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Wang T, Zhou Y, Bao H, Liu B, Wang M, Wang L, Pan T. Brusatol enhances MEF2A expression to inhibit RCC progression through the Wnt signalling pathway in renal cell carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3897-3910. [PMID: 37859585 PMCID: PMC10718142 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most aggressive subtype of kidney tumour with a poor prognosis and an increasing incidence rate worldwide. Brusatol, an essential active ingredient derived from Brucea javanica, exhibits potent antitumour properties. Our study aims to explore a novel treatment strategy for RCC patients. We predicted 37 molecular targets of brusatol based on the structure of brusatol, and MEF2A (Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2A) was selected as our object through bioinformatic analyses. We employed various experimental techniques, including RT-PCR, western blot, CCK8, colony formation, immunofluorescence, wound healing, flow cytometry, Transwell assays and xenograft mouse models, to investigate the impact of MEF2A on RCC. MEF2A expression was found to be reduced in patients with RCC, indicating a close correlation with MEF2A deubiquitylation. Additionally, the protective effects of brusatol on MEF2A were observed. The overexpression of MEF2A inhibits RCC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. In xenograft mice, MEF2A overexpression in RCC cells led to reduced tumour size compared to the control group. The underlying mechanism involves the inhibition of RCC cell proliferation, invasion, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Altogether, we found that MEF2A overexpression inhibits RCC progression by Wnt/β-catenin signalling, providing novel insight into diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of UrologyGeneral Hospital of the Central Theater CommandWuhanChina
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of UrologyGeneral Hospital of the Central Theater CommandWuhanChina
| | - Hui Bao
- Department of UrologyGeneral Hospital of the Central Theater CommandWuhanChina
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of UrologyGeneral Hospital of the Central Theater CommandWuhanChina
| | - Min Wang
- Department of UrologyGeneral Hospital of the Central Theater CommandWuhanChina
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of UrologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Tiejun Pan
- Department of UrologyGeneral Hospital of the Central Theater CommandWuhanChina
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Ke S, Guo J, Wang Q, Shao H, He M, Li T, Qiu T, Guo J. Netrin Family Genes as Prognostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Netrin-4 Acts through the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2816. [PMID: 37345154 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC, or KIRC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, originating within the renal cortex. The current outcomes for early diagnosis and late treatment of ccRCC are unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is important to explore tumor biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities for ccRCC. In this study, we used bioinformatics methods to systematically evaluate the expression and prognostic value of Netrin family genes in ccRCC. Through our analysis, three potential biomarkers for ccRCC were identified, namely NTNG1, NTNG2, and NTN4. Moreover, we performed in vitro and in vivo experiments to explore the possible biological roles of NTN4 and found that NTN4 could regulate ccRCC development through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We elucidate the molecular mechanism by which NTN4 modulates β-catenin expression and nuclear translocation to inhibit ccRCC progression, providing a new theoretical basis for developing therapeutic targets for ccRCC. Thus, we suggest that Netrin-related studies may offer new directions for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ke
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jiayu Guo
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- The Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Haoren Shao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Mu He
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tao Qiu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- The Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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Damane BP, Mulaudzi TV, Kader SS, Naidoo P, Savkovic SD, Dlamini Z, Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL. Unraveling the Complex Interconnection between Specific Inflammatory Signaling Pathways and Mechanisms Involved in HIV-Associated Colorectal Oncogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:748. [PMID: 36765706 PMCID: PMC9913377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancement of HIV treatment has led to increased life expectancy. However, people living with HIV (PLWH) are at a higher risk of developing colorectal cancers. Chronic inflammation has a key role in oncogenesis, affecting the initiation, promotion, transformation, and advancement of the disease. PLWH are prone to opportunistic infections that trigger inflammation. It has been documented that 15-20% of cancers are triggered by infections, and this percentage is expected to be increased in HIV co-infections. The incidence of parasitic infections such as helminths, with Ascariasis being the most common, is higher in HIV-infected individuals. Cancer cells and opportunistic infections drive a cascade of inflammatory responses which assist in evading immune surveillance, making them survive longer in the affected individuals. Their survival leads to a chronic inflammatory state which further increases the probability of oncogenesis. This review discusses the key inflammatory signaling pathways involved in disease pathogenesis in HIV-positive patients with colorectal cancers. The possibility of the involvement of co-infections in the advancement of the disease, along with highlights on signaling mechanisms that can potentially be utilized as therapeutic strategies to prevent oncogenesis or halt cancer progression, are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botle Precious Damane
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, Medical School Campus, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Thanyani Victor Mulaudzi
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sayed Shakeel Kader
- Department of Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Congella, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Pragalathan Naidoo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, Medical School Campus, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- SAMRC Research Capacity Development Division, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 4091, South Africa
| | - Suzana D. Savkovic
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Zilungile Lynette Mkhize-Kwitshana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, Medical School Campus, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- SAMRC Research Capacity Development Division, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 4091, South Africa
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Zhang H, Liu C, Zhu D, Zhang Q, Li J. Medicinal Chemistry Strategies for the Development of Inhibitors Disrupting β-Catenin's Interactions with Its Nuclear Partners. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1-31. [PMID: 36583662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is strongly associated with various aspects of cancer, including tumor initiation, proliferation, and metastasis as well as antitumor immunity, and presents a promising opportunity for cancer therapy. Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation increases nuclear dephosphorylated β-catenin levels, resulting in β-catenin binding to TCF and additional cotranscription factors, such as BCL9, CBP, and p300. Therefore, directly disrupting β-catenin's interactions with these nuclear partners holds promise for the effective and selective suppression of the aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Herein, we summarize recent advances in biochemical techniques and medicinal chemistry strategies used to identify potent peptide-based and small-molecule inhibitors that directly disrupt β-catenin's interactions with its nuclear binding partners. We discuss the challenges involved in developing drug-like inhibitors that target the interactions of β-catenin and its nuclear binding partner into therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Di Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
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Crutcher M, Waldman S. Biomarkers in the development of individualized treatment regimens for colorectal cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1062423. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1062423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and second most deadly malignancy in the world with an estimated 1. 9 million cases and 0.9 million deaths in 2020. The 5-year overall survival for stage I disease is 92% compared to a dismal 11% in stage IV disease. At initial presentation, up to 35% of patients have metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), and 20–50% of stage II and III patients eventually progress to mCRC. These statistics imply both that there is a proportion of early stage patients who are not receiving adequate treatment and that we are not adequately treating mCRC patients.BodyTargeted therapies directed at CRC biomarkers are now commonly used in select mCRC patients. In addition to acting as direct targets, these biomarkers also could help stratify which patients receive adjuvant therapies and what types. This review discusses the role of RAS, microsatellite instability, HER2, consensus molecular subtypes and ctDNA/CTC in targeted therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy.DiscussionGiven the relatively high recurrence rate in early stage CRC patients as well as the continued poor survival in mCRC patients, additional work needs to be done beyond surgical management to limit recurrence and improve survival. Biomarkers offer both a potential target and a predictive method of stratifying patients to determine those who could benefit from adjuvant treatment.
