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Galkina I, Faid AY, Jiang W, Scheepers F, Borowski P, Sunde S, Shviro M, Lehnert W, Mechler AK. Stability of Ni-Fe-Layered Double Hydroxide Under Long-Term Operation in AEM Water Electrolysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311047. [PMID: 38269475 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is an attractive method for green hydrogen production. It allows the use of non-platinum group metal catalysts and can achieve performance comparable to proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers due to recent technological advances. While current systems already show high performances with available materials, research gaps remain in understanding electrode durability and degradation behavior. In this study, the performance and degradation tracking of a Ni3Fe-LDH-based single-cell is implemented and investigated through the correlation of electrochemical data using chemical and physical characterization methods. A performance stability of 1000 h, with a degradation rate of 84 µV h-1 at 1 A cm-2 is achieved, presenting the Ni3Fe-LDH-based cell as a stable and cost-attractive AEMWE system. The results show that the conductivity of the formed Ni-Fe-phase is one key to obtaining high electrolyzer performance and that, despite Fe leaching, change in anion-conducting binder compound, and morphological changes inside the catalyst bulk, the Ni3Fe-LDH-based single-cells demonstrate high performance and durability. The work reveals the importance of longer stability tests and presents a holistic approach of electrochemical tracking and post-mortem analysis that offers a guideline for investigating electrode degradation behavior over extended measurement periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Galkina
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alaa Y Faid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Wulyu Jiang
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabian Scheepers
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Svein Sunde
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Meital Shviro
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Werner Lehnert
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-14), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Modeling in Electrochemical Process Engineering, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna K Mechler
- RWTH Aachen University, Electrochemical Reaction Engineering (AVT.ERT), 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamentals of Electrochemistry (IEK-9), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-ENERGY, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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Turtayeva Z, Xu F, Dillet J, Mozet K, Peignier R, Celzard A, Maranzana G. Investigation of membranes-electrodes assemblies in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs): Influence of ionomer ratio in catalyst layers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29622. [PMID: 38681565 PMCID: PMC11046124 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have recently attracted significant attention as low-cost alternative fuel cells to traditional proton exchange membrane fuel cells because of the possible use of platinum-group metal-free electrocatalysts. Over the past decade, new materials dedicated to the alkaline medium, such as anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and anion exchange ionomers (AEIs), have been developed and studied in AEMFCs. However, only a few AEMs and AEIs are commercially available, and there are no ready-to-use membrane electrodes assemblies (MEAs) with the desired AEMs and AEIs. Consequently, the need to manufacture in-house CCMs or GDEs becomes a reality that we must face. This work deals with the influence of ionomer content on the prepared MEAs with the commercial anion exchange membrane and ionomer from Aemion™ Ionomr Innovations AF1-HNN8-2 and AP1-ENN8/HNN8 respectively and by varying the support (gas diffusion layer or membrane). The prepared MEAs were characterized morphologically by SEM and profilometry, as well as electrochemically by AEMFC polarization curves and cyclic voltammetry. In addition, an attempt to investigate water management was made with and without a reference electrode in the cell to understand the behavior of water in an operating AEMFC. Our results show that CCM-based MEAs can undergo deformation during the anion conversion step, leading to weakening of the membrane and hence faster degradation in the fuel cell. On the contrary, no deformation was observed for the GDEs during the anionic conversion, although the results are poorer due to (i) poor interface contact between membrane and GDE that depends on ionomer ratio in the ink and (ii) a high overpotential at the anode due to the production of water that cannot be effectively evacuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarina Turtayeva
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, PSI, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Feina Xu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jérôme Dillet
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Kévin Mozet
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Régis Peignier
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, 88000, Épinal, France
| | - Alain Celzard
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, 88000, Épinal, France
| | - Gaël Maranzana
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, F-54000, Nancy, France
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Favero S, Stephens IEL, Titirci MM. Anion Exchange Ionomers: Design Considerations and Recent Advances - An Electrochemical Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308238. [PMID: 37891006 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline-based electrochemical devices, such as anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cells and electrolyzers, are receiving increasing attention. However, while the catalysts and membrane are methodically studied, the ionomer is largely overlooked. In fact, most of the studies in alkaline electrolytes are conducted using the commercial proton exchange ionomer Nafion. The ionomer provides ionic conductivity; it is also essential for gas transport and water management, as well as for controlling the mechanical stability and the morphology of the catalyst layer. Moreover, the ionomer has distinct requirements that differ from those of anion-exchange membranes, such as a high gas permeability, and that depend on the specific electrode, such as water management. As a result, it is necessary to tailor the ionomer structure to the specific application in isolation and as part of the catalyst layer. In this review, an overview of the current state of the art for anion exchange ionomers is provided, summarizing their specific requirements and limitations in the context of AEM electrolyzers and fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Favero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, England, SW7 2BU, UK
