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García-Porta N, Vaughan M, Rendo-González S, Gómez-Varela AI, O'Donnell A, de-Moura J, Novo-Bujan J, Ortega-Hortas M. Are artificial intelligence chatbots a reliable source of information about contact lenses? Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024; 47:102130. [PMID: 38443210 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots are able to explain complex concepts using plain language. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of three AI chatbots answering common questions related to contact lens (CL) wear. METHODS Three open access AI chatbots were compared: Perplexity, Open Assistant and ChatGPT 3.5. Ten general CL questions were asked to all AI chatbots on the same day in two different countries, with the questions asked in Spanish from Spain and in English from the U.K. Two independent optometrists with experience working in each country assessed the accuracy of the answers provided. Also, the AI chatbots' responses were assessed if their outputs showed any bias towards (or against) any eye care professional (ECP). RESULTS The answers obtained by the same AI chatbots were different in Spain and the U.K. Also, statistically significant differences were found between the AI chatbots for accuracy. In the U.K., ChatGPT 3.5 was the most and Open Assistant least accurate (p < 0.01). In Spain, Perplexity and ChatGPT were statistically more accurate than Open Assistant (p < 0.01). All the AI chatbots presented bias, except ChatGPT 3.5 in Spain. CONCLUSIONS AI chatbots do not always consider local CL legislation, and their accuracy seems to be dependent on the language used to interact with them. Hence, at this time, although some AI chatbots might be a good source of information for general CL related questions, they cannot replace an ECP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nery García-Porta
- Applied Physics Department, Optics and Optometry Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Materials (iMATUS) of the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | - Sofia Rendo-González
- Applied Physics Department, Optics and Optometry Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana I Gómez-Varela
- Applied Physics Department, Optics and Optometry Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Materials (iMATUS) of the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Jones L, Efron N, Bandamwar K, Barnett M, Jacobs DS, Jalbert I, Pult H, Rhee MK, Sheardown H, Shovlin JP, Stahl U, Stanila A, Tan J, Tavazzi S, Ucakhan OO, Willcox MDP, Downie LE. TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of contact lenses on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:175-219. [PMID: 37149139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several lifestyle choices made by contact lens wearers can have adverse consequences on ocular health. These include being non-adherent to contact lens care, sleeping in lenses, ill-advised purchasing options, not seeing an eyecare professional for regular aftercare visits, wearing lenses when feeling unwell, wearing lenses too soon after various forms of ophthalmic surgery, and wearing lenses when engaged in risky behaviors (e.g., when using tobacco, alcohol or recreational drugs). Those with a pre-existing compromised ocular surface may find that contact lens wear exacerbates ocular disease morbidity. Conversely, contact lenses may have various therapeutic benefits. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impinged upon the lifestyle of contact lens wearers, introducing challenges such as mask-associated dry eye, contact lens discomfort with increased use of digital devices, inadvertent exposure to hand sanitizers, and reduced use of lenses. Wearing contact lenses in challenging environments, such as in the presence of dust and noxious chemicals, or where there is the possibility of ocular trauma (e.g., sport or working with tools) can be problematic, although in some instances lenses can be protective. Contact lenses can be worn for sport, theatre, at high altitude, driving at night, in the military and in space, and special considerations are required when prescribing in such situations to ensure successful outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis, incorporated within the review, identified that the influence of lifestyle factors on soft contact lens dropout remains poorly understood, and is an area in need of further research. Overall, this report investigated lifestyle-related choices made by clinicians and contact lens wearers and discovered that when appropriate lifestyle choices are made, contact lens wear can enhance the quality of life of wearers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Nathan Efron
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kalika Bandamwar
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melissa Barnett
- University of California, Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Deborah S Jacobs
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabelle Jalbert
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Heiko Pult
- Dr Heiko Pult Optometry & Vision Research, Weinheim, Germany
| | | | - Heather Sheardown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ulli Stahl
