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Oyogoa E, Sonpatki M, Brinkerhoff BT, Andeen N, Meyer H, Ryan C, Sokolova AO. Mixed Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate with Paired Sequencing on the Primary and Liver Metastasis. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:2393-2399. [PMID: 38785459 PMCID: PMC11119923 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31050178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This report aims to shed light on the intricate challenges encountered during the diagnosis and treatment of an uncommon variant of prostate cancer-mixed adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the prostate. Prostate cancers of this nature pose distinctive diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas due to their rarity and complex histological composition. We present a case of a 63-year-old man with metastatic prostate cancer, featuring adenocarcinoma with squamous cell differentiation, who underwent a multimodal treatment approach. The patient responded to first-line carboplatin, docetaxel, and androgen deprivation therapy, followed by androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI) maintenance. However, disease progression led to radiation therapy and a subsequent switch to Lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan after chemotherapy challenges. Comprehensive genetic profiling revealed shared mutations in the prostate and liver lesions, emphasizing the role of targeted therapies. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted therapy resulted in a notable PSA decline. This case highlights the evolving treatment landscape for rare prostate cancers, integrating genetic insights for tailored interventions. In conclusion, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the prostate is rare, emphasizing the imperative for enhanced comprehension in diagnosis and management. Our case suggests the potential efficacy of ARPI and PSMA-targeted therapies. Our findings advocate for a more nuanced approach to the management of this rare prostate cancer variant, leveraging genomic insights for personalized treatment strategies. This exploration serves as a foundation for further research and clinical considerations in addressing the challenges posed by mixed adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuella Oyogoa
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Maya Sonpatki
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Brian T. Brinkerhoff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nicole Andeen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Haley Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Christopher Ryan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alexandra O. Sokolova
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Zhang C, Jia Y, Kong Q. Case report: Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate-a clinicopathological and genomic sequencing-based investigation. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1611343. [PMID: 38089646 PMCID: PMC10713708 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1611343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Squamous differentiation of prostate cancer, which accounts for less than 1% of all cases, is typically associated with androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) or radiotherapy. This entity is aggressive and exhibits poor prognosis due to limited response to traditional treatment. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and etiology are not fully understood. Previous findings suggest that squamous cell differentiation may potentially arise from prostate adenocarcinoma (AC), but further validation is required to confirm this hypothesis. This paper presents a case of advanced prostate cancer with a combined histologic pattern, including keratinizing SCC and AC. The study utilized whole-exome sequencing (WES) data to analyze both subtypes and identified a significant overlap in driver gene mutations between them. This suggests that the two components shared a common origin of clones. These findings emphasize the importance of personalized clinical management for prostate SCC, and specific molecular findings can help optimize treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Jia
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingnuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Histological patterns, subtypes and aspects of prostate cancer: different aspects, different outcomes. Curr Opin Urol 2022; 32:643-648. [PMID: 36081403 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The most common prostatic cancers (PCa) are acinary adenocarcinomas. Histological subtypes have been variably defined. The purpose of this review is to discuss unusual histological patterns and subtypes of acinar adenocarcinoma, as well as other types of PCa and their prognostic and therapeutic relevance. RECENT FINDINGS The new term 'subtype' for morphologically defined tumor entities replaced the term 'variant' in the new 2022 classification of the WHO to allow for clear terminological distinction from genetic variants. The 2022 WHO classification mentions prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)-like carcinoma, signet-cell-like adenocarcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma and pleomorphic-giant-cell adenocarcinoma of the prostate as true subtypes of acinary PCa. Other forms of acinary PCa are termed unusual histological patterns and include atrophic, foamy-cell, microcystic, pseudohyperplastic and mucinous patterns. Nonacinar forms of prostate cancer include other glandular PCa, the ductal adenocarcinoma and the treatment-associated neuroendocrine carcinoma, and nonglandular PCa, the adenosquamous carcinoma, the squamous cell carcinoma and the adenoid cystic (basal cell) carcinoma of the prostate. SUMMARY True subtypes of acinary PCa and other forms of glandular and nonglandular PCa show relevant differences in prognosis and treatment approach compared with classic acinary PCa. The relevance of unusual histological patterns mainly lies in their deceptive benign appearance and the need for pathologists to know about these entities for accurate and timely diagnosis.