| | - Ifan E L Stephens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, England, SW7 2BU, UK
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Tang J, Su C, Shao Z. Advanced membrane-based electrode engineering toward efficient and durable water electrolysis and cost-effective seawater electrolysis in membrane electrolyzers. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20220112. [PMID: 38854490 PMCID: PMC10867400 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Researchers have been seeking for the most technically-economical water electrolysis technology for entering the next-stage of industrial amplification for large-scale green hydrogen production. Various membrane-based electrolyzers have been developed to improve electric-efficiency, reduce the use of precious metals, enhance stability, and possibly realize direct seawater electrolysis. While electrode engineering is the key to approaching these goals by bridging the gap between catalysts design and electrolyzers development, nevertheless, as an emerging field, has not yet been systematically analyzed. Herein, this review is organized to comprehensively discuss the recent progresses of electrode engineering that have been made toward advanced membrane-based electrolyzers. For the commercialized or near-commercialized membrane electrolyzer technologies, the electrode material design principles are interpreted and the interface engineering that have been put forward to improve catalytic sites utilization and reduce precious metal loading is summarized. Given the pressing issues of electrolyzer cost reduction and efficiency improvement, the electrode structure engineering toward applying precious metal free electrocatalysts is highlighted and sufficient accessible sites within the thick catalyst layers with rational electrode architectures and effective ions/mass transport interfaces are enabled. In addition, this review also discusses the innovative ways as proposed to break the barriers of current membrane electrolyzers, including the adjustments of electrode reaction environment, and the feasible cell-voltage-breakdown strategies for durable direct seawater electrolysis. Hopefully, this review may provide insightful information of membrane-based electrode engineering and inspire the future development of advanced membrane electrolyzer technologies for cost-effective green hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tang
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM‐MECE)Curtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Chao Su
- School of Energy and PowerJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangChina
| | - Zongping Shao
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM‐MECE)Curtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Liu L, Fu Z, Xing Y, Li Y, Zhou X, Li Z, Li H. Double-Layer ePTFE-Reinforced Membrane Electrode Assemblies Prepared by a Reverse Membrane Deposition Process for High-Performance and Durable Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37331008 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
To promote further commercialization of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, developing a novel preparation method for high-performance and durable membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) is imperative. In this study, we adopt the reverse membrane deposition process and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) reinforcing technology to optimize the interface combination and durability of MEAs simultaneously for the preparation of novel MEAs with double-layer ePTFE reinforcement skeletons (DR-MEA). With the wet-contact between the liquid ionomer solution and porous catalyst layers (CLs), a tight 3D PEM/CL interface is formed in the DR-MEA. Based on this enhanced PEM/CL interface combination, the DR-MEA exhibits a significantly increased electrochemical surface area, reduced interfacial resistance, and improved power performance compared with a conventional MEA (C-MEA) based on a catalyst-coated membrane method. Furthermore, with the reinforcement of double-layer ePTFE skeletons and the support of rigid electrodes for the membranes, the DR-MEA demonstrates less mechanical degradation than the C-MEA after wet/dry cycle test, reflected in lower increase in hydrogen crossover current, interfacial resistance, and charge-transfer resistance and reduced power performance attenuation. With less mechanical degradation, the DR-MEA therefore shows less chemical degradation than the C-MEA after an open-circuit voltage durability test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Power Plants and Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiyong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Power Plants and Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yijing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Power Plants and Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yifan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Power Plants and Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Power Plants and Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhuoqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Power Plants and Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Power Plants and Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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Ding L, Wang W, Xie Z, Li K, Yu S, Capuano CB, Keane A, Ayers K, Zhang FY. Highly Porous Iridium Thin Electrodes with Low Loading and Improved Reaction Kinetics for Hydrogen Generation in PEM Electrolyzer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24284-24295. [PMID: 37167124 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient electrodes with simplified fabrication and low cost are highly desired for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMECs). Herein, highly porous Ir-coated thin/tunable liquid/gas diffusion layers with honeycomb-structured catalyst layers were fabricated as anode electrodes for PEMECs via integrating a facile and fast electroplating process with efficient template removal. Combined with a Nafion 117 membrane, a low cell voltage of 1.842 V at 2000 mA/cm2 and a high mass activity of 4.16 A/mgIr at 1.7 V were achieved with a low Ir loading of 0.27 mg/cm2, outperforming most of the recently reported anode catalysts. Moreover, the thin electrode shows outstanding stability at a high current density of 1800 mA/cm2 in the practical PEMEC. Moreover, with in-situ high-speed visualizations in PEMECs, the catalyst layer structure's impact on real-time electrochemical reactions and mass transport phenomena was investigated for the first time. Increased active sites and improved multiphase transport properties with favorable bubble detachment and water diffusion for the honeycomb-structured electrode are revealed. Overall, the significantly simplified ionomer-free honeycomb thin electrode with low catalyst loading and remarkable performance could efficiently accelerate the industrial application of PEMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Nanodynamics and High-Efficiency Lab for Propulsion and Power, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, United States