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jacqueline Tan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Silvia Tavazzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Martínez-Pérez C, Villa-Collar C, Santodomingo-Rubido J, Shinde L, Thite N, Wolffsohn JS. Opportunities and threats to contact lens practice in Spain. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2023; 16:116-127. [PMID: 35821106 PMCID: PMC10104793 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An international survey evaluated the opportunities and threats related to contact lens practice reported by eye care professionals worldwide. This study reports on the results specifically found in Spain and how these compare with those from other regions of the world. METHODS A questionnaire was distributed to eye care practitioners around the world through professional associations. The questionnaire consisted of 9, 5 and 12 questions about opportunities, interventions, and potential threats related to contact lens practice, respectively. RESULTS A total of 2,408 responses were obtained from practitioners worldwide, of which 436 responses were obtained from Spanish practitioners. Spain was found among the regions with the highest perception of opportunities (median: 6.5/10) along with Australasia, North America, Europe, and South America. Spanish (median: 7.3/10), along with South American practitioners, also reported the highest perception of threats. Continuously updating of knowledge/skills, recommending contact lens wearing options to potential patients, creating an efficient recall system for follow-up examinations and being competent in managing contact lens-related complications were reported as important interventions for contact lens practice growth by Spanish eye care practitioners. CONCLUSIONS Spain is one of the regions in the world with the highest perception of both opportunities and threats regarding future contact lens practice. As such, Spanish practitioners consider it important to continuously update knowledge/skills and to recommend and educate patients on the benefits of contact lens wear. Online sales were found to be one of the most important concerns reported by both Spanish and eye care practitioners worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Martínez-Pérez
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Nutrition, Optics and Optometry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Villa-Collar
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Nutrition, Optics and Optometry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Nilesh Thite
- International Association of Contact Lens Educators, Pune, India
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Moore M, Loughman J, Butler JS, Ohlendorf A, Wahl S, Flitcroft DI. The Refractive Error and Vision Impairment Estimation with Spectacle Data Study. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100092. [PMID: 36246180 PMCID: PMC9562346 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether spectacle lens sales data can be used to estimate the population distribution of refractive error among patients with ametropia and hence to estimate the current and future risk of vision impairment. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants A total of 141 547 436 spectacle lens sales records from an international European lens manufacturer between 1998 and 2016. Methods Anonymized patient spectacle lens sales data, including refractive error information, was provided by a major European spectacle lens manufacturer. Data from the Gutenberg Health Survey was digitized to allow comparison of a representative, population-based sample with the spectacle lens sales data. A bootstrap analysis was completed to assess the comparability of both datasets. The expected level of vision impairment resulting from myopia at 75 years of age was calculated for both datasets using a previously published risk estimation equation combined with a saturation function. Main Outcome Measures Comparability of spectacle lens sales data on refractive error with typical population surveys of refractive error and its potential usefulness to predict vision impairment resulting from refractive error. Results Equivalent estimates of the population distribution of spherical equivalent refraction can be provided from spectacle lens data within limits. For myopia, the population distribution was equivalent to the Gutenberg Health Survey (≤ 5% deviation) for levels of –2.0 diopters (D) or less, whereas for hyperopia, the distribution was equivalent (≤ 5% deviation) for levels of +3.0 D or more. The estimated rates of vision impairment resulting from myopia were not statistically significantly different (chi-square, 182; degrees of freedom, 169; P = 0.234) between the spectacle lens dataset and Gutenberg Health Survey dataset. Conclusions The distribution of refractive error and hence the risk of vision impairment resulting from refractive error within a population can be determined using spectacle lens sales data. Pooling this type of data from multiple industry sources could provide a cost-effective, timely, and globally representative mechanism for monitoring the evolving epidemiologic features of refractive error and associated vision impairment.
