Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Relevance for Risk Stratification

Copeptin reliably reflects longitudinal right ventricular function

BACKGROUND

Data is limited evaluating novel biomarkers in right ventricular dysfunction. Normal right heart function improves the prognosis of patients with heart failure. Therefore, this study investigates the association between the novel biomarker copeptin and right heart function compared to NT-proBNP.

METHODS

Patients undergoing routine echocardiography were enrolled prospectively. Right ventricular function was assessed by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and further right ventricular and atrial parameters. Exclusion criteria were age under 18 years, left ventricular ejection fraction < 50% and moderate to severe valvular heart disease. Blood samples were taken for biomarker measurements within 72 h of echocardiography.

RESULTS

Ninety-one patients were included. Median values of copeptin increased significantly according to decreasing values of TAPSE (P = 0.001; right heart function grade I: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TAPSE > 24 mm: 5.20 pmol/L; grade II: TAPSE 18-24 mm: 8.10 pmol/L; grade III: TAPSE < 18 mm: 26.50 pmol/L). Copeptin concentrations were able to discriminate patients with decreased right heart function defined as TAPSE < 18 mm (area under the curves [AUC]: copeptin: 0.793; P = 0.001; NT-proBNP: 0.805; P = 0.0001). Within a multivariable linear regression model, copeptin was independently associated with TAPSE (copeptin: T: -4.43; P = 0.0001; NT-proBNP: T: -1.21; P = 0.23). Finally, copeptin concentrations were significantly associated with severely reduced right heart function (TAPSE < 18 mm) within a multivariate logistic regression model (copeptin: odds ratio: 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.911-0.975; P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that the novel biomarker copeptin reflects longitudinal right heart function assessed by standardized transthoracic echocardiography compared with NT-proBNP.

Association between right-sided cardiac function and ultrasound-based pulmonary congestion on acutely decompensated heart failure: findings from a pooled analysis of four cohort studies

BACKGROUND

Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and RV-pulmonary artery (PA) uncoupling are associated with the development of pulmonary congestion during exercise. However, there is limited information regarding the association between these right-sided cardiac parameters and pulmonary congestion in acutely decompensated heart failure (HF).

METHODS

We performed an individual patient meta-analysis from four cohort studies of hospitalized patients with HF who had available lung ultrasound (B-lines) data on admission and/or at discharge. RV function was assessed by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV-PA coupling was defined as the ratio of TAPSE to PA systolic pressure (PASP).

RESULTS

Admission and discharge cohort included 319 patients (75.8 ± 10.1 years, 46% women) and 221 patients (77.9 ± 9.0 years, 47% women), respectively. Overall, higher TAPSE was associated with higher ejection fraction, lower PASP, b-type natriuretic peptide and B-line counts. By multivariable analysis, worse RV function or RV-PA coupling was associated with higher B-line counts on admission and at discharge, and with a less reduction in B-line counts from admission to discharge. Higher B-line counts at discharge were associated with a higher risk of the composite of all-cause mortality and/or HF re-hospitalization [adjusted-HR 1.13 (1.09-1.16), p < 0.001]. Furthermore, the absolute risk increase related to high B-line counts at discharge was higher in patients with lower TAPSE.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with acutely decompensated HF, impaired RV function and RV-PA coupling were associated with severe pulmonary congestion on admission, and less resolution of pulmonary congestion during hospital stay. Worse prognosis related to residual pulmonary congestion was enhanced in patients with RV dysfunction. TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure.

Right heart dysfunction: from pathophysiologic insights to therapeutic options: a translational overview

: The right ventricle has become increasingly studied in cardiovascular research. In this article, we describe specific pathophysiological characteristics of the right ventricle, with special focus on functional and molecular modifications as well as therapeutic strategies in right ventricular dysfunction, underlining the differences with the left ventricle. Then we analyze the main imaging modalities to assess right ventricular function in different clinical settings. Finally, we acknowledge main therapeutic advances for treatment of right heart diseases.

On the right side of the heart: Medical and mechanical support of the failing right ventricle

Acute right ventricular failure remains an immensely challenging clinical condition associated with a high mortality rate. In this narrative review, we highlight the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying right ventricular failure and suggest an initial diagnostic approach to this critically ill group of patients. Based on the best available evidence and our cumulative clinical experience as a national cardiothoracic centre, we summarize the basic principles of medical management and mechanical salvage therapy, finalizing with a series of recommendations for the management of right ventricular failure in specific clinical scenarios.