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Autio K, McBride S. Oligometastatic Squamous Cell Transformation From Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma Treated With Systemic and Focal Therapy: A Case Report. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY AND PRECISION ONCOLOGY 2022; 5:79-83. [PMID: 36034583 PMCID: PMC9390704 DOI: 10.36401/jipo-22-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Transformation to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) after initial treatment of a primary prostate adenocarcinoma is rare and typically results in rapid treatment-refractory disease progression and death. Here, we present a case of a 70-year-old man who was initially treated with prostatectomy and radiotherapy, and later developed bone metastases. After commencing systemic therapy with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and apalutamide, his prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declined to undetectable levels, yet short-interval imaging demonstrated oligo-progression at T4, with biopsy specimen demonstrating pure SCC. Molecular profiling of both the primary prostate tumor and T4 demonstrated alterations in TMPRSS2-ERG, TP53, and FOXA1 confirming site of origin, with loss of RNF43 in the squamous metastasis. He was treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy to the SCC metastasis and continued on ADT and apalutamide with stable disease for a year post-radiation. This case highlights the importance of imaging to detect non–PSA-producing metastatic disease, the utility of radiation therapy in oligo-progression, and use of molecular profiling to provide insights into the pathogenesis of histologic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Autio
- 1 Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean McBride
- 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Alhamar M, Tudor Vladislav I, Smith SC, Gao Y, Cheng L, Favazza LA, Alani AM, Ittmann MM, Riddle ND, Whiteley LJ, Gupta NS, Carskadon S, Gomez-Gelvez JC, Chitale DA, Palanisamy N, Hes O, Trpkov K, Williamson SR. Gene fusion characterisation of rare aggressive prostate cancer variants-adenosquamous carcinoma, pleomorphic giant-cell carcinoma, and sarcomatoid carcinoma: an analysis of 19 cases. Histopathology 2020; 77:890-899. [PMID: 32639612 DOI: 10.1111/his.14205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the molecular underpinnings of the rare aggressive prostate cancer variants adenosquamous carcinoma, pleomorphic giant-cell carcinoma, and sarcomatoid carcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrieved 19 tumours with one or more variant(s), and performed ERG immunohistochemistry, a next-generation sequencing assay targeting recurrent gene fusions, and fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) for ERG and BRAF. Divergent differentiation included: sarcomatoid carcinoma (n = 10), adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 7), and pleomorphic giant-cell carcinoma (n = 7). Five patients had more than one variant. Four had variants only in metastases. ERG rearrangement was detected in nine (47%, seven via sequencing, showing TMPRSS2-ERG fusions and one GRHL2-ERG fusion, and two via FISH, showing rearrangement via deletion). ERG was immunohistochemically positive in the adenocarcinoma in eight of nine (89%) patients, but was immunohistochemically positive in the variant in only five of nine patients (56%, typically decreased). One patient had a false-positive ERG immunohistochemical result in the sarcomatoid component despite a negative FISH result. Two (11%) harboured BRAF fusions (FAM131A-BRAF and SND1-BRAF). CONCLUSIONS ERG fusions are present in these rare prostate cancer variants with a frequency close to that in conventional prostate cancer (9/19, 47%). ERG immunohistochemistry usually detects rearrangement in the adenocarcinoma, but is less sensitive for the variant histology, with weak to negative staining. Adenosquamous and sarcomatoid variants can, particularly, occur together. Molecular assessment may be an additional tool in selected cases to confirm the prostatic origin of unusual tumours. The presence of two BRAF rearrangements suggests that this gene fusion may be enriched in this setting, as RAF kinase fusions have been previously reported in 1-2% of prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alhamar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - I Tudor Vladislav
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steven C Smith
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Pathology, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Laura A Favazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ali M Alani
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicole D Riddle
- Department of Pathology, USF Health, Ruffolo, Hooper, and Associates, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lisa J Whiteley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nilesh S Gupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shannon Carskadon
- Department of Urology, Vattikutti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juan C Gomez-Gelvez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dhananjay A Chitale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Department of Urology, Vattikutti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ondrej Hes
- Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Kiril Trpkov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sean R Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Lau HD, Clark M. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma transformed from prostatic adenocarcinoma following androgen deprivation therapy: A case report with clinicopathologic and molecular findings. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 48:E14-E17. [PMID: 32628337 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the prostate is a rare and clinically aggressive entity that may arise de novo or through transformation of prostatic adenocarcinoma, typically following hormonal or radiation therapy. Confirmation of prostatic origin, especially when evaluating a metastatic focus, often requires correlation with clinical and imaging findings, as the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of SCC are not organ-specific. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) may provide additional information useful for confirming the primary site and for identifying potential targeted therapy options. CGP data may also contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of squamous differentiation in prostatic malignancies. However, these data are limited, and to our knowledge, there are only three previously published cases of prostatic SCC with reported CGP findings. Herein, we report a case of metastatic keratinizing SCC diagnosed by core needle biopsy in a 68-year-old man with a history of prostatic adenocarcinoma status post radical prostatectomy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). NKX3.1 immunohistochemistry was negative. CGP was performed, and a TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, among other genetic alterations, was detected, supporting a diagnosis of metastatic SCC transformed from prostatic adenocarcinoma following ADT. This case supports the use of CGP or other molecular techniques not only to query potential targeted therapy options but also to refine the diagnosis and confirm the primary site of disease in cases with non-specific morphologic and immunophenotypic features, such as SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert D Lau
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Pathology and Laboratory Service, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Melissa Clark
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Pathology and Laboratory Service, Palo Alto, California, USA
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