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Faour A, Pahn R, Cherrett C, Gibbs O, Lintern K, Mussap CJ, Rajaratnam R, Leung DY, Taylor DA, Faddy SC, Lo S, Juergens CP, French JK. Late Outcomes of Patients With Prehospital ST-Segment Elevation and Appropriate Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Nonactivation. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025602. [PMID: 35766276 PMCID: PMC9333384 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.025602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with suspected ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and cardiac catheterization laboratory nonactivation (CCL-NA) or cancellation have reportedly similar crude and higher adjusted risks of death compared with those with CCL activation, though reasons for these poor outcomes are not clear. We determined late clinical outcomes among patients with prehospital ECG STEMI criteria who had CCL-NA compared with those who had CCL activation. Methods and Results We identified consecutive prehospital ECG transmissions between June 2, 2010 to October 6, 2016. Diagnoses according to the Fourth Universal Definition of myocardial infarction (MI), particularly rates of myocardial injury, were adjudicated. The primary outcome was all-cause death. Secondary outcomes included cardiovascular death/MI/stroke and noncardiovascular death. To explore competing risks, cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were obtained. Among 1033 included ECG transmissions, there were 569 (55%) CCL activations and 464 (45%) CCL-NAs (1.8% were inappropriate CCL-NAs). In the CCL activation group, adjudicated index diagnoses included MI (n=534, 94%, of which 99.6% were STEMI and 0.4% non-STEMI), acute myocardial injury (n=15, 2.6%), and chronic myocardial injury (n=6, 1.1%). In the CCL-NA group, diagnoses included MI (n=173, 37%, of which 61% were non-STEMI and 39% STEMI), chronic myocardial injury (n=107, 23%), and acute myocardial injury (n=47, 10%). At 2 years, the risk of all-cause death was higher in patients who had CCL-NA compared with CCL activation (23% versus 7.9%, adjusted risk ratio, 1.58, 95% CI, 1.24-2.00), primarily because of an excess in noncardiovascular deaths (adjusted HR, 3.56, 95% CI, 2.07-6.13). There was no significant difference in the adjusted risk for cardiovascular death/MI/stroke between the 2 groups (HR, 1.23, 95% CI, 0.87-1.73). Conclusions CCL-NA was not primarily attributable to missed STEMI, but attributable to "masquerading" with high rates of non-STEMI and myocardial injury. These patients had worse late outcomes than patients who had CCL activation, mainly because of higher rates of noncardiovascular deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Faour
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales.,The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales
| | - Reece Pahn
- The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales
| | - Callum Cherrett
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales
| | - Oliver Gibbs
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales
| | - Karen Lintern
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales
| | - Christian J Mussap
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales.,The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales.,Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales
| | - Rohan Rajaratnam
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales.,The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales.,Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales
| | - Dominic Y Leung
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales.,The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales.,Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales
| | - David A Taylor
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales
| | | | - Sidney Lo
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales.,The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales.,Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales
| | - Craig P Juergens
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales.,The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales
| | - John K French
- Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital Sydney New South Wales.,The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales.,Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales.,Ingham Institute Sydney New South Wales
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Artificial Intelligence: A Shifting Paradigm in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Medicine. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235710. [PMID: 34884412 PMCID: PMC8658222 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The future of healthcare is an organic blend of technology, innovation, and human connection. As artificial intelligence (AI) is gradually becoming a go-to technology in healthcare to improve efficiency and outcomes, we must understand our limitations. We should realize that our goal is not only to provide faster and more efficient care, but also to deliver an integrated solution to ensure that the care is fair and not biased to a group of sub-population. In this context, the field of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, which encompasses a wide range of conditions-from heart failure to stroke-has made some advances to provide assistive tools to care providers. This article aimed to provide an overall thematic review of recent development focusing on various AI applications in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases to identify gaps and potential areas of improvement. If well designed, technological engines have the potential to improve healthcare access and equitability while reducing overall costs, diagnostic errors, and disparity in a system that affects patients and providers and strives for efficiency.
