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Singh H, Padmaja M, Thomas AM, Panwar H, Nasrul SI, Jyoti, Singh NK. Molecular Survey of Tick-Borne Haemoparasites of Dogs by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction from Punjab, India. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-024-00856-5. [PMID: 39150582 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tick-transmitted parasites as Babesia gibsoni, Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, and Hepatozoon canis are major health concern for dogs. Owing to prevalence and infection severity, there is need of sensitive, specific, and affordable test for their simultaneous detection. METHODS Prevalence of B. gibsoni, B. vogeli, E. canis, and H. canis infections was assessed on 719 blood samples by microscopy and multiplex PCR assay targeting 18S rRNA (B. gibsoni & H. canis), ITS1 & 5.8S rRNA (B. vogeli) and VirB9 gene (E. canis). An internal control (canine-actin) was also included to increase the accuracy of assay and effect of associated risk factors with disease prevalence was also studied. RESULTS Microscopic prevalence of B. gibsoni, B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis was 5.0%, 0.1%, 1.4% and 1.0%, respectively, whereas with multiplex PCR assay, the corresponding values were 8.9%, 1.1%, 2.6% and 5.1% besides concurrent infections of B. gibsoni & H. canis (0.4%), B. gibsoni & E. canis (0.4%), E. canis & H. canis (0.3%) and B. gibsoni & B. vogeli (0.1%). Analytical sensitivity of developed assay was 0.1pg (B. gibsoni & H. canis), 0.01pg (B. vogeli), and 1.0pg (E. canis). A ″fair″ (B. vogeli & H. canis) to ″substantial″ (B. gibsoni & E. canis) agreement between two tests was observed with data as statistically significant. Breed, sex and location were significantly associated with B. gibsoni infection. CONCLUSION The developed multiplex PCR assay offers a potential solution to detect these pathogens simultaneously, aiding in timely diagnosis and effective disease management in suspected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkirat Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana,, Punjab, India.
| | - M Padmaja
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana,, Punjab, India
| | - Aparna M Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana,, Punjab, India
| | - Harsh Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy & Food Science Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana,, Punjab, India
| | - Shaikh I Nasrul
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana,, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana,, Punjab, India
| | - Nirbhay K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana,, Punjab, India
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Sumbria D, Sudan V, Kour R. Prevalence of haemoparasites infection in diseased bovine and canine of Bhatinda district of Punjab, India. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:301-307. [PMID: 38840882 PMCID: PMC11147974 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by tick-borne haemoparasites pose a significant global threat to both human and animal health. Within this category, various haemoparasites species belonging to genera like Anaplasma sp., Babesia sp., Ehrlichia sp., Hepatozoon sp., and Theileria sp., are particularly concerning due to their ability to cause diseases in a wide range of hosts, including mammals, birds, and reptiles. The present cross-sectional study involving 580 animals provides annual insights into the prevalence of major haemoparasites infections in the Bathinda region of Punjab. The observed trends indicate that haemoparasites infections were most common in cattle, followed by buffalo and canines. Risk factor analysis revealed that crossbreed cattle were more susceptible to infection, with a prevalence of 35.73% (95% CI 4.28-45.17). Amongst the cattle, adults exhibited a higher vulnerability to haemoparasites infections, with a prevalence of 35.89% (95% CI 5.50-33.64). Conversely, companion animals showed the opposite pattern, with a prevalence of 18.18% (95% CI 9.11-169.27). Furthermore, female dogs had a higher risk of haemoparasites infection, with a prevalence of 16.28% (95% CI 8.36-218.7). In light of these findings, it is imperative to emphasize early diagnosis, prompt antiprotozoals drug treatment, and effective control of tick vectors for the successful recovery of animals afflicted by haemoparasites infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sumbria
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Punjab 151103 India
| | - Vikrant Sudan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Punjab 151103 India
| | - Rabjot Kour
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Punjab 151103 India
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Development and validation of multiplex SYBR Green real-time PCR assays for detection and molecular surveillance of four tick-borne canine haemoparasites. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Duplex real-time PCR methods for molecular detection and characterization of canine tick-borne haemoparasites from Punjab state, India. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4451-4459. [PMID: 35230588 PMCID: PMC8886702 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Microscopy is a routinely used technique for the diagnosis of canine tick-borne haemoparasitic diseases in various clinical laboratories worldwide. In an attempt to provide better diagnostic assay to the clients for effective management of these diseases duplex real-time PCR assays were applied. Methods and results Blood samples (n = 338) aseptically collected from suspected dogs of Central Plain Zone of Punjab state, India were subjected to SYBR Green based real-time duplex PCR assays for simultaneous detection of B. vogeli & E. canis and B. gibsoni & H. canis. Results revealed an overall prevalence rate of canine tick-borne haemoparasites as 54.1%, amongst which H. canis was the predominant (25.4%), followed by B. gibsoni (16.3%), E. canis (10.7%) and B. vogeli (1.8%). Sensitivity and specificity of the duplex assays ranged from 59.04 to 100.0% and 58.12 to 92.52%, respectively and their strength of agreement was ″fair″ with kappa value statistics. A significant (p < 0.05) association between prevalence of B. gibsoni, H. canis and E. canis infection with risk factors like sex, breed, season and location was recorded. The ancestral background of the field isolates of haemoparasites was also studied by phylogenetic analysis of their nucleotide sequences. Conclusions SYBR Green dye based duplex real-time PCR assays proved to be highly sensitive, specific, rapid and affordable diagnostic tests for use by clinicians to save the life of pets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-022-07286-4.
