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Su CY, Yeh LK, Huang PH, Lin WP, Huang HF, Lai CC, Fang HW. Long-term effects of tear film component deposition on the surface and optical properties of two different orthokeratology lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101852. [PMID: 37150645 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the effects of long-term deposition of tear film components on the surface and optical properties of orthokeratology (ortho-k) lenses, two different lenses, Brighten 22 and Optimum Extra, were tested here. METHODS Ortho-k lenses were immersed in artificial tears and cleaned with a commercial care solution repeatedly for up to 90 days. Both the daily and accumulated lysozyme deposition amounts using an Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay were then analyzed. The base curve, central thickness, power, and transmission of visible light, ultraviolet A, and ultraviolet B were analyzed before and after repeated tear film component deposition procedures. The surface roughness using atomic force microscopy was observed and an energy dispersive spectrometer was used to analyze the composition of the deposits. RESULTS The highest levels of lysozyme were adsorbed on both lens materials during the first four days of the procedure and became saturated by day 6. For both lens materials, contamination on the lenses was easily observed by day 30, and the degree of surface roughness was higher. The transmission levels of different light spectrums were reduced showing that the optical characteristics of both lenses were also affected. CONCLUSIONS The results provide in vitro evidence that lysozyme could not be completely removed from orthokeratology lenses. Both surface and optical properties were affected by the deposition of tear film components. However, only one commercial multipurpose care solution was used to clean the lens in this study when the main ingredient was a surfactant, and the results might be different when other care regimens with other key ingredients are used. In addition, whether tear film component deposition might result in increased risks of infection or corneal abrasion will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ying Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fuxing St., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Lin
- Research and Development Center, Brighten Optix Co., 6F-1, No. 150, Sec.4, Chengde Rd., Shilin Dist., Taipei 111, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, University of Kang Ning, No. 137, Alley 75, Sec. 3, Kang Ning Road, Neihu District, Taipei 11485, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Fang Huang
- Research and Development Center, Brighten Optix Co., 6F-1, No. 150, Sec.4, Chengde Rd., Shilin Dist., Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fuxing St., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wei Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the eye, the organ responsible for vision, and its attachments. Biomaterials can be made with different types of materials and can replace or improve a function or an organ, specifically the eye in the case of ophthalmic biomaterials. Biomaterials are substances that interact with biological systems for a medical purpose, either as a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair, or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic agent, and have continued to improve over the years, leading to the creation of new biomaterials. With the arrival of new generations, biomaterials have succeeded in reducing complications and toxicity and improving biocompatibilities associated with older generations. With the aging population, eye problems are becoming more prevalent, and biomaterials have helped in recent years to improve or restore vision, improving the quality of life of many patients. This review focuses on the most clinically used ophthalmic biomaterials, including contact lenses, intraocular lenses, artificial tears, inlays and vitreous replacements. Tissue engineering is presented as a new tool that is able to be treat several ophthalmologic disorders.
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Walsh K, Jones L, Moody K. Addressing common myths and misconceptions in soft contact lens practice. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 105:459-473. [PMID: 34886744 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.2003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in contact lens technology over the past 50 years since the commercialisation of the first soft lenses in 1971 have been incredible, with significant changes in contact lens materials, frequency of replacement, care systems and lens designs occurring. However, despite the widespread availability of contact lenses, penetration rates for those who need vision correction remain in the low single digits and many practitioners seem to hold on to concepts around the potential value of contact lenses that appear based in the dim and distant past and are certainly no longer valid today. This review addresses 10 common 'myths and misconceptions' around soft contact lenses using an evidence-based approach that can hopefully dispel some of these incorrect assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Walsh
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kurt Moody
