Photochemical microfluidic synthesis of vitamin D3 by improved light sources with photoluminescent substrates

Analysis of Causes and Results of Fetal Growth in Utero Caused by Genetic Factors Detected by Ultrasound

In order to investigate the value of the ultrasonic monitoring of maternal and fetal vascular parameters, serum vitamin D, and placental growth factor (PLGF) in predicting fetal growth restriction (FGR), a method of ultrasonic detection of genetic factors causing fetal growth in utero was proposed. 125 pregnant women with FGR diagnosed in our hospital from June 2018 to June 2021 (the FGR group) and 125 pregnant women with a normal prenatal examination (the control group) were collected retrospectively. The systolic/diastolic blood flow ratio (S/D), pulsatile index (PI), and resistance index (RI) of the fetal umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and maternal uterine artery (UtA) were monitored by ultrasound at 20 to 24 weeks of gestation, and the levels of serum vitamin D and PLGF were detected. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to evaluate the predictive value of FGR. The results showed that the S/D, PI, and RI of UA in the FGR group were higher than those in the control group, the areas under the curve (AUC) were 0.866, 0.817, and 0.849, and the sensitivity and specificity were (72.8%, 91.2%), (50.4%, 100%), and (72.8%, 91.2%), respectively. The S/D, PI, and RI of MCA were lower than those of the control group. The AUC was 0.882, 0.869, and 0.834, respectively; the sensitivity and specificity were (92.0%, 74.4%), (88.8%, 81.6%), and (90.4%, 72%), respectively. The S/D, PI, and RI of UtA were higher than those of the control group; the AUC was 0.768, 0.729, and 0.732; the sensitivity and specificity were (91.2%, 52%), (48%, 90.4%), and (48.8%, 90.4%), respectively. The serum levels of vitamin D and PLGF were lower than those of the control group (AUC 0.784 and 0.807), and the sensitivity and specificity were (54.4%, 91.2%) and (99.2%, 52%), respectively. It was concluded that the ultrasound monitoring of UA, MCA, and UtA in pregnant women in the middle of pregnancy and detection of serum vitamin D and PLGF levels had a certain predictive value for FGR. Moreover, the comprehensive evaluation could reduce the occurrence of FGR in high-risk pregnant women.

Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry

Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.

Induced selectivity in the photochemistry of estrone derivatives in sustainable and micellar environment: preparative and mechanistic studies

In this study, we carried out preparative and mechanistic studies on the photochemical reaction of a series of 3-acylestrone derivatives in confined and sustainable micellar environment under steady-state conditions and the results were compared with those obtained in cyclohexane solution. The aim of this work is mainly focused to show whether the nature of the surfactant (cationic, neutral and anionic) leads to noticeable selectivity in the photoproduct formation. The 3-acylestrone derivatives underwent the photo-Fries rearrangement, with concomitant homolytic fragmentation of the ester group and [1;3]-acyl migration. This pathway afforded the ortho-acyl estrone derivatives, the main photoproducts together with estrone. However, epimerization of the ortho regioisomer 2-acetylestrone and estrone through Norrish Type I photoreaction occurred involving the fragmentation of the C-α at the carbonyl group (C-17) of the steroid. UV-visible and 2D-NMR (NOESY) spectroscopies have been employed to measure the binding constant K_b and the location of the steroids within the hydrophobic core of the micelle.