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An innovative and user-friendly smartphone-assisted molecular diagnostic approach for rapid detection of canine vector-borne diseases. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1799-1809. [PMID: 33649963 PMCID: PMC7920752 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Present-day diagnostic tools and technologies for canine diseases and other vector-borne parasitic diseases hardly meet the requirements of an efficient and rapid diagnostic tool, which can be suitable for use at the point-of-care in resource-limited settings. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique has been always a method of choice in the development and validation of quick, precise, and sensitive diagnostic assays for pathogen detection and to reorganize point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnostics. In this study, we have demonstrated an efficient detection system for parasitic vector-borne pathogens like Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis by linking the LAMP assay to a smartphone via a simple, inexpensive, and a portable “LAMP box,” All the components of the LAMP box were connected to each other wirelessly. This LAMP box was made up of an isothermal heating pad mounted below an aluminum base which served as a platform for the reaction tubes and LAMP assay. The entire setup could be connected to a smartphone via an inbuilt Wi-Fi that allowed the user to establish the connection to control the LAMP box. A 5 V USB power source was used as a power supply. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was estimated to be up to 10−6 dilution limit using the amplified, purified, and quantified specific DNA templates. It can also serve as an efficient diagnostic platform for many other veterinary infectious or parasitic diseases of zoonotic origin majorly towards field-based diagnostics.
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Kaur N, Singh H, Sharma P, Singh NK, Kashyap N, Singh NK. Development and application of multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis in dogs. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105713. [PMID: 32949487 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR assay was standardized and evaluated to simultaneously detect the DNA of Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis in dogs of selected districts of Punjab state, India. Amplicons of 602 bp, 380 bp and 306 bp corresponding to B. vogeli (18S rRNA gene), E. canis (VirB9 gene), and H. canis (18S rRNA gene) were obtained, without any non-specific amplification. The results of multiplex PCR assay were further compared with the corresponding singleplex PCR assay. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of multiplex PCR assay with respect to singleplex PCR assay in the detection of B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis varied from 50% to 100% and 92.08% to 98.79%, respectively revealing "moderate" to "very good" agreement by kappa value statistics. Blood samples from 322 dogs collected from selected districts of Punjab state, India, when screened by microscopy revealed the prevalence of B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis as 0.31%, 0.93% and 1.86%, respectively whereas with multiplex PCR assay the values were 0.93%, 10.24% and 4.65%, respectively, with concurrent infection of E. canis & H. canis (1.86%) and B. vogeli & E. canis (0.31%). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of multiplex PCR assay with respect to microscopy in the detection of B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis varied from 69.15% to 100% and 85.11% to 92.33%, respectively revealing "fair" agreement by kappa value statistics and the data was statistically significant. The analytical sensitivity of multiplex PCR assay in the detection of B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis was 100 pg, 10 pg and 0.1 pg, respectively, whereas the values for the singleplex counterpart were 0.1 pg, 0.01 pg and 0.01 pg. Furthermore, various risk factors viz. age, breed, sex, season and districts were non-significantly associated with the prevalence of these haemoparasites except for E. canis that revealed a significant association with districts by multiplex PCR assay. Therefore the multiplex PCR assay developed may be useful in identification of the aetiological agents of these diseases during their early phase, which may in turn be useful in development of better health care and appropriate treatment of suspected dogs, particularly in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Harkirat Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
| | - Payal Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Kashyap
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Nirbhay Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
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Evaluation of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Technique for the Rapid Visual Detection of Hepatozoon canis Infection. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:151-155. [PMID: 31729613 PMCID: PMC7223739 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatozoon canis infection is tedious, especially in chronic and/or latent infections. PURPOSE The study was planned to develop a simple read out loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting a partial 18S rRNA gene of H. canis with naked eye visualisation of LAMP products. METHODS A LAMP assay was employed to assess the DNA amplification by adding SYBR Green I dye for naked eye inspection of DNA accumulating in reaction tubes. Positive amplification was read through observation of change in colour of reaction mixture following addition of dye. The visual results were further verified with those of agarose gel electrophoresis. Genomic DNA of other haemoparasites of dog viz. Babesia vogeli, B. gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis and Trypanosoma evansi along with no-template control were used to determine the specificity of assay. RESULTS Among the 109 blood samples presented at Small Animal Clinics, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab (India) tested, 39 revealed colour change from orange to green indicating positive reaction while 70 were negative as revealed by no colour change. The results of visual inspection were comparable to those obtained by agarose gel electrophoresis. The LAMP primers specifically amplified H. canis DNA, whereas no amplification was detected in DNA samples of other haemoparasites and no-template control revealing specificity of the assay. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) of visual LAMP assay with respect to microscopy in detection of H. canis varied from 100% (15.81-100.00%) and 65.42% (55.61-74.35%), respectively. CONCLUSION The present investigation has developed a specific and rapid LAMP assay for the detection of H. canis, using SYBR Green I dye, which has practical applications for the screening of field samples.