- Johnson & Johnson Vision, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Mousavi M, Garaszczuk IK, De Jesus DA, Szczesna-Iskander DH, Armstrong RA, Nichols KK, Iskander DR. Tear Film Surface Quality in Modern Daily Disposable Contact Lens Wear. Eye Contact Lens 2021; 47:631-637. [PMID: 34797270 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As reported previously, tear film surface quality (TFSQ) should be considered in contact lens (CL) fitting. This study followed noninvasive keratograph tear film break-up time (NIKBUT) in CL wearers for 12 months to validate its clinical utility in predicting CL performance. METHODS Fifty-five subjects (M/F=17/38) aged 26±4 years were prescribed silicone hydrogel or hydrogel CLs. The study included baseline measurements without CLs; 2 visits for CL fitting and control; follow-up after 3, 6, and 12 months of CL wear; and postwear visit without CLs. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), 8-Item Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire (CLDEQ-8), first and mean NIKBUT (F/M-NIKBUT), fluorescein tear film break-up time (FBUT), and ocular surface staining were evaluated. RESULTS Post hoc analysis of each pair of visits showed differences between baseline and all CL visits for F-NIKBUT, M-NIKBUT, FBUT, and corneal staining. No difference was reported in symptoms. In addition, differences between baseline and postwear visits were noted in OSDI, M-NIKBUT, FBUT, and corneal staining, with three of the latter parameters showing a downward trend. CONCLUSIONS No changes in TFSQ and symptoms were reported over 12 months. Introducing NIKBUT as part of routine CL fitting is advised to improve CL fit and predict success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mousavi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (M.M., D.R.I.), Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland ; School of Optometry (M.M., K.K.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences (I.K.G., D.H.S.-I.), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; Department of Optics and Photonics (I.K.G.), Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (D.A.D.J.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands; and Aston University School of Life and Health Sciences (R.A.A.), Birmingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Anderson DM, Corsaro M, Horton J, Reid T, Seshaiyer P. Tear film dynamics with blinking and contact lens motion. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2021; 38:355-395. [PMID: 34286343 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We develop a lubrication theory-based mathematical model that describes the dynamics of a tear film during blinking and contact lens (CL) wear. The model extends previous work on pre-corneal tear film dynamics during blinking by coupling the partial differential equation for tear film thickness to a dynamic model for CL motion. We explore different models for eyelid motion and also account for possible voluntary and involuntary globe (eyeball) rotation that may accompany blinking. Boundary conditions for mass flux at the eyelids are also adapted to account for the presence and motion of the CL. Our predictions for CL motion compare reasonably with existing data. Away from the eyelids the pre-lens tear film (PrLTF) is shifted, relative to its pre-corneal counterpart, in the direction of CL motion. Near the eyelids, the inflow/outflow of fluid under the eyelids also influences the PrLTF profile. We also compare our PrLTF dynamics to existing in vivo tear film thickness measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Anderson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Maria Corsaro
- Department of Mathematics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jonathan Horton
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Tim Reid
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Padmanabhan Seshaiyer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Mlyniuk P, Stachura J, Jiménez-Villar A, Grulkowski I, Kaluzny BJ. Changes in the geometry of modern daily disposable soft contact lenses during wear. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12460. [PMID: 34127727 PMCID: PMC8203656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometry of contact lenses can be altered by wear but determining the changes that occur in soft contact lenses (SCLs) is challenging. This study aimed to investigate the shape alterations of daily disposable SCLs after wear using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Forty-five eyes with myopia of − 3.00 diopters (D) were enrolled. The participants wore three types of SCLs: hydrogel lens (nesofilcon A) and silicone hydrogel lenses (delefilcon A and stenfilcon A). The SCLs were scanned 3–6 min after lens removal. We found a significant decrease in the SCL anterior curvature: 0.24 ± 0.17 mm for nesofilcon A, 0.44 ± 0.21 mm for delefilcon A, and 0.53 ± 0.29 mm for stenfilcon A. The changes in the anterior curvature of SCLs correlated moderately with the mean corneal keratometry; Pearson’s correlation coefficients for nesofilcon A and delefilcon A were 0.57 and 0.52, respectively (P < 0.001). A statistically significant change in the total diameter was observed in SCL made of stenfilcon A (0.39 mm, P < 0.001). To conclude, the central radii of curvature decreased after a wearing period for all three types of daily disposable SCLs to imitate the anterior corneal surface, however, the changes in other geometrical parameters measured with SS-OCT were lens-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Mlyniuk
- Division of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85-168, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Stachura
- Division of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85-168, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alfonso Jiménez-Villar
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Grulkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej J Kaluzny