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Liu CJ, Fan XD, Jiang JG, Chen QX, Zhu W. Potential anticancer activities of securinine and its molecular targets. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154417. [PMID: 36063584 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Securinine is an alkaloid identified from the roots and leaves of the shrub Flueggea suffruticosa (Pall.) Baill. The molecular structure of securinine consists of four rings, including three chiral centers. It has been suggested that securinine can be chemically synthesized from tyrosine and lysine. Securinine has long been used to treat central nervous system diseases. In recent years, more and more evidence shows that securinine also has anticancer activity, which has not been systematically discussed and analyzed. PURPOSE This study aims to propose an overall framework to describe the molecular targets of securinine in different signal pathways, and discuss the current status and prospects of each pathway, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the development securinine as an effective anticancer drug. METHODS The research databases on the anticancer activity of securinine from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect to 2021 were systematically searched. This paper follows the Preferred Reporting Items and Meta-Analysis guidelines. RESULTS Securinine has the ability to kill a variety of human cancer cells, including, leukemia as well as prostate, cervical, breast, lung, and colon cancer cells. It can regulate the signal pathways of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin, Wnt and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, promote cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy, and inhibit cancer cell metastasis. Securinine also has the activity of inducing leukemia cell differentiation. CONCLUSION Although there has been some experimental evidence indicating the anticancer effect of securinine and its possible pharmacology, in order to design more effective anticancer drugs, it is necessary to study the synergy of intracellular signaling pathways. More in vivo experiments and even clinical studies are needed, and the synergy between securinine and other drugs is also worth studying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Fan
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qiu-Xiong Chen
- The second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- The second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Gao L, Gou N, Amakye WK, Wu J, Ren J. Bioactivity guided isolation and identification of phenolic compounds from Citrus aurantium L. with anti-colorectal cancer cells activity by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:2251-2260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sokolov D, Sharda N, Giri B, Hassan MS, Singh D, Tarasiewicz A, Lohr C, von Holzen U, Kristian T, Waddell J, Reiter RJ, Ahmed H, Banerjee A. Melatonin and andrographolide synergize to inhibit the colospheroid phenotype by targeting Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. J Pineal Res 2022; 73:e12808. [PMID: 35619550 PMCID: PMC9288490 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
β-catenin signaling, and angiogenesis are associated with colospheroid (CSC), development. CSCs, spheroids derived from colon cancer cells, are responsible for metastasis, drug resistance, and disease recurrence. Whether dysregulating β-catenin and inhibiting angiogenesis reduce CSC growth is unknown. In this study, the molecular mechanism of CSC growth inhibition was evaluated using a novel combination of melatonin (MLT) and andrographolide (AGP). These drugs have anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and antimetastatic properties. CSCs were obtained from two metastatic colon cancer cell lines (HT29 and HCT-15). The viability and stemness were monitored (FDA propidium iodide staining and immunoblot for CD44, CD133, Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4). The drug combination synergistically diminished stemness via increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP level. MLT + AGP induced cell death by inhibiting β-catenin expression and its downregulatory signals, Cyclin D1, c-Myc. MLT + AGP treated cells exhibited translocation of phospho-β-catenin to the nucleus and dephosphorylated-β-catenin. Downregulation of β-catenin activation and its transcription factors (TCF4 and LEF1) and GTP binding/G-protein related activity were found in the dual therapy. Angiogenic inhibition is consistent with downregulation of VEGF messenger RNA transcripts (VEGF189), phosphorylated VEGF receptor protein expression, matrigel invasion, and capillary tube inhibition. In vivo, the intravenous injection of MLT + AGP slowed HT29 metastatic colon cancer. Histopathology indicated significant reduction in microvascular density and tumor index. Immunohistochemistry for caspase 7, and β-catenin found increased apoptosis and downregulation of β-catenin signals. The mechanism(s) of decreased colospheroids growth were the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our results provide a rationale for using MLT in combination with AGP for the inhibition of CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Sokolov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Neha Sharda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Banabihari Giri
- Division of Virology and Immunology, Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Md Sazzad Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, U.S.A
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, U.S.A
| | - Damandeep Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Agnieszka Tarasiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Charity Lohr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Urs von Holzen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN, U.S.A
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, U.S.A
- Goshen Center for Cancer Care, Goshen, Goshen, IN, U.S.A
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tibor Kristian
- VAMHCS, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR)
| | - Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, U.S.A
| | | | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
- Corresponding author: Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Building, 13-043, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, Voice: (410) 706-1772, Fax: (410) 328-1072,
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Zhao H, Ming T, Tang S, Ren S, Yang H, Liu M, Tao Q, Xu H. Wnt signaling in colorectal cancer: pathogenic role and therapeutic target. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:144. [PMID: 35836256 PMCID: PMC9281132 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Wnt signaling pathway is a complex network of protein interactions that functions most commonly in embryonic development and cancer, but is also involved in normal physiological processes in adults. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway regulates cell pluripotency and determines the differentiation fate of cells during development. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway (also known as the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway) is a recognized driver of colon cancer and one of the most representative signaling pathways. As a functional effector molecule of Wnt signaling, the modification and degradation of β-catenin are key events in the Wnt signaling pathway and the development and progression of colon cancer. Therefore, the Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases, especially the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Objective Inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway to explore the therapeutic targets of colorectal cancer. Methods Based on studying the Wnt pathway, master the biochemical processes related to the Wnt pathway, and analyze the relevant targets when drugs or inhibitors act on the Wnt pathway, to clarify the medication ideas of drugs or inhibitors for the treatment of diseases, especially colorectal cancer. Results Wnt signaling pathways include: Wnt/β-catenin or canonical Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity (Wnt-PCP) pathway and Wnt-Ca2+ signaling pathway. The Wnt signaling pathway is closely related to cancer cell proliferation, stemness, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, inflammation and immunization, microenvironment, resistance, ion channel, heterogeneity, EMT/migration/invasion/metastasis. Drugs/phytochemicals and molecular preparations for the Wnt pathway of CRC treatment have now been developed. Wnt inhibitors are also commonly used clinically for the treatment of CRC. Conclusion The development of drugs/phytochemicals and molecular inhibitors targeting the Wnt pathway can effectively treat colorectal cancer clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tianqi Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Maolun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Kulkarni NS, Gupta V. Repurposing therapeutics for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) - Updates on clinical translations and future outlook. Life Sci 2022; 304:120716. [PMID: 35709894 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy affecting the mesothelial cells in the pleural lining surrounding the lungs. First approved chemotherapy against MPM was a platinum/antifolate (cisplatin/pemetrexed) (2003). Since then, no USFDA approvals have gone through for small molecules as these molecules have not been proven to be therapeutically able in later stages of clinical studies. An alternative to conventional chemotherapy can be utilization of monoclonal antibodies, which are proven to improve patient survival significantly as compared to conventional chemotherapy (Nivolumab + Ipilimumab, 2020). AREA COVERED Drug repurposing has been instrumental in drug discovery for rare diseases such as MPM and multiple repositioned small molecule therapies and immunotherapies are currently being tested for its applicability in MPM management. This article summarizes essential breakthroughs along the pre-clinical and clinical developmental stages of small molecules and monoclonal antibodies for MPM management. EXPERT OPINION For rare diseases such as malignant pleural mesothelioma, a drug repurposing strategy can be adapted as it eases the financial burden on pharmaceutical companies along with fast-tracking development. With the rise of multiple small molecule repurposed therapies and innovations in localized treatment, MPM therapeutics are bound to be more effective in this decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant S Kulkarni
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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Evaluation of CTB-sLip for Targeting Lung Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040868. [PMID: 35456702 PMCID: PMC9032673 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung metastasis of colorectal cancer is common in the clinic; however, precise targeting for the diagnosis and therapy purposes of those lung metastases remains challenging. Herein, cholera toxin subunit b (CTB) protein was chemically conjugated on the surface of PEGylated liposomes (CTB-sLip). Both human-derived colorectal cancer cell lines, HCT116 and HT-29, demonstrated high binding affinity and cellular uptake with CTB-sLip. In vivo, CTB-sLip exhibited elevated targeting capability to the lung metastasis of colorectal cancer in the model nude mice in comparison to PEGylated liposomes (sLip) without CTB modification. CTB conjugation induced ignorable effects on the interaction between liposomes and plasma proteins but significantly enhanced the uptake of liposomes by numerous blood cells and splenic cells, leading to relatively rapid blood clearance in BALB/c mice. Even though repeated injections of CTB-sLip induced the production of anti-CTB antibodies, our results suggested CTB-sLip as promising nanocarriers for the diagnosis of lung metastasis of colorectal cancer.