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Singh MD, Singh H, Singh NK, Singh NK, Kashyap N, Sood NK, Rath SS. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 10:371-376. [PMID: 30503892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory diagnosis of canine hepatozoonosis, caused by Hepatozoon canis is tedious, especially in chronic and latent infections. In the present investigation, a loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and standardized targeting the partial 18S rRNA gene (GenBank accession no. KU096058). The LAMP primers specifically amplified H. canis DNA, whereas no amplification was detected in DNA samples from dogs infected with Babesia vogeli, B. gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis and Trypanosoma evansi, and no amplification was observed in DNA samples from H. canis-free dogs. The threshold sensitivity level of the assay was determined to be 15 fg of genomic DNA of H. canis. Furthermore, evaluation of blood samples collected from 250 dogs presented at Small Animal Clinics, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab (India) was carried out for the presence of H. canis by microscopy, 18S PCR assay and LAMP assay. Of the total samples subjected to these tests, LAMP detected H. canis in 75 samples, while 18S PCR and microscopy detected H. canis in 28 and 9 samples, respectively. The present investigation has developed, for the first time, a highly sensitive, specific and rapid LAMP assay for the detection of H. canis, which has practical applications for the screening of field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manraj Deep Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Harkirat Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - Nirbhay Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Neeraj Kashyap
- Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Sood
- Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Shitanshu Shekar Rath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
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Barati A, Razmi GR. A Parasitologic and Molecular Survey of Hepatozoon canis Infection In Stray Dogs In Northeastern Iran. J Parasitol 2018; 104:413-417. [DOI: 10.1645/17-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Barati
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1793, Mashhad, Iran
| | - G. R. Razmi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1793, Mashhad, Iran
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RAFIQI SHAFIYAIMTIAZ, KUMAR SANJEEV, REENA KK, GARG RAJAT, RAM HIRA, KARIKALAN M, MAHENDRAN K, PAWDE ABHIJITM, SHARMA AK, BANERJEE PS. Molecular characterization of Hepatozoon sp. and Babesia sp. isolated from endangered Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica). THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i6.80880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hemoparasitic infections are frequently encountered in wild carnivores. Although, mostly, the infections are typically asymptomatic, they can be pathogenic under certain circumstances, viz. concurrent disease and stress due to captivity, habitat degradation, adverse climatic conditions or immunosuppression. The present study was undertaken to genotype Babesia sp. and Hepatozoon sp. isolated from lions of Lion Safari, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India and establishing phylogenetic relationship based on 18S rRNA sequence with other isolates around the globe. Blood samples of five Asiatic lions, received in the Clinical and Wildlife Parasitology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, were screened microscopically for any haemoparasitic infection. Out of five, one sample was positive for Hepatozoon sp. and another sample was positive for Babesia sp. Polymerase chain reaction of 18S rRNA with genomic DNA amplified 1775 bp and 1665 bp segments for Hepatozoon sp. and Babesia sp., respectively. Sequencing of PCR amplicon and BLAST analysis indicated that Hepatozoon spp. in Asiatic lion was 99% similar to Hepatozoon felis isolate of Spain and Babesia spp. like organism was 95% similar to Babesia canis 18S ribosomal RNA gene of Israeli cat and Babesia canis canis of domestic dogs. Based on the literature available in public domain and the findings of present study, it can be concluded that these haemoprotozoa are not restricted to their respective hosts, and more than one genotype can be found in the same habitat. Cryptic babesiosis and hepatozoonosis can flare up in immuno-compromised animals and may result into fatal consequences in endangered Asiatic lion.
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