- Division of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85-168, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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CLEAR - Contact lens wettability, cleaning, disinfection and interactions with tears. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:157-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Korogiannaki M, Samsom M, Matheson A, Soliman K, Schmidt TA, Sheardown H. Investigating the Synergistic Interactions of Surface Immobilized and Free Natural Ocular Lubricants for Contact Lens Applications: A Comparative Study between Hyaluronic Acid and Proteoglycan 4 (Lubricin). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1062-1072. [PMID: 33434030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The main reasons for the discontinuation of contact lens wear are ocular dryness and discomfort. Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), a mucinous glycoprotein, and hyaluronic acid (HA), a nonsulfated linear glycosaminoglycan, are naturally present in the eye and contribute to ocular hydration and lubrication. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the structure of the recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4)/HA complex on contact lens properties, when one agent is grafted and the counterpart is physisorbed on the surface of model conventional or silicone contact lens materials. Investigation of the wettability, water retention, antifouling, and boundary lubricant properties of the prepared hydrogels showed that the rhPRG4/HA interactions varied with the rhPRG/HA configuration on the hydrogel surface as well as the composition of the underlying substrate used. The rhPRG4-physisorbed/HA-grafted sample was characterized by better antifouling and boundary lubricant properties on the model conventional hydrogels, while the HA-physisorbed/rhPRG4-grafted sample exhibited improved surface wettability, antifouling, and water-retentive properties on the model silicone hydrogels. The results of this study contribute to the design of biomimetic contact lens surfaces that work synergistically with ocular fluid-phase biological agents to enhance compatibility between the contact lens and the ocular environment, alleviating dry eye symptoms and improving comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Korogiannaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Michael Samsom
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Austyn Matheson
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Karim Soliman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Heather Sheardown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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9
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Tanwear A, Liang X, Liu Y, Vuckovic A, Ghannam R, Bohnert T, Paz E, Freitas PP, Ferreira R, Heidari H. Spintronic Sensors Based on Magnetic Tunnel Junctions for Wireless Eye Movement Gesture Control. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:1299-1310. [PMID: 32991289 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.3027242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tracking of eye gesture movements using wearable technologies can undoubtedly improve quality of life for people with mobility and physical impairments by using spintronic sensors based on the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect in a human-machine interface. Our design involves integrating three TMR sensors on an eyeglass frame for detecting relative movement between the sensor and tiny magnets embedded in an in-house fabricated contact lens. Using TMR sensors with the sensitivity of 11 mV/V/Oe and ten <1 mm3 embedded magnets within a lens, an eye gesture system was implemented with a sampling frequency of up to 28 Hz. Three discrete eye movements were successfully classified when a participant looked up, right or left using a threshold-based classifier. Moreover, our proof-of-concept real-time interaction system was tested on 13 participants, who played a simplified Tetris game using their eye movements. Our results show that all participants were successful in completing the game with an average accuracy of 90.8%.
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10
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Qiao H, Luensmann D, Heynen M, Drolle E, Subbaraman LN, Scales C, Riederer D, Fadli Z, Jones L. In vitro Evaluation of the Location of Cholesteryl Ester Deposits on Monthly Replacement Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lens Materials. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:2821-2828. [PMID: 33061266 PMCID: PMC7522414 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s270575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The deposition profile of cholesteryl ester on the surface and throughout the matrix of silicone hydrogel contact lens (CL) materials was determined under conditions that mimic a daily wear regimen. Methods In this in vitro study, four SiHy CL materials (senofilcon C, lotrafilcon B, comfilcon A and samfilcon A) were incubated in an artificial tear solution (ATS) for up to 30 days. CL incubation was alternated between the ATS (16 hours) and a multipurpose care regimen (8 hours). The ATS included fluorescently tagged cholesteryl ester (5-cholesten-3ß-ol 6-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]caproate; CE-NBD) and confocal laser scanning microscopy visualized the distribution of the lipid through the CLs. Results The distribution of CE-NBD was homogenous from the anterior to posterior surface in senofilcon C and comfilcon A, at all time points. For lotrafilcon B and samfilcon A, CE-NBD localization was heterogeneous, with greater amounts on the surfaces on Day 1 and Day 14 compared to the lens matrix; however, differences in concentration between the surface and bulk diminished by Day 30. Conclusion The distribution of the non-polar lipid CE-NBD varied with lens material chemistry. While some lens materials deposited the lipid primarily on the surface after 16 hours of exposure, all materials exhibited a homogenous distribution after one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qiao
