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Morgan PB, Murphy PJ, Gifford KL, Gifford P, Golebiowski B, Johnson L, Makrynioti D, Moezzi AM, Moody K, Navascues-Cornago M, Schweizer H, Swiderska K, Young G, Willcox M. CLEAR - Effect of contact lens materials and designs on the anatomy and physiology of the eye. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:192-219. [PMID: 33775377 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper outlines changes to the ocular surface caused by contact lenses and their degree of clinical significance. Substantial research and development to improve oxygen permeability of rigid and soft contact lenses has meant that in many countries the issues caused by hypoxia to the ocular surface have largely been negated. The ability of contact lenses to change the axial growth characteristics of the globe is being utilised to help reduce the myopia pandemic and several studies and meta-analyses have shown that wearing orthokeratology lenses or soft multifocal contact lenses can reduce axial length growth (and hence myopia). However, effects on blinking, ptosis, the function of Meibomian glands, fluorescein and lissamine green staining of the conjunctiva and cornea, production of lid-parallel conjunctival folds and lid wiper epitheliopathy have received less research attention. Contact lens wear produces a subclinical inflammatory response manifested by increases in the number of dendritiform cells in the conjunctiva, cornea and limbus. Papillary conjunctivitis is also a complication of all types of contact lenses. Changes to wear schedule (daily disposable from overnight wear) or lens materials (hydrogel from SiHy) can reduce papillary conjunctivitis, but the effect of such changes on dendritic cell migration needs further study. These changes may be associated with decreased comfort but confirmatory studies are needed. Contact lenses can affect the sensitivity of the ocular surface to mechanical stimulation, but whether these changes affect comfort requires further investigation. In conclusion, there have been changes to lens materials, design and wear schedules over the past 20+ years that have improved their safety and seen the development of lenses that can reduce the myopia development. However, several changes to the ocular surface still occur and warrant further research effort in order to optimise the lens wearing experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Morgan
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Paul J Murphy
- University of Waterloo, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Kate L Gifford
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul Gifford
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Leah Johnson
- CooperVision Specialty EyeCare, Gilbert, AZ, United States
| | - Dimitra Makrynioti
- School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras (Aigio), Greece
| | - Amir M Moezzi
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Kurt Moody
- Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Kasandra Swiderska
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
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Wildsoet CF, Chia A, Cho P, Guggenheim JA, Polling JR, Read S, Sankaridurg P, Saw SM, Trier K, Walline JJ, Wu PC, Wolffsohn JS. IMI - Interventions Myopia Institute: Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M106-M131. [PMID: 30817829 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia has been predicted to affect approximately 50% of the world's population based on trending myopia prevalence figures. Critical to minimizing the associated adverse visual consequences of complicating ocular pathologies are interventions to prevent or delay the onset of myopia, slow its progression, and to address the problem of mechanical instability of highly myopic eyes. Although treatment approaches are growing in number, evidence of treatment efficacy is variable. This article reviews research behind such interventions under four categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), and surgical. In summarizing the evidence of efficacy, results from randomized controlled trials have been given most weight, although such data are very limited for some treatments. The overall conclusion of this review is that there are multiple avenues for intervention worthy of exploration in all categories, although in the case of optical, pharmacological, and behavioral interventions for preventing or slowing progression of myopia, treatment efficacy at an individual level appears quite variable, with no one treatment being 100% effective in all patients. Further research is critical to understanding the factors underlying such variability and underlying mechanisms, to guide recommendations for combined treatments. There is also room for research into novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Wildsoet
- Berkeley Myopia Research Group, School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Audrey Chia
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Pauline Cho
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Roelof Polling
- Erasmus MC Department of Ophthalmology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,HU University of Applied Sciences, Optometry and Orthoptics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Scott Read
- School of Optometry and Vision Science and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute and School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Klaus Trier
- Trier Research Laboratories, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey J Walline
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Pei-Chang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Alexandrova OI, Khorolskaya YI, Maychuk DY, Blinova MI, Alexandrova OI, Khorolskaya YI, Maychuk DY, Blinova MI. [Study of common cytotoxicity of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone antibiotics in cell cultures]. Vestn Oftalmol 2016; 131:43-53. [PMID: 26845872 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2015131543-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of the study was to identify the overall cytotoxicity of aminoglycosides netilmicin and tobramycin, and fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used three types of the cells: constantly transformed cell line CHO-K1, normal human skin fibroblasts and cells of normal human conjunctiva Clone 1-5C-4. Antibiotics activity was detected by their influence on cell viability. Quantitative and qualitative methods of evaluation have used to determine viability of the cells (quantitative assessment: a method of cloning cells and colorimetric method for assessing cell proliferation; qualitative assessment: lifetime visual observation under an inverted microscope for morphological status of cells in culture with photofixing). RESULTS The most toxic effect for all types of the cells was shown in tobramycin. The least degree of toxicity for all types of the cells was determined in netilmicin. CONCLUSION Studied antibiotics exert a cytotoxic effect in vitro and differ in their cytotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Alexandrova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, St. Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - Y I Khorolskaya
