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Yeoh GH, De Cachinho Cordeiro IM, Wang W, Wang C, Yuen ACY, Chen TBY, Vargas JB, Mao G, Garbe U, Chua HT. Carbon-based Flame Retardants for Polymers: A Bottom-up Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403835. [PMID: 38814633 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review is geared toward elucidating the molecular understanding of the carbon-based flame-retardant mechanisms for polymers via holistic characterization combining detailed analytical assessments and computational material science. The use of carbon-based flame retardants, which include graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots (CDs), and fullerenes, in their pure and functionalized forms are initially reviewed to evaluate their flame retardancy performance and to determine their elevation of the flammability resistance on various types of polymers. The early transition metal carbides such as MXenes, regarded as next-generation carbon-based flame retardants, are discussed with respect to their superior flame retardancy and multifunctional applications. At the core of this review is the utilization of cutting-edge molecular dynamics (MD) simulations which sets a precedence of an alternative bottom-up approach to fill the knowledge gap through insights into the thermal resisting process of the carbon-based flame retardants, such as the formation of carbonaceous char and intermediate chemical reactions offered by the unique carbon bonding arrangements and microscopic in-situ architectures. Combining MD simulations with detailed experimental assessments and characterization, a more targeted development as well as a systematic material synthesis framework can be realized for the future development of advanced flame-retardant polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Heng Yeoh
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | | | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Timothy Bo Yuan Chen
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Juan Baena Vargas
- Commonwealth Science Industry Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ulf Garbe
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Hui Tong Chua
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Lin W, Yuan Y, Xu L, Wang W. Recent Progress in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardance and Fire-Warning Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1858. [PMID: 38675677 PMCID: PMC11055176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene-like 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene, MXene, molybdenum disulfide, and boron nitride, present a promising avenue for eco-friendly flame retardants. Their inherent characteristics, including metal-like conductivity, high specific surface area, electron transport capacity, and solution processability, make them highly suitable for applications in both structural fire protection and fire alarm systems. This review offers an up-to-date exploration of advancements in flame retardant composites, utilizing pristine graphene-like nanosheets, versatile graphene-like nanosheets with multiple functions, and collaborative systems based on these nanomaterials. Moreover, graphene-like 2D nanomaterials exhibit considerable potential in the development of early fire alarm systems, enabling timely warnings. This review provides an overview of flame-retarding and fire-warning mechanisms, diverse multifunctional nanocomposites, and the evolving trends in the development of fire alarm systems anchored in graphene-like 2D nanomaterials and their derivatives. Ultimately, the existing challenges and prospective directions for the utilization of graphene-like 2D nanomaterials in flame retardant and fire-warning applications are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China;
| | - Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China;
| | - Lulu Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Temane LT, Orasugh JT, Ray SS. Recent Advances and Outlook in 2D Nanomaterial-Based Flame-Retardant PLA Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6046. [PMID: 37687739 PMCID: PMC10488405 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) has gained widespread use in many industries and has become a commodity polymer. Its potential as a perfect replacement for petrochemically made plastics has been constrained by its extreme flammability and propensity to flow in a fire. Traditional flame-retardants (FRs), such as organo-halogen chemicals, can be added to PLA without significantly affecting the material's mechanical properties. However, the restricted usage of these substances causes them to bioaccumulate and endanger plants and animals. Research on PLA flame-retardants has mostly concentrated on organic and inorganic substances for the past few years. Meanwhile, there has been a significant increase in renewed interest in creating environmentally acceptable flame-retardants for PLA to maintain the integrity of the polymer, which is