Bitumen and asphalt concrete modified by nanometer-sized particles: Basic concepts, the state of the art and future perspectives of the nanoscale approach

Influence of magnetite and its weathering originated maghemite and hematite minerals on sedimentation and transport of nanoplastics in the aqueous and subsurface environments

Persistent nanoplastics (NPs) and their interaction with ubiquitous iron oxide minerals (IOMs) require a detailed understanding to dictate NPs fate and transport in aqueous and subsurface environments. Current study emphasizes on understanding nanoplastics (NPs) interaction with magnetite, and its weathering-originated mineral colloids, i.e., maghemite and hematite under varying environmental conditions (pH, humic acid, ionic strength and water matrix). Results showed that the higher surface hydroxyl group, smaller particle size, and positive surface charge of magnetite led to maximum NPs sorption (805.8 mg/g) in comparison to maghemite (602 mg/g) and hematite (384.3 mg/g). Charge distribution and sedimentation kinetic studies in bimodal systems showed enhanced coagulation in magnetite-NPs system. FTIR and XPS analysis of NPs-IOMs reaction precipitate revealed the vital role of surface functionality in their interaction. Column experiments revealed higher NPs retention in IOMs-coated quartz sand than bare quartz sand. Further, in river water (RW), magnetite-coated sand has shown maximum NPs retention (>80 %) than maghemite (62 %) and hematite (52 %), suggesting limited NPs mobility in the presence of magnetite in subsurface conditions. These findings elucidated the dependence of NPs fate on IOMs in freshwater systems and illustrated IOMs impact on NPs mobility in the subsurface porous environment.

The efficiency of bio-char as bitumen modifier

Improving the mechanical properties of bitumen is an important goal for road pavements design. For this reason, new compounds are now being sought for testing as bitumen modifiers. In this work, the authors studied the effect that two different chars have on two 50/70 bitumens with different chemical and physical characteristics. A complete morphological, surface and bulk characterization of the two additives was carried out. In addition, rheology, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry and atomic force microscopy were used to analyze the effect that the two additives exert on the properties of the bitumens. According to the results, the char sample with high porosity could be used as a modifier of mechanical properties, while no rejuvenation effects were observed for either of the two additives tested. In addition, the two additives do not give rise to segregation phenomena.

Properties and Characterization Techniques of Graphene Modified Asphalt Binders

Graphene is a carbon-based nanomaterial used in various industries to improve the performance of hundreds of materials. For instance, graphene-like materials have been employed as asphalt binder modifying agents in pavement engineering. In the literature, it has been reported that (in comparison to an unmodified binder) the Graphene Modified Asphalt Binders (GMABs) exhibit an enhanced performance grade, a lower thermal susceptibility, a higher fatigue life, and a decreased accumulation of permanent deformations. Nonetheless, although GMABs stand out significantly from traditional alternatives, there is still no consensus on their behavior regarding chemical, rheological, microstructural, morphological, thermogravimetric, and surface topography properties. Therefore, this research conducted a literature review on the properties and advanced characterization techniques of GMABs. Thus, the laboratory protocols covered by this manuscript are atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic shear rheometer, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Consequently, the main contribution of this investigation to the state-of-the-art is the identification of the prominent trends and gaps in the current state of knowledge.

When Physical Chemistry Meets Circular Economy to Solve Environmental Issues: How the ReScA Project Aims at Using Waste Pyrolysis Products to Improve and Rejuvenate Bitumens

Urban waste management is a hard task: more than 30% of the world’s total production of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) is not adequately handled, with landfilling remaining as a common practice. Another source of wastes is the road pavement industry: with a service life of about 10–15 years, asphalts become stiff, susceptible to cracks, and therefore no longer adapted for road paving, so they become wastes. To simultaneously solve these problems, a circular economy-based approach is proposed by the ReScA project, suggesting the use of pyrolysis to treat MSW (or its fractions as Refuse Derived Fuels, RDFs), whose residues (oil and char) can be used as added-value ingredients for the asphalt cycle. Char can be used to prepare better performing and durable asphalts, and oil can be used to regenerate exhaust asphalts, avoiding their landfilling. The proposed approach provides a different and more useful pathway in the end-of-waste (EoW) cycle of urban wastes. This proof of concept is suggested by the following two observations: (i) char is made up by carbonaceous particles highly compatible with the organic nature of bitumens, so its addition can reinforce the overall bitumen structure, increasing its mechanical properties and slowing down the molecular kinetics of its aging process; (ii) oil is rich in hydrocarbons, so it can enrich the poor fraction of the maltene phase in exhaust asphalts. These hypotheses have been proved by testing the residues derived from the pyrolysis of RDFs for the improvement of mechanical characteristics of a representative bitumen sample and its regeneration after aging. The proposed approach is suggested by the physico-chemical study of the materials involved, and aims to show how the chemical knowledge of complex systems, like bituminous materials, can help in solving environmental issues. We hope that this approach will be considered as a model method for the future.