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, St. Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - D Y Maychuk
- MNTK 'Eye Microsurgery' named after Acad. SN Fedorov, Beskudnikovsky Boulevard, 5a, Moscow, Russian Federation 127486
| | - M I Blinova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, St. Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - O I Alexandrova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, St. Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - Y I Khorolskaya
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, St. Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - D Y Maychuk
- MNTK 'Eye Microsurgery' named after Acad. SN Fedorov, Beskudnikovsky Boulevard, 59a, Moscow, Russian Federation 127486
| | - M I Blinova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, St. Petersburg, Russia, 194064
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Rico-Sergado L, Pérez-Canales JL, Pérez-Santonja JJ, Cigüenza-Sancho S. Severe keratomalacia after 12 months of continuous hydrogel contact lens wear in a psychiatric patient. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2014; 38:138-41. [PMID: 25467290 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 53-year-old cachectic patient diagnosed with major depressive disorder was referred to our department for evaluation of a visible deformation of the right eye. She had been wearing hydrogel contact lenses on a continuous basis without removal for the last 12 months, influenced by low self-esteem and social isolation. Slit-lamp examination of the right eye showed a conical cornea, extensive neovascularization, severe stromal melting with descemetocele formation and forward bulging of the iris. Examination of the left eye revealed multiple corneal opacities, deep stromal neovascularization and anterior chamber inflammation. No sign of infection was present. Vitamin A deficiency was suspected and later confirmed. The patient required evisceration of the right eye and psychiatric treatment. Inflammatory signs of the left eye resolved within 1 week of initiating treatment. This case illustrates the synergistic effect of soft contact lens abuse and vitamin A deficiency in a psychiatric patient, and emphasizes the importance of instructing vulnerable patients on appropriate lens use and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rico-Sergado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Jose L Pérez-Canales
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan J Pérez-Santonja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain; Cornea Unit, OftalVist Group, Alicante, Spain
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Torricelli AAM, Wilson SE. Cellular and extracellular matrix modulation of corneal stromal opacity. Exp Eye Res 2014; 129:151-60. [PMID: 25281830 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Stromal transparency is a critical factor contributing to normal function of the visual system. Corneal injury, surgery, disease and infection elicit complex wound healing responses that serve to protect against insults and maintain the integrity of the cornea, and subsequently to restore corneal structure and transparency. However, in some cases these processes result in prolonged loss of corneal transparency and resulting diminished vision. Corneal opacity is mediated by the complex actions of many cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines produced by the epithelial cells, stromal cells, bone marrow-derived cells, lacrimal tissues, and nerves. Myofibroblasts, and the disorganized extracellular matrix produced by these cells, are critical determinants of the level and persistence of stromal opacity after corneal injury. Decreases in corneal crystallins in myofibroblasts and corneal fibroblasts contribute to cellular opacity in the stroma. Regeneration of a fully functional epithelial basement membrane (BM) appears to have a critical role in the maintenance of corneal stromal transparency after mild injuries and recovery of transparency when opacity is generated after severe injuries. The epithelial BM likely has a regulatory function whereby it modulates epithelium-derived growth factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF) β and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) that drive the development and persistence of myofibroblasts from precursor cells. The purpose of this article is to review the factors involved in the maintenance of corneal transparency and to highlight the mechanisms involved in the appearance, persistency and regression of corneal opacity after stromal injury.
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Hovakimyan M, Falke K, Stahnke T, Guthoff R, Witt M, Wree A, Stachs O. Morphological Analysis of Quiescent and Activated Keratocytes: A Review ofEx VivoandIn VivoFindings. Curr Eye Res 2014; 39:1129-44. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.902073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Freiberg FJ, Lindell J, Thederan LAL, Leippi S, Shen Y, Klink T. Corneal thickness after overnight wear of an intraocular pressure fluctuation contact lens sensor. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e534-9. [PMID: 22974389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of overnight wear of a contact lens-based sensor (CLS) for monitoring of 24-hr intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations on central corneal thickness (CCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Changes in the CCT, mid-peripheral corneal thickness and central corneal radius (CCR) during overnight CLS wear in 20 eligible patients with ocular hypertension or established glaucoma were prospectively studied using ultrasound pachymetry and topography. Corneal thickness and CCR changes were evaluated from pre-to-postsleep, with the fellow eye as control. Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used as appropriate and with α = 0.05. Relationship between the IOP profile recorded by the CLS and the pre-to-postsleep corneal thickness differences was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS After CLS wear, mean CCT had changed from 523 to 537 μm (p = 0.015) in the study eye and from 518 to 522 (p = 0.206) in the fellow eye (n = 15). There was no difference in CCT change between eyes (p = 0.075). There were no statistically significant changes in horizontal or vertical CCR in either eye (p > 0.05 for all). No correlation was found between the pre-to-postsleep differences in the CLS signal and the pre-to-postsleep differences in ultrasound CCT measurements (p = 0.974). CONCLUSION The continuous IOP monitoring does not appear to be affected by differences in corneal thickness that occur during overnight CLS wear, although the CLS did induce some corneal swelling. This effect was not statistically significantly different from the control eye and does not seem to influence the CLS IOP profile.