the current trend. This article reviews recent advancements in novel FRs for PLA. The emphasis is on two-dimensional (2D) nanosystems and the composites made from them that have been used to develop PLA nanocomposite (NCP) systems that are flame retarding. The association between FR loadings and efficiency for different FR-PLA systems is also briefly discussed in the paper, as well as their influence on processing and other material attributes. It is unmistakably established from the literature that adding 2D nanoparticles to PLA matrix systems reduces their flammability by forming an intumescent char/carbonized surface layer. This creates a barrier effect that successfully blocks the filtration of volatiles and oxygen, heat and mass transfer, and the release of combustible gases produced during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesego Tabea Temane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Tersur Orasugh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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4
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Yang XM, Qiu S, Yusuf A, Sun J, Zhai Z, Zhao J, Yin GZ. Recent advances in flame retardant and mechanical properties of polylactic acid: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125050. [PMID: 37257540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale application of ecofriendly polymeric materials has become a key focus of scientific research with the trend toward sustainable development. Mechanical properties and fire safety are two critical considerations of biopolymers for large-scale applications. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a flammable, melt-drop carrying, and strong but brittle polymer. Hence, it is essential to achieve both flame retardancy and mechanical enhancement to improve safety and broaden its application. This study reviews the recent research on the flame retardant functionalization and mechanical reinforcement of PLA. It classifies PLA according to the type of the flame retardant strategy employed, such as surface-modified fibers, modified nano/micro fillers, small-molecule and macromolecular flame retardants, flame retardants with fibers or polymers, and chain extension or crosslinking with other flame retardants. The functionalization strategies and main parameters of the modified PLA systems are summarized and analyzed. This study summarizes the latest advances in the fields of flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Abdulmalik Yusuf
- E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongjie Zhai
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junhuan Zhao
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen Y, Zeng Y, Wu Y, Chen T, Qiu R, Liu W. Flame-Retardant and Recyclable Soybean Oil-Based Thermosets Enabled by the Dynamic Phosphate Ester and Tannic Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5963-5973. [PMID: 36650640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The demands of safety and sustainability have driven the development of intrinsic flame-retardant biobased polymers from renewable materials. Herein, a mechanically robust, good flame-retardant, and recyclable thermoset was developed from renewable epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) by using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate (HEMAP) as the reactive flame retardant and tannic acid (TA) as the charring agent. The flame resistance of the obtained ESO-based thermoset achieved the highest UL-94 of V-0 rating and a limited oxygen index value of 26.7% due to the synergistic flame-retardant effect of phosphate and TA. The flame-retardant mechanisms of the gaseous phase and condensed phase were fully investigated by thermogravimetric infrared, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectra. It is confirmed that the incorporation of phosphate and TA could effectively promote the formation of dense carbon layers and delay the pyrolysis of long aliphatic chains. The ternary crosslinking of ESO, HEMAP, and TA via free-radical polymerization and epoxy-ring opening reaction resulted in a rigid network with a high crosslink density, bestowing the thermoset with superior tensile strength (20.0 MPa), flexural strength (36.3 MPa), and bonding strength (16.7 MPa on steel). Moreover, the ESO-based thermoset exhibited a fast stress relaxation behavior due to the transesterification of dynamic β-hydroxyl phosphate esters, which enables the network with thermal-healing ability and recyclability. This study explores a feasible method to prepare an intrinsic flame-retardant polymer from commercially available and renewable vegetable oils and natural polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Chen
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350108, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zeng
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350108, P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Wu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350108, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350108, P. R. China