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3
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Carpenter R, McWhorter R, Donaldson S, Silberman D, Maffei S. Working Against the Clock: A Model for Rural STEMI Triage. Health Serv Insights 2021; 14:11786329211037521. [PMID: 34408435 PMCID: PMC8365011 DOI: 10.1177/11786329211037521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Residents in rural communities have a higher incidence of cardiac death and risk factors associated with cardiac disease. Living in a rural region can add precious time that amplifies cardiac death during an ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) episode. The consensus is that improved efficiencies can increase myocardial salvage and decrease STEMI mortality rates. This article identifies issues that may impact pre-hospital STEMI triage of patients in a rural region of the United States (U.S.). A qualitative research design was chosen to gain insight into emergency personnel perceptions of pre-hospital STEMI triage. The participants (n = 18) were obtained from a convenience sample in rural Northeast Texas, U.S. Data were gathered by individual and group semi-structured interviews. Themes were identified, synthesized, and oriented to offer a basis for understanding opportunities to improve the delivery of rural STEMI care. This study demonstrated that quality improvement initiatives aimed at achieving pre-hospital STEMI triage efficiencies have dependencies on teamwork, technology, and training in the context of 3 stages (a) pre-transport, (b) door-to-door, and (c) post-transport. A pre-hospital STEMI triage model is offered based on the findings. By incorporating this model, emergency medical coordinators in rural communities have a better opportunity to facilitate timely reperfusion therapy for this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dave Silberman
- The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.,Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Maffei
- The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
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Impact of STEMI Diagnosis and Catheterization Laboratory Activation Systems on Sex- and Age-Based Differences in Treatment Delay. CJC Open 2021; 3:723-732. [PMID: 34169251 PMCID: PMC8209393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women and the elderly with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) experience longer treatment delays despite prehospital STEMI diagnosis and catheterization laboratory activation systems. It is not known what role specific STEMI referral systems might play in mediating this gap in care. We therefore examined sex- and age-based differences in STEMI treatment delay (TD) in different STEMI activation systems. Methods This observational comparative effectiveness study comprised 3 retrospective STEMI cohorts: a traditional hospital-based activation cohort (Cohort 1), an automated “physician-blind” prehospital activation cohort (Cohort 2), and a prehospital activation with real-time physician oversight cohort (Cohort 3). Outcomes of interest included sex and age group (< or ≥ 75 years) differences in suboptimal (> 90 minutes) first medical contact-to-device time (FMC-to-device) within each cohort, as well as independent predictors of suboptimal FMC-to-device and in-hospital mortality across cohorts. Results Five hundred-sixty STEMI activations were analyzed. In Cohort 1 (n = 179), women and those ≥ 75 were more likely to experience suboptimal FMC-to-device times (78.7% vs 36.4%, P = 0.02 and 85.0% vs 58.3%, < 0.01, respectively). Similar findings were observed in Cohort 3 (n = 109) (53.5% vs 32.9%, 56.5% vs 33.3%, respectively; P = 0.05, for both). In Cohort 2 (n = 272), however, there was no significant age-based difference (30.4% vs 21.7%, P = 0.18), and the gap was numerically lower but still significant for women (32.1% vs 20.1%, P = 0.04). When examining prehospital activation cohorts only, female sex (P = 0.03), off-hours presentation (P < 0.01), and physician oversight (P < 0.01) were independent predictors of longer FMC-to-device times. Age ≥ 75 (P < 0.01), Killip class (P < 0.01), and female sex (P = 0.04) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Automated “physician-blind” STEMI activation was associated with a reduced TD gap in women and the elderly, suggesting possible systemic bias. Appropriately powered confirmatory studies are required, but incorporating automated diagnosis and catheterization laboratory activation may be a solution to treatment gaps in STEMI care.