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Characteristics, Behaviors, and Awareness of Contact Lens Wearers Purchasing Lenses Over the Internet. Eye Contact Lens 2021; 46:208-213. [PMID: 32443017 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics and hygiene habits of contact lens (CL) wearers who acquire CLs over the Internet, as well as their awareness of modifiable risk factors (RFs). METHODS A web-based survey was conducted among clients of an online CL sales platform during 6 months. Demographic data, CL hygiene-related awareness, and compliance were collected and analyzed. RESULTS The questionnaire was completed by 1,264 CL wearers: the average age was 40.8 years; most were women (71.1%), had myopia (76.4%), and wore monthly disposable CLs (63.6%). The frequency of eye examination was significantly lower among those buying the CL exclusively online (15.8% vs. 6.6%, P<0.001) and those who had begun CL use on their own (17.5% vs. 8.8%, P<0.001). Initiation to CL wear without the intervention of an eye care practitioner was more frequent in wearers with less experience. Common risk behaviors included water exposure (68.1% in swimming and 64.9% in the shower), use of the case (61.9%) and CL (65.1%) beyond the recommended replacement time, and reuse of the maintenance solution (31.9%). Ignorance of recommended hygiene increased the probability of risky behavior. CONCLUSION There were no differences in compliance or awareness of risks between those purchasing exclusively online and other CL wearers. However, the growing frequency of self-taught initiation in CL wear among less-experienced online customers and online exclusive purchase was associated with a decrease in eye examination frequency and therefore worse compliance and increased risks. This finding underlines the importance of publicizing correct hygiene habits by all possible means so as to increase compliance.
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Efron N, Morgan PB. Rethinking contact lens aftercare. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 100:411-431. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Efron
- School of Optometry and Vision Science,Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Philip B Morgan
- Eurolens Research,The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,
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Wolffsohn JS, Dumbleton K, Huntjens B, Kandel H, Koh S, Kunnen CME, Nagra M, Pult H, Sulley AL, Vianya-Estopa M, Walsh K, Wong S, Stapleton F. CLEAR - Evidence-based contact lens practice. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:368-397. [PMID: 33775383 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based contact lens -->practice involves finding, appraising and applying research findings as the basis for patient management decisions. These decisions should be informed by the strength of the research study designs that address the question, as well as by the experience of the practitioner and the preferences and environment of the patient. This reports reviews and summarises the published research evidence that is available to inform soft and rigid contact lens history and symptoms taking, anterior eye health examination (including the optimised use of ophthalmic dyes, grading scales, imaging techniques and lid eversion), considerations for contact lens selection (including the ocular surface measurements required to select the most appropriate lens parameter, lens modality and material selection), evaluation of lens fit, prescribing (teaching self-application and removal, adaptation, care regimen and cleaning instructions, as well as -->minimising risks of lens wear through encouraging compliance) and an aftercare routine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Dumbleton
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences at City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Himal Kandel
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shizuka Koh
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Manbir Nagra
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, ARU, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heiko Pult
- Optometry and Vision Research, Weinheim, Germany
| | | | - Marta Vianya-Estopa
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen Walsh
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Stephanie Wong
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
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8
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Szczotka-Flynn LB, Shovlin JP, Schnider CM, Caffery BE, Alfonso EC, Carnt NA, Chalmers RL, Collier S, Jacobs DS, Joslin CE, Kroken AR, Lakkis C, Pearlman E, Schein OD, Stapleton F, Tu E, Willcox MDP. American Academy of Optometry Microbial Keratitis Think Tank. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 98:182-198. [PMID: 33771951 PMCID: PMC8075116 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Think Tank 2019 affirmed that the rate of infection associated with contact lenses has not changed in several decades. Also, there is a trend toward more serious infections associated with Acanthamoeba and fungi. The growing use of contact lenses in children demands our attention with surveillance and case-control studies. PURPOSE The American Academy of Optometry (AAO) gathered researchers and key opinion leaders from around the world to discuss contact lens-associated microbial keratitis at the 2019 AAO Annual Meeting. METHODS Experts presented within four sessions. Session 1 covered the epidemiology of microbial keratitis, pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the role of lens care systems and storage cases in corneal disease. Session 2 covered nonbacterial forms of keratitis in contact lens wearers. Session 3 covered future needs, challenges, and research questions in relation to microbial keratitis in youth and myopia control, microbiome, antimicrobial surfaces, and genetic susceptibility. Session 4 covered compliance and communication imperatives. RESULTS The absolute rate of microbial keratitis has remained very consistent for three decades despite new technologies, and extended wear significantly increases the risk. Improved oxygen delivery afforded by silicone hydrogel lenses has not impacted the rates, and although the introduction of daily disposable lenses has minimized the risk of severe disease, there is no consistent evidence that they have altered the overall rate of microbial keratitis. Overnight orthokeratology lenses may increase the risk of microbial keratitis, especially secondary to Acanthamoeba, in children. Compliance remains a concern and a significant risk factor for disease. New insights into host microbiome and genetic susceptibility may uncover new theories. More studies such as case-control designs suited for rare diseases and registries are needed. CONCLUSIONS The first annual AAO Think Tank acknowledged that the risk of microbial keratitis has not decreased over decades, despite innovation. Important questions and research directions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eduardo C Alfonso
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nicole A Carnt