| | - Renhui Qiu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350108, P. R. China
| | - Wendi Liu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350108, P. R. China
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6
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Ren B, Yang J, Feng Z, Yuan B. Interface engineering of Ti3C2 nanosheets for fabricating thermoplastic polyurethane composites with excellent flame-retardant and smoke suppressive properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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7
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Zhou Y, Chu F, Ding L, Yang W, Zhang S, Xu Z, Qiu S, Hu W. MOF-derived 3D petal-like CoNi-LDH array cooperates with MXene to effectively inhibit fire and toxic smoke hazards of FPUF. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134134. [PMID: 35276116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxic smoke produced by the combustion of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) may not only caused casualties, but also polluted the environment. Here, double metal hydroxide derived from ZIF-67 (MOF-LDH) modified Ti3C2TX (Ti3C2TX@MOF-LDH) was innovatively designed to solve the serious smoke and fire hazards of FPUF. The FPUF nanocomposite containing 6 wt% Ti3C2Tx@MOF-LDH achieved a 16.1% reduction in total smoke production (TSP) along with 22.2% reduction in peak smoke production rate (PSPR), which greatly reduced the hazard of smoke. At the same time, toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and aromatic compounds, showed the same reduction pattern. In addition, the heat release of FPUF nanomaterials was also suppressed. In particular, the FPUF/Ti3C2Tx@MOF-LDH 3.0 achieved 110.4% and 76.1% increase in compressive strength and tensile strength, respectively, confirming the effective mechanical enhancement. Therefore, this work provided a new reference for the preparation of high-performance FPUF nanocomposites with low smoke, low fire hazard and excellent mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Fukai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Longlong Ding
- Zhuhai Gree New Material Co., Ltd., 789 Jinji Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai City, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Shenghe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Suilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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8
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Zhang Z, Cao H, Quan Y, Ma R, Pentzer EB, Green MJ, Wang Q. Thermal Stability and Flammability Studies of MXene-Organic Hybrid Polystyrene Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1213. [PMID: 35335541 PMCID: PMC8954563 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) is widely used in the plastics industry, but the application range of PS is limited due to its inherently high flammability. A variety of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been reported to impart excellent flame retardancy to polymeric materials. In this study, a 2D nanomaterial MXene-organic hybrid (O-Ti3C2) was applied to PS as a nanofiller. Firstly, the MXene nanosheets were prepared by acid etching, intercalation, and delamination of bulk MAX (Ti3AlC2) material. These exfoliated MXene nanosheets were then functionalized using a cationic surfactant to improve the dispersibility in DMF. Even with a small loading of functionalized O-Ti3C2 (e.g., 2 wt%), the resulting PS nanocomposite (PS/O-Ti3C2) showed good thermal stability and lower flammability evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC). The peak heat release rate (pHRR) was significantly reduced by 32% compared to the neat PS sample. In addition, we observed that the temperature at pHRR (TpHRR) shifted to a higher temperature by 22 °C. By comparing the TGA and PCFC results between the PS/MAX and different weight ratios of PS/O-Ti3C2 nanocomposites, the thermal stability and 2D thermal- and mass-transfer barrier effect of MXene-organic hybrid nanosheets were revealed to play essential roles in delaying the polymer degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Zhang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.Q.); (R.M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Huaixuan Cao
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.Q.); (R.M.); (M.J.G.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Yufeng Quan
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.Q.); (R.M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Rong Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.Q.); (R.M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Emily B. Pentzer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Micah J. Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.Q.); (R.M.); (M.J.G.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Z.Z.); (H.C.); (Y.Q.); (R.M.); (M.J.G.)
