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Li Z, Liao Z, Ding X, Hu J, Chen Z. Facile room-temperature synthesis of a spherical mesoporous covalent organic framework for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464626. [PMID: 38232637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a spherical covalent organic framework COF TAPB-DMTP was facilely synthesized from 2,5-dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde (DMTP) and 1,3,5-tri-(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) as monomers. COF TAPB-DMTP with regular mesoporous and excellent mass transfer ability was first introduced into the capillary and immobilized on the inner wall of the capillary through a simple in situ growth method. Through various characterization results, COF TAPB-DMTP was successfully prepared and modified onto the capillary inner wall. The separation performance and potential of COF TAPB-DMTP modified capillary column was explored. The new developed COF modified column achieved a highly efficiency and selective separation between analytes with different properties, including halogeno benzenes, alkylbenzenes, phenols and sulfonamides. Satisfactory stability and reproducibility were observed on COF TAPB-DMTP modified columns. The intraday, interday and three batch columns relative standard deviations were all less than 1.85 % for the retention time. The separation performance of prepared column has no significant change after 90 continuous runs. Additionally, the COF TAPB-DMTP modified capillary column was successfully used for separation and detection of triazole antifungal drugs in human plasma, and the recoveries of three antifungal drugs (fluconazole, isavuconazole and posaconazole) in spiked samples were in the range of 98.6-100.8 %, 92.4-102.1 % and 99.9-107.5 %, respectively. This self-made column showed excellent application potential in chromatography separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzheng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoru Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zilin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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Niu X, Qi S, Sun J, Zhu A, Wang F, Wu M, Lv W, Chen H. In situ growth of imine-based covalent organic framework as stationary phase for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic separation. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300686. [PMID: 38286732 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Designing advanced stationary phases to improve separation efficiency is essential in capillary electrochromatography. Due to their outstanding performance, covalent organic frameworks have recently demonstrated considerable promise in the field of separation science. Herein, an open-tubular capillary electrochromatography method was reported using porous imine-based covalent organic framework with sufficiently available interaction sites as stationary phase. The imine-based covalent organic framework coated capillary was easily prepared via an in situ growth method at room temperature, and its separation performance was evaluated, indicating the high separation efficiency for three types of analytes, including herbicides, polybrominated dibenzofurans, and bisphenols. Moreover, the imine-based covalent organic framework coated capillary showed good reproducibility and stability, with intraday (n = 3), interday (n = 3), and column-to-column (n = 3) relative standard deviations of retention time and peak areas of less than 5%. The separation efficiency of the coated capillary remained unchanged even after 200 runs and the maximum theoretical plates reached up to 85 595 N/m for 4,4'-ethylidenebisphenol. It was predicted that the imine-based covalent organic framework stationary phase would be a strong contender for chromatographic separation with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengda Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ailing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fangling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mingfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Fanali C, Della Posta S, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B, Fanali S. Recent developments in electromigration techniques related to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115647. [PMID: 37625282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of pharmaceutical compounds is an important research topic as the use of different drugs affects people's daily life for the treatment of diseases. In addition to the widespread use of the internet, counterfeit drugs have appeared in the market. The development of modern analytical techniques, reliable, precise, sensitive, and rapid methods, has provided powerful means of analysis used in various fields such as drug production, quality control, determination of impurities and/or metabolites, biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, etc. Analytical techniques so far used in the pharmaceutical analysis include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), super/sub-critical fluid chromatography (SFC), and capillary electromigration techniques such as capillary electrophoresis (CE) and rather rarely capillary electrochromatography (CEC). CE has some advantages over other techniques, e.g., very high efficiency, reduced costs (use of minute volumes of solvents and samples), the possibility to use different separation mechanisms, etc. In this review paper, the main features and limitations of the capillary electromigration techniques (especially CE) are discussed. Some selected applications of CE to the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds published in the period 2021-2023 (May) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Susanna Della Posta
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Scientific Board of the Ph.D. School in Nanosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Yin H, Zhen Z, Ning W, Zhang L, Xiang Y, Ye N. Three-dimensional fluorinated covalent organic frameworks coated capillary for the separation of fluoroquinolones by capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464234. [PMID: 37523908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a three-dimensional fluorinated covalent organic frameworks (3D FCOFs) JUC-515 was synthesized from tetra(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAM) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalol (TFA) by an ionic liquid method. JUC-515 was introduced into the capillary column and bonded to the inner wall of the capillary column by chemical bonding. Through a variety of characterization results, JUC-515 was successfully synthesized and introduced into the capillary column. The effects of buffer solution concentration, organic additive content and pH of the buffer solution on the separation of fluoroquinolones (FQs) were investigated in detail. The JUC-515-coated capillary column showed good resolution (>1.5) and reproducibility. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention time for intraday, interday, column-to-column and interbatch precision were less than 0.88%, 2.45%, 2.74% and 3.32%, respectively. The RSDs of the peak area for intraday, interday, column-to-column and interbatch precision were less than 3.79%, 4.31%, 3.33% and 5.62%, respectively. The JUC-515-coated capillary column could be used no less than 150 times. The results showed that the JUC-515-coated capillary column had good separation performance. In addition, by separating fluorinated β-phenylalanine analogs, β-phenylalanine and trifluoromethyl β-phenylalanine analogs, the separation mechanism based on fluorine interactions was discussed. In conclusion, JUC-515 had good potential as a stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Ziyi Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Weijie Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Yuhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
| | - Nengsheng Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
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