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Crutcher MM, Baybutt TR, Kopenhaver JS, Snook AE, Waldman SA. Emerging drug targets for colon cancer: A preclinical assessment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:207-216. [PMID: 35129035 PMCID: PMC9075542 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2039119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. There have been improvements in screening, and therefore overall survival, but patients continue to present at late stages when minimal treatment options are available to them. While some targeted therapies have been introduced, their application is limited by patient-specific tumor characteristics. Additional targets for CRC in patients who present at a late stage, or who experience tumor relapse, need to be identified to continue to improve patient outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on emerging pathways and drug targets for the treatment of colorectal cancer. The shift to the cancer stem cell model and potential targets involving Wnt, NF-κB, phosphodiesterases, RAS, and guanylyl cyclase C, are discussed. The current utility of checkpoint inhibitors and evolving immunological options are examined. EXPERT OPINION Surgery and current systemic cytotoxic therapies are inadequate to appropriately treat the full spectrum of CRC, especially in those patients who present with metastatic or treatment-refractory disease. In addition to the identification of new, more generalizable targets, additional focus is being placed on novel administrations. Immuno-oncologic options and stem cell-targeting therapies for mCRC will become available to patients and may increase survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Crutcher
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Trevor R. Baybutt
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jessica S. Kopenhaver
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Adam E. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA,Corresponding Author: 1020 Locust Street, JAH368, Philadelphia, PA, 19106, USA,
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Li Y, Gong Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Cheng Y, Liu F, Shi X, Xu W, Dong L. Exploring the synergistic mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction on the Wnt signaling pathway using an integrated strategy of network pharmacology and RNA-seq. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114283. [PMID: 34098017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) (including: Puerariae lobatae (Willd.) Ohwi, radix; (short for Gengen) Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., root and rhizome (short for Gancao), honeyed; Coptis chinensis Franch., rhizome (short for Huanglian); Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, radix, boiled (short for S. baicalensis) has been widely used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). To explore compatibility mechanism of GQD could be of advantage to investigate the complex principle of TCM, which might be conducive to the exploration of the modernization of TCM. AIM OF REVIEW In this study, a strategy based on system pharmacology was constructed to uncover the multi-target regulation and compatibility mechanism of GQD on the Wnt signaling pathways. MATERIAL AND METHODS The pharmacological network of GQD was constructed by TCMSP, DAVID, Uniprote database. The cell growth inhibitory effects of puerarin (PUE), wogonin (WOG), berberine (BER), and glycyrrhetinic acid (GLY) on SW480 cells were assessed using CCK-8 assay. The multi-target regulation and compatibility mechanism of combination PUE with GLY were examined by RNA-seq, HPLC-QQQ/MS, qRT- PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Network pharmacology analysis indicated that PUE, WOG, BER and GLY were the active components in GQD and had a synergistic effect on the targets of the Wnt signaling pathway. Additionally, pharmacological experiments revealed that WOG, BER, and GLY inhibited activity of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines SW480 cells, and that PUE only exhibited effective antitumour activity when combined with GLY. CTNNB1, CCND1 and SMAD4 were identified as synergistic targets inhibited by PUE-GLY. Moreover, PUE-GLY could influence the Wnt signaling pathway by upregulating GSK3B and downregulating CTNNB1 synergistically. It also showed that GLY could effectively increase the intracellular content of PUE based on HPLC-QQQ/MS analysis, and this process was achieved by influencing the targets of the membrane's pathway, such as cell adhesion molecules, focal adhesion, and tight junctions. CONCLUSION GLY was revealed a multi-target mechanism, which could downregulate CTNNB1 as the active component and intervene in membrane proteins (CDH1, CADM1, ITGB2, ICAM1, ITGA1) as 'guide' in the formulae. Moreover, the mechanism of synergistic antitumour action of PUE (the active component of Monarch drug) and GLY (the active component of Guide drug) on the Wnt signaling pathway was explored systematically. It was a promising breakthrough for elucidating the scientific connotation of the compatibility of TCM formulae and provide a valuable and practicable methodology for clarifying the mechanisms of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yiting Gong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yaru Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiujia Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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14
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Liu Z, Wang P, Wold EA, Song Q, Zhao C, Wang C, Zhou J. Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Canonical WNT Signaling Pathway for the Treatment of Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4257-4288. [PMID: 33822624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canonical WNT signaling is an important developmental pathway that has attracted increased attention for anticancer drug discovery. From the production and secretion of WNT ligands, their binding to membrane receptors, and the β-catenin destruction complex to the expansive β-catenin transcriptional complex, multiple components have been investigated as drug targets to modulate WNT signaling. Significant progress in developing WNT inhibitors such as porcupine inhibitors, tankyrase inhibitors, β-catenin/coactivators, protein-protein interaction inhibitors, casein kinase modulators, DVL inhibitors, and dCTPP1 inhibitors has been made, with several candidates (e.g., LGK-974, PRI-724, and ETC-159) in human clinical trials. Herein we summarize recent progress in the drug discovery and development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the canonical WNT pathway, focusing on their specific target proteins, in vitro and in vivo activities, physicochemical properties, and therapeutic potential. The relevant opportunities and challenges toward maintaining the balance between efficacy and toxicity in effectively targeting this pathway are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, College of Food Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Eric A Wold
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, College of Food Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, College of Food Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Changyun Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, College of Food Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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15
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Zafar E, Maqbool MF, Iqbal A, Maryam A, Shakir HA, Irfan M, Khan M, Li Y, Ma T. A comprehensive review on anticancer mechanism of bazedoxifene. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:767-782. [PMID: 33759222 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is counted as a second leading cause of death among nontransmissible diseases. Identification of novel anticancer drugs is therefore necessary for the effective treatment of cancer. Conventional drug discovery is time consuming and expensive process. Unlike conventional drug discovery, drug repositioning offers a novel strategy for urgent drug discovery since it is a cost-effective and faster process. Bazedoxifene (BZA) is a synthetic selective estrogen receptor modulator, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. BZA is now being studied for its anticancer activity in various cancers including breast cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, medulloblastoma, brain cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer. Studies have reported that BZA is effective in reducing cancer progression through multiple mechanisms. BZA could effectively inhibit STAT3, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways and induce apoptosis. In addition to its anticancer activity as monotherapy, BZA has been shown to enhance the chemotherapeutic efficacy of clinical drugs such as paclitaxel, cisplatin, palbociclib, and oxaliplatin in multiple neoplasms. This review mainly focused on the anticancer activity, cellular targets, and anticancer mechanism of BZA, which may help the further design and conduct of research and repositioning it for oncological clinic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Zafar
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Asia Iqbal
- Department of Wild Life and Ecology, University of Veternary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Patoki, Pakistan
| | - Amara Maryam
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Abdullah Shakir
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yongming Li
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ambasta RK, Gupta R, Kumar D, Bhattacharya S, Sarkar A, Kumar P. Can luteolin be a therapeutic molecule for both colon cancer and diabetes? Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 18:230-239. [PMID: 30462152 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and colon cancer are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. According to World Health Organization, the number of patients with diabetes and cancer is going to be elevated by 50% in 2020. However, several flavonoids have been known to be useful in reducing the chance of cancer/diabetes but the hunt of a single biomolecule that can act as therapeutic and preventive molecules for future epidemic continues. In this review, we aim to perform an illustration of all researches done that target molecular signaling using luteolin in cancer/diabetes and predicted target protein using PharmMapper. The search confirms that luteolin can be a remedial molecule for both cancer and diabetes via acting on variety of signaling pathway. Furthermore, we also intend to illustrate/compare the predicted and verified molecular modes of action of luteolin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis confirms the expression of CCND1 in colon cancer while immunofluorescence analysis confirms the CDK4 in diabetes. Finally, an effort has been made to map docking of marker protein-luteolin at a particular site using docking software. This review gives a holistic overview about luteolin as a therapeutic molecule for cancer/diabetes via acting on multiple signaling cascade such as p53, Wnt, eNOS, iNOS, SOD and MMP9, with especial emphasis on the cyclin-CDK pathway. Altogether, the review concludes that luteolin can be a molecule for the therapy of both cancer and diabetes by acting on broad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi K Ambasta