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Boivin-Proulx LA, Matteau A, Pacheco C, Bastiany A, Mansour S, Kokis A, Quan É, Gobeil F, Potter BJ. Effect of Real-Time Physician Oversight of Prehospital STEMI Diagnosis on ECG-Inappropriate and False Positive Catheterization Laboratory Activation. CJC Open 2020; 3:419-426. [PMID: 34027344 PMCID: PMC8129458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ST-elevation myocardial infarction diagnosis at first medical contact (FMC) and prehospital cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) activation are associated with reduced total ischemic time and therefore have become the dominant ST-elevation myocardial infarction referral method in primary percutaneous coronary intervention systems. We sought to determine whether physician oversight was associated with improved diagnostic performance in a prehospital CCL activation system and what effect the additional interpretation has on treatment delay. Methods Between 2012 and 2015, all patients in 2 greater Montreal catchment areas with a chief symptom of chest paint or dyspnea had an in-the-field electrocardiogram (ECG). A machine diagnosis of "acute myocardial infarction" resulted either in automatic CCL (automated cohort without oversight) or transmission of the ECG to the receiving centre emergency physician for reinterpretation before CCL activation. System performance was assessed in terms of the proportion of false positive and inappropriate activations (IA), as well as the proportion of patients with FMC-to-device times ≤ 90 minutes. Results Four hundred twenty-eight (428) activations were analyzed (311 automated; 117 with physician oversight). Physician oversight tended to decrease IAs (7% vs 3%; P = 0.062), but was also associated with a smaller proportion of patients achieving target FMC-to-device (76% vs 60%; P < 0.001). There was no significant effect on the proportion of false positive activation. Conclusions Real-time physician oversight might be associated with fewer IAs, but also appears to have a deleterious effect on FMC-to-device performance. Identifying predictors of IA could improve overall performance by selecting ECGs that merit physician oversight and streamlining others. Larger clinical studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie-Anne Boivin-Proulx
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre Cardiovasculaire du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Matteau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre Cardiovasculaire du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Samer Mansour
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre Cardiovasculaire du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Kokis
- Centre Cardiovasculaire du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Quan
- Hôpital Charles-Lemoyne, Greenfield Park, Québec, Canada
| | - François Gobeil
- Centre Cardiovasculaire du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian J Potter
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre Cardiovasculaire du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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6
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The Effect of Implementation of the American Heart Association Mission Lifeline PreAct Algorithm for Prehospital Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activation on the Rate of "False Positive" Activations. Prehosp Disaster Med 2020; 35:388-396. [PMID: 32430085 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x20000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Emergency Medical Services (EMS) systems have developed protocols for prehospital activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory for patients with suspected ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) to decrease first-medical-contact-to-balloon time (FMC2B). The rate of "false positive" prehospital activations is high. In order to decrease this rate and expedite care for patients with true STEMI, the American Heart Association (AHA; Dallas, Texas USA) developed the Mission Lifeline PreAct STEMI algorithm, which was implemented in Los Angeles County (LAC; California USA) in 2015. The hypothesis of this study was that implementation of the PreAct algorithm would increase the positive predictive value (PPV) of prehospital activation. METHODS This is an observational pre-/post-study of the effect of the implementation of the PreAct algorithm for patients with suspected STEMI transported to one of five STEMI Receiving Centers (SRCs) within the LAC Regional System. The primary outcome was the PPV of cardiac catheterization laboratory activation for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The secondary outcome was FMC2B. RESULTS A total of 1,877 patients were analyzed for the primary outcome in the pre-intervention period and 405 patients in the post-intervention period. There was an overall decrease in cardiac catheterization laboratory activations, from 67% in the pre-intervention period to 49% in the post-intervention period (95% CI for the difference, -14% to -22%). The overall rate of cardiac catheterization declined in post-intervention period as compared the pre-intervention period, from 34% to 30% (95% CI, for the difference -7.6% to 0.4%), but actually increased for subjects who had activation (48% versus 58%; 95% CI, 4.6%-15.0%). Implementation of the PreAct algorithm was associated with an increase in the PPV of activation for PCI or CABG from 37.9% to 48.6%. The overall odds ratio (OR) associated with the intervention was 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.8). The effect of the intervention was to decrease variability between medical centers. There was no associated change in average FMC2B. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of the PreAct algorithm in the LAC EMS system was associated with an overall increase in the PPV of cardiac catheterization laboratory activation.
