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Ricard-Blum S, Vivès RR, Schaefer L, Götte M, Merline R, Passi A, Heldin P, Magalhães A, Reis CA, Skandalis SS, Karamanos NK, Perez S, Nikitovic D. A biological guide to glycosaminoglycans: current perspectives and pending questions. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38500384 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), except hyaluronan (HA), are sulfated polysaccharides that are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). This article summarizes key biological findings for the most widespread GAGs, namely HA, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), keratan sulfate (KS), and heparan sulfate (HS). It focuses on the major processes that remain to be deciphered to get a comprehensive view of the mechanisms mediating GAG biological functions. They include the regulation of GAG biosynthesis and postsynthetic modifications in heparin (HP) and HS, the composition, heterogeneity, and function of the tetrasaccharide linkage region and its role in disease, the functional characterization of the new PGs recently identified by glycoproteomics, the selectivity of interactions mediated by GAG chains, the display of GAG chains and PGs at the cell surface and their impact on the availability and activity of soluble ligands, and on their move through the glycocalyx layer to reach their receptors, the human GAG profile in health and disease, the roles of GAGs and particular PGs (syndecans, decorin, and biglycan) involved in cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis, the possible use of GAGs and PGs as disease biomarkers, and the design of inhibitors targeting GAG biosynthetic enzymes and GAG-protein interactions to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ Lyon 1, ICBMS, UMR 5246 University Lyon 1 - CNRS, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | | | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Germany
| | - Rosetta Merline
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Paraskevi Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Serge Perez
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, France
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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2
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Shazleen Ibrahim I, Starlin Chellathurai M, Mahmood S, Hakim Azmi A, Harun N, Ulul Ilmie Ahmad Nazri M, Muzamir Mahat M, Mohamed Sofian Z. Engineered liposomes mediated approach for targeted colorectal cancer drug Delivery: A review. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123735. [PMID: 38142874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be one of the most prevalent and deadliest forms of cancer worldwide, despite notable advancements in its management. The prognosis for metastatic CRC remains discouraging, with a relative 5-year survival rate for stage IV CRC patients. Conventional treatments for advanced malignancies such as chemotherapy, often face limitations in effectively targeting cancer cells resulting in off-target distribution and significant side effects. In the quest for better strategies, researchers have explored numerous alternatives. Among these, nanoparticles (NPs) specifically liposomes have emerged as one of the most promising candidates in developing targeted delivery systems for cancer therapeutics. This review discusses the current approaches employing functionalised liposomes to overcome major biological barriers in therapeutics delivery for CRC treatment. We have also shared our perspectives on the technological development of liposomes for future clinical use and highlighted a few useful insights on the material choices for future research work in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Shazleen Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Melbha Starlin Chellathurai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amirul Hakim Azmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norsyifa Harun
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor
| | - Zarif Mohamed Sofian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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3
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Hao RC, Li ZL, Wang FY, Tang J, Li PL, Yin BF, Li XT, Han MY, Mao N, Liu B, Ding L, Zhu H. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies a highly replicating Cd168 + skeletal stem/progenitor cell population in mouse long bones. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:702-712. [PMID: 37075860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) are tissue-specific stem/progenitor cells localized within skeletons and contribute to bone development, homeostasis, and regeneration. However, the heterogeneity of SSPC populations in mouse long bones and their respective regenerative capacity remain to be further clarified. In this study, we perform integrated analysis using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets of mouse hindlimb buds, postnatal long bones, and fractured long bones. Our analyses reveal the heterogeneity of osteochondrogenic lineage cells and recapitulate the developmental trajectories during mouse long bone growth. In addition, we identify a novel Cd168+ SSPC population with highly replicating capacity and osteochondrogenic potential in embryonic and postnatal long bones. Moreover, the Cd168+ SSPCs can contribute to newly formed skeletal tissues during fracture healing. Furthermore, the results of multicolor immunofluorescence show that Cd168+ SSPCs reside in the superficial zone of articular cartilage as well as in growth plates of postnatal mouse long bones. In summary, we identify a novel Cd168+ SSPC population with regenerative potential in mouse long bones, which adds to the knowledge of the tissue-specific stem cells in skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cong Hao
- Basic Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei-Yan Wang
- Basic Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Pei-Lin Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bo-Feng Yin
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Meng-Yue Han
- Basic Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ning Mao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Li Ding
- Basic Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing 100142, China.