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Former Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Former Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Former Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Bhattacharya
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, India
| | - Aditi Sarkar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Former Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
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17
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Petko J, Thileepan M, Sargen M, Canfield V, Levenson R. Alternative splicing of the Wnt trafficking protein, Wntless and its effects on protein-protein interactions. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:22. [PMID: 31286866 PMCID: PMC6615345 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wntless (Wls) is a protein that regulates secretion of Wnt signaling molecules from Wnt-producing cells. Wnt signaling is known to be critical for several developmental and homeostatic processes. However, Wnt-independent functions of Wls are now being elucidated. Primates express an alternative splice variant of Wls (here termed WlsX). WlsX contains an alternatively spliced COOH-terminus, and does not appear to be able to sustain significant levels of WNT secretion because of its inability to undergo retrograde trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum. The functional significance for this alternatively spliced form of Wls has not yet been elucidated. We previously identified a cohort of Wls interacting proteins using a combination of yeast 2-hybrid and candidate gene approaches. Results In the present study, we analyzed the interaction of WlsX with previously identified Wls interactors, and additionally screened for novel protein interactors of WlsX utilizing a membrane yeast two hybrid screen. Three novel Wls interactors, Glycoprotein M6A (GPM6A), Alkylglycerol Monooxygenase (AGMO), and ORAI1 were identified. Each of these novel WlsX interactors, as well as all other Wls interacting proteins identified previously, with the exception of the mu-opioid receptor, were found to interact with both Wls and WlsX splice forms. We show that WlsX can form homodimers, but that WlsX may not interact with Wls. Conclusions WlsX has the ability to form homodimers and to interact with most known Wls interacting proteins. Taken together, our results suggest that Wls and WlsX may have overlapping, but distinct functions, including sensitivity to opioid drugs. While studies have focused on the ability of Wls interacting proteins to affect Wnt secretion, future efforts will explore the reciprocal regulation of these proteins by Wls, possibly via Wnt-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Molly Sargen
- Biology Department, Penn State York, York, Pa, USA
| | - Victor Canfield
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert Levenson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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18
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The inhibitory effect of polysaccharide from Rhizopus nigricans on colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108593. [PMID: 30784912 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An extracellular polysaccharide (EPS1-1) of Rhizopus nigricans was found to enhance immunity and reduce colon cancer cell proliferation. Here, the effect of EPS1-1 on a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was investigated. Pathological symptoms, including weight loss, piloerection, hematochezia and insensitivity caused by AOM/DSS, were relieved by EPS1-1. Anatomical results showed a 100% tumor incidence, a series of neoplasms, disordered cell structure and hyperplastic glands in the model group, while the abnormal behaviors were relieved and the tumors decreased in the EPS1-1 group. Compared with the model group, the EPS1-1 group showed decreased oncogenic protein (COX-2, β-catenin, CyclinD1 and C-Myc) expression. TUNEL staining showed that EPS1-1 increased the apoptosis of colon cancer cells in mice. Furthermore, the expression of proliferative proteins (Ki-67 and PCNA) and an antiapoptotic gene transcript (Bcl-2) were significantly down regulated by EPS1-1, while apoptotic gene transcripts (p53 and Bax) were enhanced. In addition, EPS1-1 notably decreased the number of cells positive for CD68, F4/80 and NF-κB and reduced the concentrations of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) in serum compared with those in the model group. Taken together, these results suggest that EPS1-1 may be a therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of CAC.
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19
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Wei J, Ma L, Lai YH, Zhang R, Li H, Li C, Lin J. Bazedoxifene as a novel GP130 inhibitor for Colon Cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:63. [PMID: 30736824 PMCID: PMC6368818 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a dominant IL-6 family cytokine, is involved in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and differentiation in colon cancer cells. IL-11 signaling has been recently identified as a potential therapeutic target in colon cancer. Bazedoxifene, a third- generation selective estrogen modulator approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is a novel inhibitor of IL-11/GP130 signaling discovered by docking modeling. Methods In this study, the inhibition efficacy of bazedoxifene in colon cancer cells and its potential mechanism were investigated in vitro and in vivo by using MTT cell viability assay, BrdU cell proliferation assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing/cell migration assay, immunofluorescence, western blot assay and the mouse xenograft tumor model. Results Bazedoxifene inhibits phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) and its nuclear translocation induced by IL-11 in colon cancer cells. It also inhibits p-STAT3 induced by IL-6 and IL-11 but not by OSM or STAT1 phosphorylation induced by INF-γ in human colon cancer cells. In addition, bazedoxifene can significantly inhibit phosphorylation of AKT and STAT3 downstream targets. Furthermore, bazedoxifene alone or together with oxaliplatin can significantly induce apoptosis, inhibit cell viability, cell colony formation and cell migration in colon cancer cells. Knock-down of IL-11R can reduce the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to bazedoxifene. IL-11 can reduce the efficacy of oxaliplatin-mediated inhibition of cell viability. Consistent with in vitro findings, bazedoxifene alone also attenuated HCT-15 xenograft tumor burden and reduced p-STAT3, p-AKT and p-ERK in vivo. Its combination with oxaliplatin attenuated DLD-1 xenograft tumor burden and reduced p-STAT3 in vivo. Conclusions Taken together, these results support bazedoxifene as a novel and effective therapeutic agent targeting IL-11/GP130 signaling for human colorectal cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1072-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yi-Hui Lai
- 33 Linsen Road, Chungshan District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Huameng Li
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chenglong Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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20
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Huang YF, Niu WB, Hu R, Wang LJ, Huang ZY, Ni SH, Wang MQ, Yang Y, Huang YS, Feng WJ, Xiao W, Zhu DJ, Xian SX, Lu L. FIBP knockdown attenuates growth and enhances chemotherapy in colorectal cancer via regulating GSK3β-related pathways. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:77. [PMID: 30275459 PMCID: PMC6167373 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs), characterized by self-renewal ability and high expression of proliferative genes, contribute to the chemoresistance of colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC chemoresistance through comprehensive bioinformatics screenings and experimental confirmation of gene functions. We found that high expression of FGF1 intracellular binding protein (FIBP) was correlated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in CRC patients. Therefore, the chemoresistant CRC cell line HCT116-CSC with high expression of the stem cell markers CD44 and CD133 was established for further phenotypic tests. FIBP knockdown inhibited proliferation, enhanced chemotherapy effects, and attenuated the stemness markers of CRC cells in vivo and in vitro. Through RNA-seq and gene set enrichment analysis, we identified cyclin D1 as a key downstream target in FIBP-regulated cell cycle progression and proliferation. Moreover, FIBP bound to GSK3β, inhibited its phosphorylation at Tyr216, and activated β-catenin/TCF/cyclin D1 signaling in HCT116-CSCs. Additional GSK3β knockdown reversed the FIBP silencing-induced inhibition of proliferation and decreased stemness marker expression in HCT116-CSCs. Furthermore, DNA methylation profiling suggested that FIBP regulated the stemness of CRC cells via methylation activity that was dependent on GSK3β but independent of β-catenin signaling. Our data illuminate the potential of FIBP as a novel therapeutic target for treating chemoresistant CRC through inhibition of GSK3β-related signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Shunde Hospital (The first People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Southern Medical University, 528300, Foshan, China
| | - Wen-Bo Niu
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Jun Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeng-Yan Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Hao Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Qing Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Jun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Da-Jian Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Women and Children Hospital, 528300, Foshan, China.