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Decorating MXene with tiny ZIF-8 nanoparticles: An effective approach to construct composites for water pollutant removal. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Luo Y, Xie Y, Geng W, Dai G, Sheng X, Xie D, Wu H, Mei Y. Fabrication of thermoplastic polyurethane with functionalized MXene towards high mechanical strength, flame-retardant, and smoke suppression properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:223-235. [PMID: 34390990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional MXene demonstrated promising advantages to improve the flame-retardant performance of composites; however, its compatibility with polymer matrix is a great concern. In this study, MXene was first functionalized with phosphorylated chitosan (PCS) to obtain the PCS-MXene nanohybrid. The resulting nanohybrid was introduced into the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix via solution mixing followed by the hot-pressing method, affording TPU/PCS-MXene nanocomposite. The resulting nanohybrid exhibited superior compatibility with the TPU matrix, enhancing mechanical performance of the TPU/PCS-MXene nanocomposite compared to the pristine TPU and TPU/MXene nanocomposite. Besides, the flame-retardant performance of TPU/PCS-MXene nanocomposite was greatly enhanced, while the smoke emission was effectively suppressed. As only 3 wt% PCS-MXene was introduced, peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production of the composite decreased by 66.7%, 21.0%, and 27.7%, respectively, compared to the pristine TPU. Systematical characterization was then carried out to investigate the enhancement mechanism of PCS-MXene, highlighting the crucial role of PCS combined with the catalytic effect of MXene. In brief, the compatibility issues of MXene were effectively addressed, and its flame-retardancy enhanced greatly via the PCS modification, the bio-based characteristic of which, in turn greatly benefits the further development of MXene-polymer composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuhui Xie
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wei Geng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guangfu Dai
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinxin Sheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Delong Xie
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Hua Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Yi Mei
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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11
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A Study of Thermal Degradation and Fire Behaviour of Polymer Composites and Their Gaseous Emission Assessment. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymer composite materials in the aeronautics and automotive sectors has increased dramatically, and their fire behaviour has become a critical parameter in terms of fire safety. On this premise, it is critical to demonstrate that these composite materials constitute elements whose safety justifies a high level of confidence. This is based on their combustibility and the rate at which flammable and toxic gaseous species are emitted. Thus, strict fire safety regulations are enforced by the relevant authorities concerned because of their potential fire risk. This study analysed papers published between 1970 and 2021 that described the devices used to characterise the thermal behaviour of composite materials at various scales. The objective was to highlight the thermophysical phenomena, making it possible to accurately assess the flammability and thermal stability of polymer composite materials. The results of this research reveal that the small-scale facilities provide detailed understanding and mastery of the thermal reaction properties of the composites. While with the medium scale, the extended fire reaction parameters, which are the key indicators of the fire safety performance, can be determined. On a large scale, the tests were carried out using devices such as the NexGen burner recommended by the FAA. Therefore, with such assays, it is possible to assess the rates of thermal degradation as well as quantified pyrolysis gases. However, compared to other scales, there were very few works on a large scale. In addition, by focusing on the polluting nature of synthetic composite materials, there is also few research studies aimed at designing new polymer composite materials from biological sources.
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12
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Hsu WS, Preet A, Lin TY, Lin TE. Miniaturized Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting Devices. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185469. [PMID: 34576940 PMCID: PMC8466105 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting salinity gradient energy, also known as "osmotic energy" or "blue energy", generated from the free energy mixing of seawater and fresh river water provides a renewable and sustainable alternative for circumventing the recent upsurge in global energy consumption. The osmotic pressure resulting from mixing water streams with different salinities can be converted into electrical energy driven by a potential difference or ionic gradients. Reversed-electrodialysis (RED) has become more prominent among the conventional membrane-based separation methodologies due to its higher energy efficiency and lesser susceptibility to membrane fouling than pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO). However, the ion-exchange membranes used for RED systems often encounter limitations while adapting to a real-world system due to their limited pore sizes and internal resistance. The worldwide demand for clean energy production has reinvigorated the interest in salinity gradient energy conversion. In addition to the large energy conversion devices, the miniaturized devices used for powering a portable or wearable micro-device have attracted much attention. This review provides insights into developing miniaturized salinity gradient energy harvesting devices and recent advances in the membranes designed for optimized osmotic power extraction. Furthermore, we present various applications utilizing the salinity gradient energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shan Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (W.-S.H.); or (A.P.)
| | - Anant Preet
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (W.-S.H.); or (A.P.)
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Program in Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (W.-S.H.); or (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-(03)-573-1750
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Ning H, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Wang Y. A novel multifunctional flame retardant MXene/nanosilica hybrid for poly(vinyl alcohol) with simultaneously improved mechanical properties. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04897f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new MXene-based flame retardant and a new strategy for the synthesis of multifunctional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Ning
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Zhongying Ma
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Material Science
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
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