed the new stationary phase with distinctive chromatographic properties, in contrast to those of the preceding counterparts bonded with alkyl and/or polynuclear aromatic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhang
- Jiangsu Hanbon Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Huai'an 223000, China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223000, China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shouyong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223000, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223000, China
| | - Haifeng Han
- Jiangsu Hanbon Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Huai'an 223000, China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Li S, Li Y, Fan X, Ma Y, Ji W, Li D, Sun Y. Dendritic organic molecular gel coating with molecular shape selectivity and its application in selective separation by liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:8263-8276. [PMID: 36201045 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic organic molecular gels are a promising class of three-dimensional network compounds. Here, we have synthesized a new type of dendritic organic molecular gel stationary phase (SiO2-G3) by using benzyl alcohol as raw material and dimethyl 5-hydroxyisophthalate as growth unit to synthesize a third-generation organic molecular gel G3, which grafted onto the silica surface by cyanogen chloride (CC). The developed stationary phase not only exhibits high molecular shape selectivity but also has a RPLC/HILIC/IEC mixed-mode characteristic for HPLC due to the ordered structure, the multiple strong π-π stacking interactions and the introduction of a hydrophilic triazine fraction during the grafting process. Compared with a commercial C18 column, the developed column exhibited flexible selectivity, enhanced separation performance and excellent separation of monosubstituted benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), positional isomers, nucleosides and nucleobases, benzoic acid and aniline compounds. In addition, the new column provided baseline separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants in Yellow River water, verifying its potential for application in the analysis of real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorong Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China. .,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Xu Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Wenxin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Dianjun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yonggang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
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