| | - Shao-Xiang Xian
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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21
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Chen C, Zhu D, Zhang H, Han C, Xue G, Zhu T, Luo J, Kong L. YAP-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of β-catenin mediates inhibition of Wnt signalling induced by Physalin F in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:591. [PMID: 29789528 PMCID: PMC5964149 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling is critical in the progression of human cancers, especially colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signalling is a significant potential target for CRC therapy. Here, we identified for the first time that Physalin F (PF), a steroid derivative isolated from Physalis angulate, acts as an antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. In vitro, PF decreased Wnt3a-induced TOPFlash reporter activity in HEK293T cells and promoted the formation of the β-catenin destruction complex. Importantly, PF also inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signalling and accelerated the degradation of β-catenin in CRC cells. However, PF did not affect the stabilization of Axin or the interaction of β-catenin with E-cadherin. Interestingly, we further found that PF promoted YAP binding to the β-catenin destruction complex, which facilitated the ubiquitination and degradation of β-catenin. Silencing and pharmacological inhibition of YAP reversed the formation of the β-catenin destruction complex induced by PF, implying that YAP binding to the β-catenin destruction complex was responsible for PF-mediated inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Furthermore, PF observably inhibited tumour growth by down-regulating β-catenin in tumour-bearing mice. Collectively, our findings indicated that PF inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signalling by accelerating the ubiquitination and degradation of β-catenin in a YAP-dependent manner and therefore PF could be a novel potential candidate for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dongrong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chao Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guimin Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianguang Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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22
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Paluszczak J, Kleszcz R, Studzińska-Sroka E, Krajka-Kuźniak V. Lichen-derived caperatic acid and physodic acid inhibit Wnt signaling in colorectal cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 441:109-124. [PMID: 28887754 PMCID: PMC5843697 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are a source of secondary metabolites which possess important biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. The anticancer activity of lichens was shown in many types of tumors, including colorectal cancers (CRC). Several studies revealed that the application of lichen extracts diminished the proliferation of CRC cells and induced apoptosis. Colon carcinogenesis is associated with aberrations in Wnt signaling. Elevated transcriptional activity of β-catenin induces cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Thus, the inhibition of Wnt signaling is a promising therapeutic strategy in colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effects of lichen-derived depsides (atranorin, lecanoric acid, squamatic acid) and depsidones (physodic acid, salazinic acid) and a poly-carboxylic fatty acid-caperatic acid, on Wnt signaling in HCT116 and DLD-1 colorectal cancer cell lines. HCT116 cells were more sensitive to the modulatory effects of the compounds. PKF118-310, which was used as a reference β-catenin inhibitor, dose-dependently reduced the expression of the classical β-catenin target gene-Axin2 in both cell lines. Lecanoric acid slightly reduced Axin2 expression in HCT116 cells while caperatic acid tended to reduce Axin2 expression in both cell lines. Physodic acid much more potently decreased Axin2 expression in HCT116 cells than in DLD-1 cells. Physodic acid and caperatic acid also diminished the expression of survivin and MMP7 in a cell line and time-dependent manner. None of the compounds affected the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. This is the first report showing the ability of caperatic acid and physodic acid to modulate β-catenin-dependent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Paluszczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Robert Kleszcz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
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β-catenin knockdown promotes NHERF1-mediated survival of colorectal cancer cells: implications for a double-targeted therapy. Oncogene 2018; 37:3301-3316. [PMID: 29551770 PMCID: PMC6002344 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear activated β-catenin plays a causative role in colorectal cancers (CRC) but remains an elusive therapeutic target. Using human CRC cells harboring different Wnt/β-catenin pathway mutations in APC/KRAS or β-catenin/KRAS genes, and both genetic and pharmacological knockdown approaches, we show that oncogenic β-catenin signaling negatively regulates the expression of NHERF1 (Na+/H+ exchanger 3 regulating factor 1), a PDZ-adaptor protein that is usually lost or downregulated in early dysplastic adenomas to exacerbate nuclear β-catenin activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated that β-catenin represses NHERF1 via TCF4 directly, while the association between TCF1 and the Nherf1 promoter increased upon β-catenin knockdown. To note, the occurrence of a cytostatic survival response in settings of single β-catenin-depleted CRC cells was abrogated by combining NHERF1 inhibition via small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or RS5517, a novel PDZ1-domain ligand of NHERF1 that prevented its ectopic nuclear entry. Mechanistically, dual NHERF1/β-catenin targeting promoted an autophagy-to-apoptosis switch consistent with the activation of Caspase-3, the cleavage of PARP and reduced levels of phospho-ERK1/2, Beclin-1, and Rab7 autophagic proteins compared with β-catenin knockdown alone. Collectively, our data unveil novel β-catenin/TCF-dependent mechanisms of CRC carcinogenesis, also offering preclinical proof of concept for combining β-catenin and NHERF1 pharmacological inhibitors as a mechanism-based strategy to augment apoptotic death of CRC cells refractory to current Wnt/β-catenin-targeted therapeutics.