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Doerte Luensmann
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Miriam Heynen
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Drolle
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Lakshman N Subbaraman
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Charles Scales
- Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Zohra Fadli
- Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Centre for Eye & Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Gifford KL, Richdale K, Kang P, Aller TA, Lam CS, Liu YM, Michaud L, Mulder J, Orr JB, Rose KA, Saunders KJ, Seidel D, Tideman JWL, Sankaridurg P. IMI - Clinical Management Guidelines Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M184-M203. [PMID: 30817832 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Best practice clinical guidelines for myopia control involve an understanding of the epidemiology of myopia, risk factors, visual environment interventions, and optical and pharmacologic treatments, as well as skills to translate the risks and benefits of a given myopia control treatment into lay language for both the patient and their parent or caregiver. This report details evidence-based best practice management of the pre-, stable, and the progressing myope, including risk factor identification, examination, selection of treatment strategies, and guidelines for ongoing management. Practitioner considerations such as informed consent, prescribing off-label treatment, and guides for patient and parent communication are detailed. The future research directions of myopia interventions and treatments are discussed, along with the provision of clinical references, resources, and recommendations for continuing professional education in this growing area of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Gifford
- Private Practice and Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Pauline Kang
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas A Aller
- Private Practice and University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Carly S Lam
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Y Maria Liu
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | | | - Jeroen Mulder
- University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janis B Orr
- Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A Rose
- University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Dirk Seidel
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Uptake and Release of Polyvinyl Alcohol from Hydrogel Daily Disposable Contact Lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2019; 96:180-186. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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13
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Musgrave CSA, Fang F. Contact Lens Materials: A Materials Science Perspective. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E261. [PMID: 30646633 PMCID: PMC6356913 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
More is demanded from ophthalmic treatments using contact lenses, which are currently used by over 125 million people around the world. Improving the material of contact lenses (CLs) is a now rapidly evolving discipline. These materials are developing alongside the advances made in related biomaterials for applications such as drug delivery. Contact lens materials are typically based on polymer- or silicone-hydrogel, with additional manufacturing technologies employed to produce the final lens. These processes are simply not enough to meet the increasing demands from CLs and the ever-increasing number of contact lens (CL) users. This review provides an advanced perspective on contact lens materials, with an emphasis on materials science employed in developing new CLs. The future trends for CL materials are to graft, incapsulate, or modify the classic CL material structure to provide new or improved functionality. In this paper, we discuss some of the fundamental material properties, present an outlook from related emerging biomaterials, and provide viewpoints of precision manufacturing in CL development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fengzhou Fang
- Centre of MicroNano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), University College Dublin, D14 YH57 Dublin, Ireland.
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Centre of MicroNano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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14
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Lubis RR, Gultom MTH. The Correlation between Daily Lens Wear Duration and Dry Eye Syndrome. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:829-834. [PMID: 29875854 PMCID: PMC5985870 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the correlation between the daily lens wear duration and dry eye syndrome. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was an analytic cross sectional study using consecutive sampling conducted among the students in Economy and Bussiness Faculty and Faculty of Humanities in University of Sumatera Utara aged between 17 to 23 that wore contact lens continously for at least a year and 5 days a week. The symptoms were assessed using Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) and interview about their contact lens comfort; eye drops usage, contact lens washing habit, daily circumstances, places to buy contact lens and personal experince in wearing contact lens. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 53 students. All of them were female and wore softlens wearers. The mean duration of daily wear was 8.19 ± 2.20 hours. The most common symptom experienced was dry eye and the least symptom experienced was removing lens. The most frequent symptom experienced was closing eyes and the least frequent symptom experienced was removing lenses. This study used Exact Test as analysis statistic method. The result was p > 0.05 which means there is no correlation between daily lens wear duration and dry eye syndrome. CONCLUSION: This study showed that dry eye syndrome was not correlated with daily lens wear duration, but affected by many factors such as contact lens, lens care solution, eye drops usage and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodiah Rahmawaty Lubis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty of University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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15
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McMonnies CW. An Amplifying Cascade of Contact Lens-Related End-of-Day Hyperaemia and Dryness Symptoms. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:839-847. [PMID: 29630423 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1457163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
End-of-day (EOD) symptoms of dryness are too often the cause of poor soft contact lens (SCL) tolerance and abandonment of wear. This review examines an amplifying cascade model for these symptoms, which involve thin tear layers on contact lens (CL) front surfaces being susceptible to evaporation-related short tear breakup (TBU) times. Susceptibility to faster tear loss by evaporation may be exacerbated by other forms of tear instability, such as lipid and mucin deficiencies as well as lens surface soiling. Bulbar and palpebral conjunctival hyperaemia and associated faster evaporation of warmer pre-conjunctival tears could also contribute to evaporative dry eye EOD symptoms. In CL wearers, a cascade of increasing hyperaemia toward the end of day, associated increasing tear temperature and evaporative loss, shortened TBU times (TBUTs) and increased osmolarity, all elevate the risk of higher symptom levels according to progressive amplification of this cascade. Chronic wound healing responses to SCL wear, perhaps related to limbal conjunctival trauma, stem cell deficiency and persistent epitheliopathy, as well as one or more immune responses, may contribute directly or indirectly to inflammation and the amplifying evaporative dryness cascade. A diurnal cycle that culminates in EOD symptoms appears to involve a process of recovery from causal mechanisms after lens removal, which allows lenses to be worn comfortably, at least initially the next day. Possible recovery processes are discussed in this review as are procedures that may help de-amplify an inflammatory, evaporative dryness cascade and alleviate EOD symptoms. Evidence of an accrual of adverse responses over long periods of more or less successful lens wear indicate an incremental failure to recover from EOD hyperaemia. Such incremental failure could help explain how SCL wear too often needs to be abandoned after many years of comfortable wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W McMonnies
- a School of Optometry and Vision Science , University of New South Wales , Kensington , Australia
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Consejo A, Iskander DR. Corneo-scleral limbus demarcation from 3D height data. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2016; 39:450-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Nichols JJ, Lievens CW, Bloomenstein MR, Liu H, Simmons P, Vehige J. Dual-Polymer Drops, Contact Lens Comfort, and Lid Wiper Epitheliopathy. Optom Vis Sci 2016; 93:979-86. [PMID: 27254807 PMCID: PMC4972480 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared a new contact lens rewetting drop containing both carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronic acid (CMC-HA) with a standard drop containing carboxymethylcellulose only (CMC). Symptoms of discomfort typical in lens wear and lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) were assessed over a 3-month period in a diverse sample of contact lens wearers. METHODS Adapted daily-wear contact lens subjects using hydrogel, silicone hydrogel, or rigid gas permeable lenses were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group, 90-day study conducted at 15 clinical sites. Subjects were randomized 2:1 to CMC-HA (n = 244) or CMC alone (n = 121) with dosage at least four times per day, along with their habitual lens care system. At baseline and at days 7, 30, 60, and 90, subject-completed questionnaires, bulbar conjunctival staining, LWE, contact lens distance visual acuity (CLDVA), and standard safety measures were assessed. RESULTS At day 90, CMC-HA performed significantly better than CMC in ocular symptoms including dryness throughout the day (p = 0.006), and burning/stinging throughout the day (p = 0.02) and at the end of the day (p < 0.001). CMC-HA also performed numerically better for dryness at the end of day (p = 0.06). LWE staining was improved in the CMC-HA group at day 90 whereas it increased slightly in the CMC alone group, with a significant between-group difference (p = 0.009). CMC-HA also demonstrated greater reduction in conjunctival staining compared with CMC alone at day 90 (p = 0.08). No differences in CLDVA, contact lens wear time, acceptability, and product use were observed, and safety outcomes were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The addition of HA to a standard CMC rewetting drop improves clinical performance. In this comparison of rewetting drop efficacy in contact lens wearers, LWE was a useful clinical sign for differentiating clinical performance.
