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Tobe SW, Stone JA, Anderson T, Bacon S, Cheng AYY, Daskalopoulou SS, Ezekowitz JA, Gregoire JC, Gubitz G, Jain R, Keshavjee K, Lindsay P, L'Abbe M, Lau DCW, Leiter LA, O'Meara E, Pearson GJ, Rabi DM, Sherifali D, Selby P, Tu JV, Wharton S, Walker KM, Hua-Stewart D, Liu PP. Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guidelines Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2018 update. CMAJ 2018; 190:E1192-E1206. [PMID: 30301743 PMCID: PMC6175624 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon W Tobe
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
| | - James A Stone
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Todd Anderson
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Simon Bacon
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Alice Y Y Cheng
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Jean C Gregoire
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Gord Gubitz
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Rahul Jain
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Karim Keshavjee
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Patty Lindsay
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Mary L'Abbe
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - David C W Lau
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Lawrence A Leiter
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Eileen O'Meara
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Glen J Pearson
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Peter Selby
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Jack V Tu
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Sean Wharton
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Kimberly M Walker
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Diane Hua-Stewart
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Peter P Liu
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
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