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Fiore D, Ramesh P, Proto MC, Piscopo C, Franceschelli S, Anzelmo S, Medema JP, Bifulco M, Gazzerro P. Rimonabant Kills Colon Cancer Stem Cells without Inducing Toxicity in Normal Colon Organoids. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:949. [PMID: 29354056 PMCID: PMC5758598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), like other tumor types, is a highly heterogeneous disease. Within the tumor bulk, intra-tumoral heterogeneity is also ascribable to Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) subpopulation, characterized by high chemoresistance and the unique ability to retain tumorigenic potential, thus associated to tumor recurrence. High dynamic plasticity of CSCs, makes the development of winning therapeutic strategies even more complex to completely eradicate tumor fuel. Rimonabant, originally synthesized as antagonist/inverse agonist of Cannabinoid Receptor 1, is able to inactivate Wnt signaling, both in vitro and in vivo, in CRC models, through inhibition of p300-histone acetyltransferase activity. Since Wnt/β-Catenin pathway is the main player underlying CSCs dynamic, this finding candidates Rimonabant as potential modulator of cancer stemness, in CRC. In this work, using established 3D cultures of primary colon CSCs, taking into account the tumor heterogeneity through monitoring of Wnt activity, we demonstrated that Rimonabant was able to reduces both tumor differentiated cells and colon CSCs proliferation and to control their survival in long term cultures. Interestingly, in ex vivo model of wild type human organoids, retaining both architecture and heterogeneity of original tissue, Rimonabant showed no toxicity against cells from healthy colon epithelium, suggesting its potential selectivity toward cancer cells. Overall, results from this work provided new insights on anti-tumor efficacy of Rimonabant, strongly suggesting that it could be a novel lead compound for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Prashanthi Ramesh
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academisch Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria C Proto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Chiara Piscopo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Serena Anzelmo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Jan P Medema
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academisch Medisch Centrum, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Bakhshinyan D, Adile AA, Qazi MA, Singh M, Kameda-Smith MM, Yelle N, Chokshi C, Venugopal C, Singh SK. Introduction to Cancer Stem Cells: Past, Present, and Future. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1692:1-16. [PMID: 28986882 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7401-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates the existence of a small population of cancer cells with intrinsic properties allowing for resistance to conventional radiochemotherapy regiments and increased metastatic potential. Clinically, the aggressive nature of CSCs has been shown to correlate with increased tumor recurrence, metastatic spread, and overall poor patient outcome across multiple cancer subtypes. Traditionally, isolation of CSCs has been achieved through utilization of cell surface markers, while the functional differences between CSCs and remaining tumor cells have been described through proliferation, differentiation, and limiting dilution assays. The generated insights into CSC biology have further highlighted the importance of studying intratumoral heterogeneity through advanced functional assays, including CRISPR-Cas9 screens in the search of novel targeted therapies. In this chapter, we review the discovery and characterization of cancer stem cells populations within several major cancer subtypes, recent developments of novel assays used in studying therapy resistant tumor cells, as well as recent developments in therapies targeted at cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Ashley A Adile
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Maleeha A Qazi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Mohini Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Michelle M Kameda-Smith
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Nick Yelle
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Chirayu Chokshi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Sheila K Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
- Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, MDCL 5027, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
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Lin JW, Wang H. Progress in research of cancer stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:2776-2781. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i31.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are a class of malignant cancer cells characterized by self-renewal, high tumorigenicity, differentiation potential, and drug resistance. They not only retain the characteristics of normal stem cells, but also possess their unique features. The study of cancer stem cells can help us develop new strategies for targeted therapy of cancer. In this paper, we will discuss the definition of cancer stem cells, their surface markers, detection methods, and separation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wang Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuyang People's Hospital, Liuyang Hospital Affiliated to Changsha Medical University, Liuyang 410300, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liuyang People's Hospital, Liuyang Hospital Affiliated to Changsha Medical University, Liuyang 410300, Hunan Province, China
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Chen Y, Rao X, Huang K, Jiang X, Wang H, Teng L. FH535 Inhibits Proliferation and Motility of Colon Cancer Cells by Targeting Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway. J Cancer 2017; 8:3142-3153. [PMID: 29158786 PMCID: PMC5665030 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation is frequently observed in human colorectal cancer (CRC) and has become a promising target for CRC treatment. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of FH535, a small molecule inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, on two colon cancer cell lines, HT29 and SW480. We found FH535 significantly inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro and induced cell cycle arrest. Moreover, FH535 inhibited colon cancer xenograft growth in vivo. Wound-healing assay and Transwell assay revealed that FH535 notably suppressed migration and invasion of SW480 cells. FH535 also repressed expression of cancer stem cell markers, CD24, CD44 and CD133 in HT29 cells. Real time-quantitative PCR and Western blotting revealed that targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway using FH535 effectively downregulated target genes including cyclin D1 and survivin at mRNA and protein level, which contributed to the FH535-induced inhibitory effect on colon cancer cell proliferation. As mechanisms for suppressing cancer cell motility, FH535 downregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 and -9, Snail and vimentin. RNA sequencing revealed that FH535 prominently altered multiple biological pathways associated with DNA replication, cell cycle and metabolism. Our study highlights the anti-cancer effect of FH535 on colon cancer and presents its potential in colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xianping Rao
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kangmao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Yang Y, Du Y, Liu X, Cho WC. Involvement of Non-coding RNAs in the Signaling Pathways of Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 937:19-51. [PMID: 27573893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42059-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common diagnosed cancers worldwide. The metastasis and development of resistance to anti-cancer treatment are major challenges in the treatment of CRC. Understanding mechanisms underpinning the pathogenesis is therefore critical in developing novel agents for CRC treatments. A large number of evidence has demonstrated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs have functional roles in both the physiological and pathological processes by regulating the expression of their target genes. These molecules are engaged in the pathobiology of neoplastic diseases and are targets for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of a variety of cancers, including CRC. In this regard, ncRNAs have emerged as one of the hallmarks of CRC pathogenesis and they also play key roles in metastasis, drug resistance and the stemness of CRC stem cell by regulating various signaling networks. Therefore, a better understanding the ncRNAs involved in the signaling pathways of CRC may lead to the development of novel strategy for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of CRC. In this chapter, we summarize the latest findings on ncRNAs, with a focus on miRNAs and lncRNAs involving in signaling networks and in the regulation of pathogenic signaling pathways in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxue Yang
- The General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yong Du
- The General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- The General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Au TH, Wang K, Stenehjem D, Garrido-Laguna I. Personalized and precision medicine: integrating genomics into treatment decisions in gastrointestinal malignancies. J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 8:387-404. [PMID: 28736627 PMCID: PMC5506274 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has advanced our understanding of the intrinsic biology of different gastrointestinal (GI) tumor types. The use of novel, more efficient sequencing platforms has improved turnaround times of sequencing results. This is providing real time opportunities to put precision medicine to the test. A number of early phase clinical trials are testing targeted therapies in unique molecularly characterized subsets of patients (baskets). While basket studies are gaining momentum, treatment failures serve to remind us that shifting from a histology-driven to a histology-agnostic approach is unlikely to be a failure-free strategy for a number of tumor types as recently learnt from vemurafenib failure in BRAF mutated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). GI malignancies are clinically and molecularly heterogeneous. Unfortunately, development of biomarkers of response to therapy as well as targeted therapies for GI adenocarcinomas has fallen behind compared to other malignancies. Trastuzumab is the only FDA approved targeted therapy for GI adenocarcinomas for which a biomarker of response (HER2 amplifications) is available. In addition, RAS mutations are known to predict lack of response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, NGS has recently revealed that a number of actionable genetic aberrations are present at low prevalence across different GI malignancies. Prospective randomized clinical trials will determine whether matching actionable aberration with targeted therapy will contribute to improve survival in patients with GI malignancies. Here, we review current evidence for targeted therapies in GI malignancies, as well as application and pitfalls of NGS including tissue testing and liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang H. Au
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- OrigiMed, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - David Stenehjem
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Center for Investigational Therapeutics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ignacio Garrido-Laguna
- Center for Investigational Therapeutics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Xie FY, Xu WH, Yin C, Zhang GQ, Zhong YQ, Gao J. Nanomedicine strategies for sustained, controlled, and targeted treatment of cancer stem cells of the digestive system. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:735-744. [PMID: 27795813 PMCID: PMC5064051 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i10.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a small proportion of the cancer cells that have self-renewal capacity and tumor-initiating ability. They have been identified in a variety of tumors, including tumors of the digestive system. CSCs exhibit some unique characteristics, which are responsible for cancer metastasis and recurrence. Consequently, the development of effective therapeutic strategies against CSCs plays a key role in increasing the efficacy of cancer therapy. Several potential approaches to target CSCs of the digestive system have been explored, including targeting CSC surface markers and signaling pathways, inducing the differentiation of CSCs, altering the tumor microenvironment or niche, and inhibiting ATP-driven efflux transporters. However, conventional therapies may not successfully eradicate CSCs owing to various problems, including poor solubility, stability, rapid clearance, poor cellular uptake, and unacceptable cytotoxicity. Nanomedicine strategies, which include drug, gene, targeted, and combinational delivery, could solve these problems and significantly improve the therapeutic index. This review briefly summarizes the ongoing development of strategies and nanomedicine-based therapies against CSCs of the digestive system.