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Ţălu Ş, StȨpień K, Caglayan MO. Topographic characterization of unworn contact lenses assessed by atomic force microscopy and wavelet transform. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:1026-31. [PMID: 26389706 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyses the three-dimensional (3-D) surface morphology of optic surface of unworn contact lenses (CLs) using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and wavelet transform. Refractive powers of all lens samples were 2.50 diopters. Topographic images were acquired in contact mode in air-conditioned medium (35% RH, 23°C). Topographic measurements were taken over a 5 µm × 5 µm area with 512 pixel resolution. Resonance frequency of the tip was 65 kHz. The 3-D surface morphology of CL unworn samples revealed (3-D) micro-textured surfaces that can be analyzed using (AFM) and wavelet transform. AFM and wavelet transform are accurate and sensitive tools that may assist CL manufacturers in developing CLs with optimal surface characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ştefan Ţălu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of AET, Discipline of Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 B-Dul Muncii St., Cluj-Napoca 400641, Cluj, Romania
| | - Krzysztof StȨpień
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Metrology, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Aleja 1000-Lecia Państwa Polskiego 7, Kielce, 25-314, Poland
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Navascues-Cornago M, Morgan PB, Maldonado-Codina C. Effect of Three Interventions on Contact Lens Comfort in Symptomatic Wearers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135323. [PMID: 26267853 PMCID: PMC4533967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether carrying out various interventions part way through the day influences comfort in symptomatic daily disposable (DD) contact lens wearers. Methods A subject-masked, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted in thirty symptomatic soft lens wearers who wore their habitual DD contact lenses bilaterally for 12 h on two separate days. Five hours after lens application, one of the following three interventions or a control was performed on each eye: replacing the existing lens with a new lens; removing and reapplying the same lens; performing a ‘scleral swish’; and no action (control). Comfort scores were recorded using SMS text messages every hour following lens application using a 0 (causes pain) to 100 (excellent comfort) scale. Comfort scores before lens application, at 6 mins post-application, and at 6 mins post-intervention were also recorded. Results There was a significant reduction in comfort from pre-lens application to 6 mins post-application for all groups (all p<0.05). Comfort gradually decreased from 6 mins to 5 h after lens application for each group (p<0.0001) with no significant difference between groups over the 5-h period (p = 0.09). There was no significant difference in comfort 6 mins post-intervention for any group (all p>0.05). After the intervention, comfort continued to decline (p<0.0001) with slightly lower mean scores for the control group compared to the new lens group (p = 0.003). Change in comfort relative to pre-intervention (5 h) was similar for all groups (p = 0.81). There was no difference in comfort at 12 h between groups (p = 0.83). Conclusion This work has confirmed that comfort shows a continual and significant decline over a 12-h wearing period in symptomatic DD contact lens wearers. None of the interventions investigated had any significant impact on end-of-day comfort. These data suggest discomfort in lens wearers is more heavily influenced by changes to the ocular environment rather than to the lens itself. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN10419752 http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN10419752
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Navascues-Cornago
- Eurolens Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Philip B. Morgan
- Eurolens Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Maldonado-Codina
- Eurolens Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Impact of Cosmetics on the Physical Dimension and Optical Performance of Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses. Eye Contact Lens 2015; 41:218-27. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Contact lens wearers' experiences while trekking in the Khumbu region/Nepal: a cross-sectional survey. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 13:178-84. [PMID: 25676479 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safe contact lens wear depends on a hygiene regime and lens-appropriate wear patterns which may be compromised during travel in remote and wilderness areas. The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of contact lens wearers while trekking at high-altitude in Nepal. METHODS For this descriptive study, trekkers with contact lenses were recruited in Lukla and invited to complete an online-questionnaire on trip preparation, contact lens use, care and experiences, and possible changes for future travel. Quantitative data were analysed using SurveyMonkey; content analysis applied to qualitative responses. RESULTS The majority of the 158 participants (124; 78.48%) reported no problems with their lenses (daily disposables, soft lenses, extended-wear lenses, hard/rigid lenses) during their stay although dry air, dust, wind, cold temperatures, and difficult hygiene maintenance were challenging. Freezing lenses and freezing solutions were additional challenges. Thirty-four (21.52%) experienced a variety of problems. Improvements were requested from manufacturers. Lodges should provide better access to clean water, mirrors and lighting. Almost 60% of participants had not sought any pre-travel health advice. CONCLUSIONS Remote and wilderness areas provide a challenge for appropriate contact lens wear and care. The decision between the potential risk of infection due to touching lenses (daily disposables, soft/hard lenses) and the potential risk of corneal erosion (extended-wear lenses) needs to be made in pre-travel consultations. Travel health professionals and travel agencies should remind CL-wearing trekkers to carefully assess their wear and care routine to accommodate potentially challenging conditions.
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Decoding soft lens fitting. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2014; 37:391-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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