| | - Heng Zhu
- Basic Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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4
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Tolg C, Milojevic M, Qi FW, Pavanel HA, Locke MEO, Ma J, Price M, Nelson AC, McCarthy JB, Hill KA, Turley EA. RHAMM regulates MMTV-PyMT-induced lung metastasis by connecting STING-dependent DNA damage sensing to interferon/STAT1 pro-apoptosis signaling. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:74. [PMID: 37349798 PMCID: PMC10286489 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RHAMM is a multifunctional protein that is upregulated in breast tumors, and the presence of strongly RHAMM+ve cancer cell subsets associates with elevated risk of peripheral metastasis. Experimentally, RHAMM impacts cell cycle progression and cell migration. However, the RHAMM functions that contribute to breast cancer metastasis are poorly understood. METHODS We interrogated the metastatic functions of RHAMM using a loss-of-function approach by crossing the MMTV-PyMT mouse model of breast cancer susceptibility with Rhamm-/- mice. In vitro analyses of known RHAMM functions were performed using primary tumor cell cultures and MMTV-PyMT cell lines. Somatic mutations were identified using a mouse genotyping array. RNA-seq was performed to identify transcriptome changes resulting from Rhamm-loss, and SiRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to establish cause and effect of survival mechanisms in vitro. RESULTS Rhamm-loss does not alter initiation or growth of MMTV-PyMT-induced primary tumors but unexpectedly increases lung metastasis. Increased metastatic propensity with Rhamm-loss is not associated with obvious alterations in proliferation, epithelial plasticity, migration, invasion or genomic stability. SNV analyses identify positive selection of Rhamm-/- primary tumor clones that are enriched in lung metastases. Rhamm-/- tumor clones are characterized by an increased ability to survive with ROS-mediated DNA damage, which associates with blunted expression of interferon pathway and target genes, particularly those implicated in DNA damage-resistance. Mechanistic analyses show that ablating RHAMM expression in breast tumor cells by siRNA knockdown or CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing blunts interferon signaling activation by STING agonists and reduces STING agonist-induced apoptosis. The metastasis-specific effect of RHAMM expression-loss is linked to microenvironmental factors unique to tumor-bearing lung tissue, notably high ROS and TGFB levels. These factors promote STING-induced apoptosis of RHAMM+ve tumor cells to a significantly greater extent than RHAMM-ve comparators. As predicted by these results, colony size of Wildtype lung metastases is inversely related to RHAMM expression. CONCLUSION RHAMM expression-loss blunts STING-IFN signaling, which offers growth advantages under specific microenvironmental conditions of lung tissue. These results provide mechanistic insight into factors controlling clonal survival/expansion of metastatic colonies and has translational potential for RHAMM expression as a marker of sensitivity to interferon therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tolg
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maja Milojevic
- Departments of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Freda W Qi
- Departments of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - M Elizabeth O Locke
- Departments of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Departments of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny Ma
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mathew Price
- Masonic Cancer Center, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Masonic Cancer Center, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James B McCarthy
- Masonic Cancer Center, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kathleen A Hill
- Departments of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Departments of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Eva A Turley
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
- Departments of Biochemistry, Oncology and Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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5
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Moustafa MA, El-Refaie WM, Elnaggar YSR, El-Mezayen NS, Awaad AK, Abdallah OY. Fucoidan/hyaluronic acid cross-linked zein nanoparticles loaded with fisetin as a novel targeted nanotherapy for oral cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124528. [PMID: 37086764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin (FS) is an anticancer drug having potential role in oral tumors management. However, its clinical application is limited due to its hydrophobicity and instability. Bioactive polymers-based nanosystems have a great potential in cancer therapy. Herein, different biopolymers were selected for their anticancer activity and targeting ability for nanoparticles preparation namely; fucoidan (FU), zein (Zn) and hyaluronic acid (HA). The selected FS-loaded cross-linked Zn nanoparticles (ZFH) which contains HA& FU for Zn nanoparticles stabilization showed the most suitable particle size (196 ± 6.53 nm), mean surface net charge (-38.8 ± 1.47 mV) and entrapment efficiency (98 ± 1.2 %). This is the first study to utilize both HA &FU not only for stabilization but also for dual targeting effect due to their targeting ability to multiple tumor targets. In-vitro anticancer activity of ZHF revealed remarkable uptake by SCC-4 cells with significant cytotoxic action. Further, ZHF was appraised using 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO)-induced oral cancer in-vivo; ZHF significantly reduced OSCC-specific serum biomarkers levels, histologic tumor grade and increased caspase-3 level. Moreover, potential of destroying two key tumor regulatory cells; TECs and CSCs, was evaluated using their specific markers. The elaborated ZFH nanoparticles could be considered as promising targeted nanotherapy for oral cancer treatment with enhanced efficacy and survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Moustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wessam M El-Refaie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | | | - Ashraf K Awaad