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31
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Chirac P, Maillet D, Leprêtre F, Isaac S, Glehen O, Figeac M, Villeneuve L, Péron J, Gibson F, Galateau-Sallé F, Gilly FN, Brevet M. Genomic copy number alterations in 33 malignant peritoneal mesothelioma analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization array. Hum Pathol 2016; 55:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kaemmerer E, Gassler N. Wnt Lipidation and Modifiers in Intestinal Carcinogenesis and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:E69. [PMID: 27438855 PMCID: PMC4963811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8070069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The wingless (Wnt) signaling is suggested as a fundamental hierarchical pathway in regulation of proliferation and differentiation of cells. The Wnt ligands are small proteins of about 40 kDa essentially for regulation and initiation of the Wnt activity. They are secreted proteins requiring acylation for activity in the Wnt signaling cascade and for functional interactivity with transmembrane proteins. Dual lipidation is important for posttranslational activation of the overwhelming number of Wnt proteins and is probably involved in their spatial distribution. The intestinal mucosa, where Wnt signaling is essential in configuration and maintenance, is an established model to study Wnt proteins and their role in carcinogenesis and cancer. The intestinal crypt-villus/crypt-plateau axis, a cellular system with self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation, is tightly coordinated by a Wnt gradient. In the review, some attention is given to Wnt3, Wnt3A, and Wnt2B as important members of the Wnt family to address the role of lipidation and modifiers of Wnt proteins in intestinal carcinogenesis. Wnt3 is an important player in establishing the Wnt gradient in intestinal crypts and is mainly produced by Paneth cells. Wnt2B is characterized as a mitochondrial protein and shuttles between mitochondria and the nucleus. Porcupine and ACSL5, a long-chain fatty acid activating enzyme, are introduced as modifiers of Wnts and as interesting strategy to targeting Wnt-driven carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Kaemmerer
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
- Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38114, Germany.
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34
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Mahon RN, Hafner R. Immune Cell Regulatory Pathways Unexplored as Host-Directed Therapeutic Targets for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Opportunity to Apply Precision Medicine Innovations to Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61Suppl 3:S200-16. [PMID: 26409283 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of novel antimicrobial drugs in development for tuberculosis treatment has provided an impetus for the discovery of adjunctive host-directed therapies (HDTs). Several promising HDT candidates are being evaluated, but major advancement of tuberculosis HDTs will require understanding of the master or "core" cell signaling pathways that control intersecting immunologic and metabolic regulatory mechanisms, collectively described as "immunometabolism." Core regulatory pathways conserved in all eukaryotic cells include poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), sirtuins, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Critical interactions of these signaling pathways with each other and their roles as master regulators of immunometabolic functions will be addressed, as well as how Mycobacterium tuberculosis is already known to influence various other cell signaling pathways interacting with them. Knowledge of these essential mechanisms of cell function regulation has led to breakthrough targeted treatment advances for many diseases, most prominently in oncology. Leveraging these exciting advances in precision medicine for the development of innovative next-generation HDTs may lead to entirely new paradigms for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Mahon
- Division of AIDS-Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Contractor to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Richard Hafner
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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AMPK/p53 Axis Is Essential for α-Lipoic Acid-Regulated Metastasis in Human and Mouse Colon Cancer Cells. J Investig Med 2016; 63:882-5. [PMID: 26312825 DOI: 10.1097/jim.0000000000000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid (ALA) has an anticancer property of lung, cervix, and prostate cancer cells. However, direct evidence that ALA contributes to the development of colon cancer has not been fully elucidated. In addition, no previous studies have evaluated whether ALA may regulate malignant potential, such as adhesion, invasion, and colony formation of colon cancer cells. To address the aforementioned questions, we conducted in vitro ALA signaling studies using human (HT29) and mouse (MCA38) colon cancer cell lines. We observed that cell proliferation is reduced by ALA administration in a dose-dependent manner in human and mouse colon cancer cell lines. Specifically, 0.5 to 1 mM concentration of ALA significantly decreased cell proliferation when compared with control. Similarly, we found that ALA downregulates adhesion, invasion, and colony formation. Finally, we observed that ALA activates p53 and AMPK signaling pathways in human and mouse colon cancer cells. We found for the first time that ALA suppresses cell proliferation and malignant potential via p53 and AMPK signaling pathways in human and mouse colon cancer cells. These new and early mechanistic studies provide a causal role of ALA in colon cancer, suggesting that ALA might be a useful agent in the management or chemoprevention of colon cancer.