| | - Weitian Wang
- Nanodynamics and High-Efficiency Lab for Propulsion and Power, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Nanodynamics and High-Efficiency Lab for Propulsion and Power, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, United States
| | - Kui Li
- Nanodynamics and High-Efficiency Lab for Propulsion and Power, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, United States
| | - Shule Yu
- Nanodynamics and High-Efficiency Lab for Propulsion and Power, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, United States
| | | | - Alex Keane
- Nel Hydrogen, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kathy Ayers
- Nel Hydrogen, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Feng-Yuan Zhang
- Nanodynamics and High-Efficiency Lab for Propulsion and Power, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, United States
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7
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Sudarsono W, Ying Tan S, Yin Wong W, Saiha Omar F, Ramya K, Mehmood S, Numan A, Walvekar R, Khalid M. From Catalyst Structure Design to Electrode Fabrication of Platinum-free Electrocatalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: A Review. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Modified Cellulose Proton-Exchange Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030659. [PMID: 36771960 PMCID: PMC9920170 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is an excellent energy device in which direct conversion of methanol to energy occurs, resulting in a high energy conversion rate. For DMFCs, fluoropolymer copolymers are considered excellent proton-exchange membranes (PEMs). However, the high cost and high methanol permeability of commercial membranes are major obstacles to overcome in achieving higher performance in DMFCs. Novel developments have focused on various reliable materials to decrease costs and enhance DMFC performance. From this perspective, cellulose-based materials have been effectively considered as polymers and additives with multiple concepts to develop PEMs for DMFCs. In this review, we have extensively discussed the advances and utilization of cost-effective cellulose materials (microcrystalline cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose, cellulose whiskers, cellulose nanofibers, and cellulose acetate) as PEMs for DMFCs. By adding cellulose or cellulose derivatives alone or into the PEM matrix, the performance of DMFCs is attained progressively. To understand the impact of different structures and compositions of cellulose-containing PEMs, they have been classified as functionalized cellulose, grafted cellulose, acid-doped cellulose, cellulose blended with different polymers, and composites with inorganic additives.
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9
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Anode Catalytic Dependency Behavior on Ionomer Content in Direct CO Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Kyeong M, Chae JE, Lee SY, Lim TH, Kim M, Lee SS, Song KH, Kim HJ. Development of Poly(Arylene ether Sulfone)-Based blend membranes containing aliphatic moieties for the low-temperature decal transfer method. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yang Y, Li P, Zheng X, Sun W, Dou SX, Ma T, Pan H. Anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers and fuel cells. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9620-9693. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00038e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The key components, working management, and operating techniques of anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers and fuel cells are reviewed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenping Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Material Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Hongge Pan
- Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, 710021, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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12
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Xie M, Chu T, Wang T, Wan K, Yang D, Li B, Ming P, Zhang C. Preparation, Performance and Challenges of Catalyst Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:879. [PMID: 34832108 PMCID: PMC8617821 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the composition, function and structure of the catalyst layer (CL) of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are summarized. The hydrogen reduction reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) processes and their mechanisms and the main interfaces of CL (PEM|CL and CL|MPL) are described briefly. The process of mass transfer (hydrogen, oxygen and water), proton and electron transfer in MEA are described in detail, including their influencing factors. The failure mechanism of CL (Pt particles, CL crack, CL flooding, etc.) and the degradation mechanism of the main components in CL are studied. On the basis of the existing problems, a structure optimization strategy for a high-performance CL is proposed. The commonly used preparation processes of CL are introduced. Based on the classical drying theory, the drying process of a wet CL is explained. Finally, the research direction and future challenges of CL are pointed out, hoping to provide a new perspective for the design and selection of CL materials and preparation equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tiankuo Chu
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Kechuang Wan
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Daijun Yang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Pingwen Ming
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Cunman Zhang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
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