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Cloutier JM, Hayes C, Ducas J, Allen DW. Reducing Delay to Treatment of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Software Electrocardiographic Interpretation and Transmission (SCINET). CJC Open 2020; 2:111-117. [PMID: 32462124 PMCID: PMC7242508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prehospital diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has resulted in improved outcomes. However, many patients still walk in to the emergency department (ED) with STEMI, experiencing delays and worse outcomes. Software electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis of STEMI and electronic transmission to a cardiologist may result in improved door-to-device (D2D) times. METHODS We retrospectively identified all patients presenting with STEMI from January 2015 to September 2016. Components of delay in D2D, ED variables, and the patients' ECGs were extracted from our regional database. All ECGs performed for suspected myocardial infarction in the region were extracted over the study period. We assessed the accuracy of the software 12SL in diagnosing STEMI, ED contributors to delays in D2D, and the potential reduction in D2D if software diagnosis of STEMI resulted in activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory. RESULTS A total of 379 patients presented to an ED in our region and received primary percutaneous coronary intervention over the study period. In the 143,574 ECGs performed over the study period for suspected STEMI, the overall sensitivity and specificity of 12SL were 90.5% and 99.98%, respectively. We estimated a potential 17-minute reduction in D2D in the 90.5% of patients correctly identified as having STEMI, with a false activation rate of 4%. Female patients and older patients experienced an even larger potential benefit, with 24- and 25-minute reductions in D2D, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients who walk in to an ED with STEMI experience significant system-related delays in recognition and treatment. Automated software diagnosis of STEMI is accurate and could result in significant improvements in D2D times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Cloutier
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Christopher Hayes
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - John Ducas
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David W. Allen
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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e-Transmission of ECGs for expert consultation results in improved triage and treatment of patients with acute ischaemic chest pain by ambulance paramedics. Neth Heart J 2018; 26:562-571. [PMID: 30357611 PMCID: PMC6220022 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-018-1187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In pre-hospital settings handled by paramedics, identification of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) remains challenging when automated electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation is inconclusive. We aimed to identify those patients and to get them on the right track to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS In the Rotterdam-Rijnmond region, automated ECG devices on all ambulances were supplemented with a modem, enabling transmission of ECGs for online expert interpretation. The diagnostic protocol for acute chest pain was modified and monitored for 1 year. Patients with an ECG that met the criteria for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were immediately transported to a PCI hospital. ECGs that did not meet the STEMI criteria, but showed total ST deviation ≥800 µv were transmitted for online interpretation by the ECG expert. Online supervision was offered as a service if ECGs showed conduction disorders, or had an otherwise 'suspicious' pattern according to the ambulance paramedics. We enrolled 1,076 patients with acute ischaemic chest pain who did not meet the automated STEMI criteria. Their mean age was 63 years; 64% were men. After online consultation, 735 (68%) patients were directly transported to a PCI hospital for further treatment. PCI within 90 min was performed in 115 patients. CONCLUSION During a 1-year evaluation of the modified pre-hospital triage protocol for patients with acute ischaemic chest pain, over 100 acute MI patients with an initially inconclusive ECG received primary PCI within 90 min. Because of these results, we decided to continue the operation of the modified protocol.
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Katircioglu-Öztürk D, Güvenir HA, Ravens U, Baykal N. A window-based time series feature extraction method. Comput Biol Med 2017; 89:466-486. [PMID: 28886483 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a robust similarity score-based time series feature extraction method that is termed as Window-based Time series Feature ExtraCtion (WTC). Specifically, WTC generates domain-interpretable results and involves significantly low computational complexity thereby rendering itself useful for densely sampled and populated time series datasets. In this study, WTC is applied to a proprietary action potential (AP) time series dataset on human cardiomyocytes and three precordial leads from a publicly available electrocardiogram (ECG) dataset. This is followed by comparing WTC in terms of predictive accuracy and computational complexity with shapelet transform and fast shapelet transform (which constitutes an accelerated variant of the shapelet transform). The results indicate that WTC achieves a slightly higher classification performance with significantly lower execution time when compared to its shapelet-based alternatives. With respect to its interpretable features, WTC has a potential to enable medical experts to explore definitive common trends in novel datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Katircioglu-Öztürk
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Informatics, Medical Informatics Department, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - H Altay Güvenir
- Bilkent University, Computer Engineering Department, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ursula Ravens
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nazife Baykal
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Informatics, Medical Informatics Department, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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