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Yang J, Chen J, He J, Li J, Shi J, Cho WC, Liu X. Wnt signaling as potential therapeutic target in lung cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:999-1015. [PMID: 26882052 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1154945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wingless-type (Wnt) signaling is tightly regulated at multiple cellular levels and is dysregulated in lung cancer. Therefore, it offers therapeutic targets for developing novel agents for lung cancer treatment. AREAS COVERED In this article, we discuss the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in lung cancer, highlighting the aberrant activation of Wnt in lung cancer stem cells and its implication in resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. We also expound the regulatory roles of microRNAs in Wnt signaling, as well as the potential of the Wnt pathway to provide biomarkers and therapeutic targets in lung cancer. The potential use of small molecule and biological inhibitors targeting the Wnt pathway for lung cancer therapy and prevention is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Wnt signaling plays an important role in the development and metastasis of lung cancer; the pathway provides targets to develop agents towards for cancer prevention and therapy. A number of clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of Wnt pathway inhibitors in epithelial tumors. However, the side effects should be considered. Nevertheless, the results from clinical studies suggest that inhibitors targeting the Wnt signaling show promise against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yang
- a Ningxia Key laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology , Center of Laboratory Medicine of General Hospital at Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia 750004 , China
| | - Juan Chen
- b Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
| | - Jinxi He
- c Department of Thoracic Surgery , General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
| | - Jing Li
- c Department of Thoracic Surgery , General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
| | - Juan Shi
- a Ningxia Key laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology , Center of Laboratory Medicine of General Hospital at Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia 750004 , China
| | - William C Cho
- d Department of Clinical Oncology , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- a Ningxia Key laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology , Center of Laboratory Medicine of General Hospital at Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia 750004 , China.,e Human Stem Cell Institute, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
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Palma S, Zwenger AO, Croce MV, Abba MC, Lacunza E. From Molecular Biology to Clinical Trials: Toward Personalized Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2015; 15:104-15. [PMID: 26777471 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past years, molecular studies through high-throughput technologies have led to the confirmation of critical alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the discovery of some new ones, including mutations, DNA methylations, and structural chromosomal changes. These genomic alterations might act in concert to dysregulate specific signaling pathways that normally exert their functions on critical cell phenotypes, including the regulation of cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Targeted therapy against key components of altered signaling pathways has allowed an improvement in CRC treatment. However, a significant percentage of patients with CRC and metastatic CRC will not benefit from these targeted therapies and will be restricted to systemic chemotherapy. Mechanisms of resistance have been associated with specific gene alterations. To fully understand the nature and significance of the genetic and epigenetic defects in CRC that might favor a tumor evading a given therapy, much work remains. Therefore, a dynamic link between basic molecular research and preclinical studies, which ultimately constitute the prelude to standardized therapies, is very important to provide better and more effective treatments against CRC. We present an updated revision of the main molecular features of CRC and their associated therapies currently under study in clinical trials. Moreover, we performed an unsupervised classification of CRC clinical trials with the aim of obtaining an overview of the future perspectives of preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Palma
- CINIBA, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ariel O Zwenger
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Provincial Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - María V Croce
- CINIBA, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martín C Abba
- CINIBA, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Lacunza
- CINIBA, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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Guo M, Dou J. Advances and perspectives of colorectal cancer stem cell vaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 76:107-20. [PMID: 26653557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is essentially an environmental and genetic disease featured by uncontrolled cell growth and the capability to invade other parts of the body by forming metastases, which inconvertibly cause great damage to tissues and organs. It has become one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in the developed countries such as United States, and approximately 1.2 million new cases are yearly diagnosed worldwide, with the death rate of more than 600,000 annually and incidence rates are increasing in most developing countries. Apart from the generally accepted theory that pathogenesis of colorectal cancer consists of genetic mutation of a certain target cell and diversifications in tumor microenvironment, the colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) theory makes a different explanation, stating that among millions of colon cancer cells there is a specific and scanty cellular population which possess the capability of self-renewal, differentiation and strong oncogenicity, and is tightly responsible for drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Based on these characteristics, CCSCs are becoming a novel target cells both in the clinical and the basic studies, especially the study of CCSCs vaccines due to induced efficient immune response against CCSCs. This review provides an overview of CCSCs and preparation technics and targeting factors related to CCSCs vaccines in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Dou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Huang CY, Yu LCH. Pathophysiological mechanisms of death resistance in colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11777-11792. [PMID: 26557002 PMCID: PMC4631976 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancers develop adaptive mechanisms to survive under extreme conditions and display hallmarks of unlimited proliferation and resistance to cell death. The deregulation of cell death is a key factor that contributes to chemoresistance in tumors. In a physiological context, balance between cell proliferation and death, and protection against cell damage are fundamental processes for maintaining gut epithelial homeostasis. The mechanisms underlying anti-death cytoprotection and tumor resistance often bear common pathways, and although distinguishing them would be a challenge, it would also provide an opportunity to develop advanced anti-cancer therapeutics. This review will outline cell death pathways (i.e., apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis), and discuss cytoprotective strategies in normal intestinal epithelium and death resistance mechanisms of colon tumor. In colorectal cancers, the intracellular mechanisms of death resistance include the direct alteration of apoptotic and necroptotic machinery and the upstream events modulating death effectors such as tumor suppressor gene inactivation and pro-survival signaling pathways. The autocrine, paracrine and exogenous factors within a tumor microenvironment can also instigate resistance against apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in colon cancers through changes in receptor signaling or transporter uptake. The roles of cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2, growth factors, glucose, and bacterial lipopolysaccharides in colorectal cancer will be highlighted. Targeting anti-death pathways in the colon cancer tissue might be a promising approach outside of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis strategies for developing novel drugs to treat refractory tumors.
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Refaat B, El-Shemi AG, Kensara OA, Mohamed AM, Idris S, Ahmad J, Khojah A. Vitamin D3 enhances the tumouricidal effects of 5-Fluorouracil through multipathway mechanisms in azoxymethane rat model of colon cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015. [PMID: 26205949 PMCID: PMC4513788 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Vitamin D3 and its analogues have recently been shown to enhance the anti-tumour effects of 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) both in vitro and in xenograft mouse model of colon cancer. This study measured the potential mechanism(s) by which vitamin D3 could synergise the tumouricidal activities of 5-FU in azoxymethane (AOM) rat model of colon cancer. Methods Seventy-five male Wistar rats were divided equally into 5 groups: Control, AOM, AOM-treated by 5-FU (5-FU), AOM-treated by vitamin D3 (VitD3), and AOM-treated by 5-FU + vitamin D3 (5-FU/D). The study duration was 15 weeks. AOM was injected subcutaneously for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/week). 5-FU was injected intraperitoneally in the 9th and 10th weeks post AOM (8 total injections were given: 12 mg/kg/day for 4 successive days, then 6 mg/kg every other day for another 4 doses) and oral vitamin D3 (500 IU/rat/day; 3 days/week) was given from week 7 post AOM till the last week of the study. The colons were collected following euthanasia for gross and histopathological examination. The expression of β-catenin, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β type 2 receptor (TGF-βR2), smad4, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and heat shock protein-90 (HSP-90) proteins was measured by immunohistochemistry. In colonic tissue homogenates, quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of Wnt, β-catenin, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes, while ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of TGF-β1, HSP-90 and COX-2 proteins. Results Monotherapy with 5-FU or vitamin D3 significantly decreased the number of grown tumours induced by AOM (P < 0.05); however, their combination resulted in more significant tumouricidal effects (P < 0.05) compared with monotherapy groups. Mechanistically, vitamin D3/5-FU co-therapy significantly decreased the expression of Wnt, β-catenin, iNOS, COX-2 and HSP-90 and significantly increased the expression of DKK-1, TGF-β1, TGF-βR2, smad4 (P < 0.05), in comparison with their corresponding monotherapy groups. Conclusions Vitamin D3 and 5-FU synergise together and exhibit better anticancer effects by modulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway, TGF-β1 signals, iNOS, COX-2 and HSP-90. Further studies are required to illustrate the clinical value of vitamin D supplementation during the treatment of colon cancer with 5-FU in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Adel Galal El-Shemi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Osama Adnan Kensara
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amr Mohamed Mohamed
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Shakir Idris
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jawwad Ahmad
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Athar Khojah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Ishimoto T, Izumi D, Sakamoto Y, Miyamoto Y, Baba H. Molecular insights into colorectal cancer stem cell regulation by environmental factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4103/2394-4722.165532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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