Effect of Quartz Nano-Particles on the Performance Characteristics of Asphalt Mixture

Nano-technology has played a vital role in upgrading the durability and sustainability of asphalt pavements during the last decade. Conventional bitumen does not provide adequate performance against permanent deformation in severe weather conditions. Quartz nano-size particles (QNPs) (1, 3, and 5% by weight of the bitumen) were employed in this research to modify the conventional base bitumen PG 58–16. Conventional physical (penetration, softening, ductility, and flash and fire point), rheological, frequency sweep, high-performance grading, and moisture susceptibility tests were performed to investigate the enhancement of the base bitumen performance. Marshall mix design was conducted on each asphalt mixture to determine the optimum bitumen content (OBC) percentage for the preparation of wheel tracker samples to evaluate the effect of QNPs on asphalt mixtures. Laboratory test findings showed that the optimum concentration of QNPs is 5% by weight of base bitumen. The homogeneity and proper stable dispersion of QNPs in the bitumen were validated via scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and storage stability tests. At higher temperatures, the QNP-modified asphalt mixtures exhibited higher stiffness, stripping resistance, and rutting potential. It was concluded that QNPs effectively upgrade durability and permanent deformation resistance at high temperatures and, therefore, the sustainability of asphalt roads.

Practical Application of Nanotechnology Solutions in Pavement Engineering: Identifying, Resolving and Preventing the Cause and Mechanism of Observed Distress Encountered in Practice during Construction Using Marginal Materials Stabilised with New-Age (Nano) Modified Emulsions (NME)

New-age (Nano) Modified Emulsions (NME) for stabilising marginal materials used in the upper-pavement layers of roads have been proven in laboratories, through accelerated pavement tests (APT) in the field as well as in practice. In addition, materials design methods have been developed based on the scientific analysis of granular material mineralogy and the chemical interaction with the binder to design a material-compatible anionic NME stabilising agent for naturally available (often marginal) materials. However, any new disruptive technology that is introduced into a traditionally well-established industry, such as the road construction industry, is usually associated with considerable resistance. This is especially relevant when the new technology enables the use of granular materials traditionally considered to be of an unacceptable quality in combination with relatively new concepts such as an anionic NME stabilising agent. In practice, few road construction projects are without problems. New technologies are obviously easy targets to blame for any non-related problems that may arise during construction. In this article, we aim to assist in pre-empting, recognising, preventing, and resolving material or non-material related construction problems by correctly identifying the cause of the problems and recommending the best, most cost-effective ways to correct any deficiencies on site.

Nanotechnology Incorporation into Road Pavement Design Based on Scientific Principles of Materials Chemistry and Engineering Physics Using New-Age (Nano) Modified Emulsion (NME) Stabilisation/Enhancement of Granular Materials

The use of naturally available materials not conforming to traditional specifications or standards in the base and sub-base layers of road pavement structures and stabilised with New-age (Nano) Modified Emulsions (NME) have been tested, implemented and successfully verified through Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) in South Africa. This was made possible through the development and use of a materials design procedure addressing fundamental principles and based on scientific concepts which are universally applicable. The understanding and incorporation of the chemical interactions between the mineralogy of the materials and an NME stabilising agent (compatibility between the chemistry of the reactive agents and material mineralogy) into the design approach is key to achieving the required engineering properties. The evaluation of the stabilised materials is performed using tests indicative of the basic engineering properties (physics) of compressive strengths, tensile strengths and durability. This article describes the basic materials design approach that was developed to ensure that organofunctional nano-silane modified emulsions can successfully be used for pavement layer construction utilising naturally available materials at a low risk. The enablement of the use of naturally available materials in all pavement layers can have a considerable impact on the unit cost and lifecycle costs of road transportation infrastructure.

Evaluation of Cost-Effective Modified Binder Thin Chip and Cape Seal Surfacings on an Anionic Nano-Modified Emulsion (NME)-Stabilised Base Layer Using Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT)

Emulsion stabilisation of base layers surfaced with chip seals often proves problematic, with chips punching into the base and early distress. This can be aggravated by the use of modified binders that restricts the evaporation of moisture from pavement layers. The introduction of new-age (nano)-modified emulsion (NME) stabilisation has the advantage that water is chemically repelled from the stabilised layer, resulting in an accelerated development of strength. A need was identified to evaluate the early-life performance of selected chip and Cape seals, together with identified modified binders on anionic NME-stabilised base layers constructed with materials traditionally classified as unsuitable, using archaic empirically derived tests. Three different chip seal surfacings with unconventional modified binders were constructed and evaluated using accelerated pavement testing (APT) with the Model Mobile Load Simulator—3rd model (MMLS3). The objectives of the experimental design and testing were to evaluate the binder performance, chip seal performance in terms of early loss of chips before chip orientation, punching of the chips into the anionic NME-stabilised base and deformation characteristics of a Cape seal that was hand-laid using an anionic NME slurry without any cement filler. It was shown that that chip seal surfacings can be used at low risk, on a base layer containing materials with fines exceeding 22%. The selection of specific modified binders can reduce risks associated with chip seal surfacings, which can impact construction limitations. The recommended use of elastomer-modified binders on newly constructed or rehabilitated layers, resulting in moisture entrapment, needs to be reconsidered.