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Collier
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Deborah S Jacobs
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Cornea Service, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charlotte E Joslin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abby R Kroken
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Eric Pearlman
- Departments of Ophthalmology, and Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Oliver D Schein
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elmer Tu
- University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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University students fail to comply with contact lens care. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 45:101411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Bakkar MM, Alzghoul EA. Assessment of compliance with contact lens wear and care among university-based population in Jordan. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 43:395-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McKelvie J, Alshiakhi M, Ziaei M, Patel DV, McGhee CNJ. The rising tide of Acanthamoeba keratitis in Auckland, New Zealand: a 7-year review of presentation, diagnosis and outcomes (2009-2016). Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 46:600-607. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James McKelvie
- The Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- The Department of Ophthalmology; Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Moaz Alshiakhi
- The Department of Ophthalmology; Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Mohammed Ziaei
- The Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- The Department of Ophthalmology; Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Dipika V Patel
- The Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- The Department of Ophthalmology; Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Charles NJ McGhee
- The Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- The Department of Ophthalmology; Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
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Wagner H, Richdale K, Lam DY, Kinoshita BT, Mitchell GL, Sorbara L, Zimmerman AB, Chalmers RL. Letter to the editor clarifying CLAY study group and published research findings. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2017; 41:240. [PMID: 29254844 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Wagner
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States; Marshall B. Ketchum University Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA, United States; Pacific University College of Optometry, Forrest Grove, OR, United States; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; Clinical Trial Consultant, 2097 East Lake Road, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States.
| | - Kathryn Richdale
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States; Marshall B. Ketchum University Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA, United States; Pacific University College of Optometry, Forrest Grove, OR, United States; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; Clinical Trial Consultant, 2097 East Lake Road, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - Dawn Y Lam
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States; Marshall B. Ketchum University Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA, United States; Pacific University College of Optometry, Forrest Grove, OR, United States; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; Clinical Trial Consultant, 2097 East Lake Road, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - Beth T Kinoshita
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States; Marshall B. Ketchum University Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA, United States; Pacific University College of Optometry, Forrest Grove, OR, United States; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; Clinical Trial Consultant, 2097 East Lake Road, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - G Lynn Mitchell
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States; Marshall B. Ketchum University Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA, United States; Pacific University College of Optometry, Forrest Grove, OR, United States; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; Clinical Trial Consultant, 2097 East Lake Road, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - Luigina Sorbara
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States; Marshall B. Ketchum University Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA, United States; Pacific University College of Optometry, Forrest Grove, OR, United States; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; Clinical Trial Consultant, 2097 East Lake Road, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - Aaron B Zimmerman
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States; Marshall B. Ketchum University Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA, United States; Pacific University College of Optometry, Forrest Grove, OR, United States; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; Clinical Trial Consultant, 2097 East Lake Road, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - Robin L Chalmers
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, United States; Marshall B. Ketchum University Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, CA, United States; Pacific University College of Optometry, Forrest Grove, OR, United States; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, United States; Clinical Trial Consultant, 2097 East Lake Road, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
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13
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Steele KR, Szczotka-Flynn L. Epidemiology of contact lens-induced infiltrates: an updated review. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 100:473-481. [PMID: 28868803 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal infiltrative events (CIEs) are well established as a risk associated with soft contact lens wear. The incidence of symptomatic CIEs during extended soft lens wear ranges from 2.5 to six per cent; when asymptomatic CIEs are included, the incidence can be as high as 20-25 per cent. In daily soft lens wear, the annual incidence of symptomatic CIEs is about three per cent. There are various accepted methods of categorising CIEs, and a scoring system based on clinical signs and symptoms is a good approach to grade severity. Lens-related risk factors include extended wear, silicone hydrogel material, the use of multipurpose solutions, bacterial bioburden and reusable lenses. Recent studies report that daily disposable lenses reduce the risk of CIEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsy R Steele
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Loretta Szczotka-Flynn
- University Hospitals Eye Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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