Women-Focused Cardiac Rehabilitation Delivery Around the World and Program Enablers to Support Broader Implementation

Effectiveness of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Enhancing Clinical Outcomes for Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Analysis

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a structured intervention aimed at improving the clinical outcomes for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This systematic review assesses how well different types of CR, such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), Nordic walking (NW), and home-based cardiac rehabilitation (HBCR), improve exercise capacity, quality of life, and lower death and illness rates. The objective is to assess the effectiveness of cardiovascular rehabilitation programs in enhancing clinical outcomes for patients diagnosed with CAD. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model across Google Scholar, EMBASE, PubMed, Medline, and web browsers. Keywords such as "cardiac rehabilitation," "coronary artery disease," "exercise testing," "VO2 peak," and "physical activity" were used in different combinations. Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials, observational studies, or longitudinal studies published after 2013 in English, with a focus on the impact of CR on CAD. Articles were excluded if they were reviews, meta-analyses, or did not meet the keyword requirements. A total of 375 articles were initially identified with relevant citations. After further screening, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria for analysis. The studies reviewed demonstrated that all forms of CR, including HIIT, MICT, NW, and HBCR, significantly improved exercise capacity and quality of life, and reduced depression severity among CAD patients. Nordic walking showed marked improvements in functional capacity, while HIIT resulted in higher VO2 peak levels compared to moderate-intensity exercise. Home-based CR showed greater adherence rates, especially among older patients and those with strong family support. The results also highlighted the importance of individualized exercise programs to enhance adherence and outcomes. Cardiac rehabilitation is a vital component of secondary prevention in CAD patients, significantly improving clinical outcomes, including exercise capacity, quality of life, and mortality rates. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining and expanding access to CR programs and tailoring interventions to patient needs to optimize long-term health outcomes. Future research should explore the comparative effectiveness of different CR modalities and strategies to increase patient adherence.