- Center for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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6
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Yang YM, Ye L, Ruge F, Fang Z, Ji K, Sanders AJ, Jia S, Hao C, Dou QP, Ji J, Jiang WG. Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM), a Potential 'Seed' and 'Soil' Receptor in the Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010876. [PMID: 36614319 PMCID: PMC9821744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM/CD166) is a cell-cell adhesion protein conferring heterotypic and homotypic interactions between cells of the same type and different types. It is aberrantly expressed in various cancer types and has been shown to be a regulator of cancer metastasis. In the present study, we investigated potential roles of ALCAM in the peritoneal transcoelomic metastasis in gastrointestinal cancers, a metastatic type commonly occurred in gastro-intestinal and gynaecological malignancies and resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Specifically, we studied whether ALCAM acts as both a 'seed' receptor in these tumour cells and a 'soil' receptor in peritoneal mesothelial cells during cancer metastasis. Gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer tissues with or without peritoneal metastasis were compared for their levels of ALCAM expression. The impact of ALCAM expression in these tumours was also correlated to the patients' clinical outcomes, namely peritoneal metastasis-free survival. In addition, cancer cells of gastric and pancreatic origins were used to create cell models with decreased or increased levels of ALCAM expression by genetic knocking down or overexpression, respectively. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells were also genetically transfected to generate cell models with different profiles of ALCAM expression. These cell models were used in the tumour-mesothelial interaction assay to assess if and how the interaction was influenced by ALCAM. Both gastric and pancreatic tumour tissues from patients who developed peritoneal metastases had higher levels of ALCAM transcript than those without. Patients who had tumours with high levels of ALCAM had a much shorter peritoneal metastasis free survival compared with those who had low ALCAM expression (p = 0.006). ALCAM knockdown of the mesothelial cell line MET5A rendered the cells with reduced interaction with both gastric cancer cells and pancreatic cancer cells. Likewise, levels of ALCAM in both human gastric and pancreatic cancer cells were also a determining factor for their adhesiveness to mesothelial cells, a process that was likely to be triggered the phosphorylation of the SRC kinase. A soluble ALCAM (sALCAM) was found to be able to inhibit the adhesiveness between cancer cells and mesothelial cells, mechanistically behaving like a SRC kinase inhibitor. ALCAM is an indicator of peritoneal metastasis in both gastric and pancreatic cancer patients. It acts as not only a potential peritoneal 'soil' receptor of tumour seeding but also a 'soil' receptor in peritoneal mesothelial cells during cancer metastasis. These findings have an important therapeutic implication for treating peritoneal transcoelomic metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ming Yang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Fiona Ruge
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ziqian Fang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ke Ji
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Andrew J. Sanders
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- School of Natural and Social Science, University of Gloucestershire, Francis Close Hall, Swindon Road, Cheltenham GL50 4AZ, UK
| | - Shuqin Jia
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chunyi Hao
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fucheng Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (W.G.J.)
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (W.G.J.)
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Liu L, Yang S, Chen F, Cheng KW. Hyaluronic Acid-Zein Core-Shell Nanoparticles Improve the Anticancer Effect of Curcumin Alone or in Combination with Oxaliplatin against Colorectal Cancer via CD44-Mediated Cellular Uptake. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051498. [PMID: 35268597 PMCID: PMC8911772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) has been reported to enhance the chemotherapeutic efficacy of oxaliplatin (OXA) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and inhibit OXA-induced side effects. However, shortcomings, including poor solubility and sensitivity to metabolic transformation, have greatly undermined its value in clinical applications. In this study, the potential of CUR-encapsulated hyaluronic acid (HA)–zein composite nanoparticles (HZ-CUR) as an oral adjuvant for OXA-based chemotherapy was assessed in representative CRC models in mice. Cell viability and colony formation assays in three human CRC cell lines showed that HZ-CUR had a stronger anti-CRC effect than free CUR when given alone and a stronger synergistic effect when combined with OXA, especially in HCT116 and HT29 cell lines. Western blotting, cellular uptake, and RNA interference assays revealed that OXA-induced upregulation of CD44 likely contributed to enhanced cellular uptake of HZ-CUR and thus the enhanced anticancer effect. The significantly improved anti-CRC effects and potential underlying mechanism of HZ-CUR alone and in combination with OXA were further validated in a subcutaneous xenograft and an in situ CRC model in mice. These findings support that HZ-CUR may be an effective oral adjuvant for OXA-based CRC chemotherapy that would not only improve its efficacy but also help reduce the associated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (K.-W.C.); Tel.: +86-0755-26530611 (F.C. & K.-W.C.)
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (K.-W.C.); Tel.: +86-0755-26530611 (F.C. & K.-W.C.)
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