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Corneal transparency: genesis, maintenance and dysfunction. Brain Res Bull 2009; 81:198-210. [PMID: 19481138 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Optimal vision is contingent upon transparency of the cornea. Corneal neovascularization, trauma and, surgical procedures such as photorefractive keratectomy and graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty can lead to corneal opacification. In this article we identify the underlying basis of corneal transparency and factors that compromise the integrity of the cornea. With evidence from work on animal models and clinical studies, we explore the molecular mechanisms of both corneal avascularity and its dysfunction. We also seek to review therapeutic regimens that can safely salvage and restore corneal transparency.
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Liaw WC, Chang WS, Chen KP, Chen YF, Chen CS. Xylitol fermentation by Candida subtropicalis WF79 immobilized in polyacrylic hydrogel films. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Jeong GT, Lee KM, Yang HS, Park SH, Park JH, Sunwoo C, Ryu HW, Kim D, Lee WT, Kim HS, Cha WS, Park DH. Synthesis of poly(sorbitan methacrylate) hydrogel by free-radical polymerization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 137-140:935-46. [PMID: 18478446 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-9109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are materials with the ability to swell in water through the retention of significant fractions of water within their structures. Owing to their relatively high degree of biocompatibility, hydrogels have been utilized in a host of biomedical applications. In an attempt to determine the optimum conditions for hydrogel synthesis by the free-radical polymerization of sorbitan methacrylate (SMA), the hydrogel used in this study was well polymerized under the following conditions: 50% (w/v) SMA as monomer, 1% (w/w) alpha, alpha'-azo-bis(isobutyro-nitrile) as thermal initiator, and 1% (w/w) ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-liking agent. Under these conditions, the moisture content of the polymerized SMA hydrogel was higher than in the other conditions. Moreover, the moisture content of the poly(SMA) hydrogel was also found to be higher than that of the poly(methyl methacrylate [MMA]) hydrogel. When the Fourier transform-infrared spectrum of poly(SMA) hydrogel was compared with that of poly(MMA) hydrogel, we noted a band at 1735-1730/cm, which did not appear in the Fourier transform-infrared spectrum of poly(MMA). The surface of the poly(SMA) hydrogel was visualized through scanning electron microscopy, and was uniform and clear in appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwi-Taek Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 500-757, Gwangju, Korea
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Liaw WC, Chen CS, Chang WS, Chen KP. Xylitol Production from Rice Straw Hemicellulose Hydrolyzate by Polyacrylic Hydrogel Thin Films with Immobilized Candida subtropicalis WF79. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 105:97-105. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.105.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Burgalassi S, Nicosia N, Monti D, Falcone G, Boldrini E, Chetoni P. Larch Arabinogalactan for Dry Eye Protection and Treatment of Corneal Lesions: Investigations in Rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 23:541-50. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susi Burgalassi
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry and Biopharmaceutics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nadia Nicosia
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry and Biopharmaceutics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry and Biopharmaceutics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Patrizia Chetoni
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry and Biopharmaceutics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Efron N. Contact lens-induced changes in the anterior eye as observed in vivo with the confocal microscope. Prog Retin Eye Res 2007; 26:398-436. [PMID: 17498998 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The availability of the confocal microscope over the past decade has allowed clinicians and researchers to refine their understanding of the physiological and pathological basis of the ocular response to contact lens wear, and to discover previously unknown phenomena. Mucin balls, which form in the tear layer in patients wearing silicone hydrogel lenses, can penetrate the full thickness of the epithelium, leading to activation of keratocytes in the underlying anterior stroma. Epithelial cell size increases in response to all forms of lens wear, with lenses of higher oxygen transmissibility (Dk/t) interfering least with the normal process of epithelial desquamation. A higher density of Langerhans' cells is observed in the layer of the sub-basal nerve plexus among contact lens wearers, suggesting that contact lens wear may be altering the immune status of the cornea. Dark lines and folds are observed in the oedematous cornea in response to contact lens wear. Mechanical stimulation of the corneal surface, due to the physical presence of a contact lens, and the consequent release of inflammatory mediators, is the likely cause of reduced keratocyte density associated with lens wear. Highly reflective stromal 'microdot deposits' are observed throughout the entire stroma in higher numbers in lens wearers. 'Blebs' in the endothelium have a bright centre surrounded by a dark annular shadow; this appearance is explained with the aid of an optical model. The confocal microscope has considerable clinical utility in diagnosing Acanthamoeba and fungal keratitis. At the limbus, contact lenses can induce structural changes such as increases in basal epithelial cell size. An increased number of rolling leucocytes is observed in limbal vessels in response to low Dk/t lenses. It is concluded that the confocal microscope has considerable utility in contact lens research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Efron
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Corner Musk Avenue and Blamey Street, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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