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Tohi Y, Kato T, Sugimoto M. Aggressive Prostate Cancer in Patients Treated with Active Surveillance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4270. [PMID: 37686546 PMCID: PMC10486407 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance has emerged as a promising approach for managing low-risk and favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PC), with the aim of minimizing overtreatment and maintaining the quality of life. However, concerns remain about identifying "aggressive prostate cancer" within the active surveillance cohort, which refers to cancers with a higher potential for progression. Previous studies are predictors of aggressive PC during active surveillance. To address this, a personalized risk-based follow-up approach that integrates clinical data, biomarkers, and genetic factors using risk calculators was proposed. This approach enables an efficient risk assessment and the early detection of disease progression, minimizes unnecessary interventions, and improves patient management and outcomes. As active surveillance indications expand, the importance of identifying aggressive PC through a personalized risk-based follow-up is expected to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Tohi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Zhu J, Wu X, Xue Y, Li X, Zheng Q, Xue X, Huang Z, Chen S. Prospective analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of digital rectal examination and magnetic resonance imaging for T staging of prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1024-1030. [PMID: 37675732 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_176_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Accurate staging of prostate cancer (PCa) is the basis for the risk stratification to select targeted treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy rates of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital rectal examination (DRE) for preoperative T staging of potentially resectable PCa. Methods From March 2021 to March 2022, patients with PCa with T staging by prostate biopsy were included. All examinations used postoperative histopathologic T staging as the reference standard. All patients underwent DRE and MRI before the puncture. Two blinded urologists and radiologists independently evaluated DRE and MRI, respectively. Before the examination, patients were then divided into early- (T1, T2) and late-(T3, T4) stage cancer. Analysis of a paired sample sign test was performed to determine differences between DRE and MRI. Results A total of 136 study participants with PCa were evaluated histopathologically, of whom 71% (97/136) and 29% (39/136) were at the early- and late-stage cancer, respectively. MRI had a significantly higher accuracy (91.9% vs. 76.5%, P < 0.001) compared with DRE. Further, MRI showed a higher sensitivity than DRE to diagnose early PCa (92.8% vs. 74.2%; P < 0.001). However, the specificity was not significantly different between them (89.7% vs. 82.1%; P = 0.375). Area under the curve (receiver operating curve) values were calculated as 0.78 ± 0.038 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-0.86), 0.91 ± 0.028 (95% CI, 0.86-0.97), and 0.872 ± 0.028 (95% CI, 0.80-0.92) for DRE-, MRI-, MRI + DRE-based PCa predictions, respectively. The prediction performance of MRI was better than that of DRE (DeLong test, z = 3.632, P = 0.0003) and MRI + DRE (DeLong test, z = 3.715, P = 0.0002). Conclusion For resectable PCa, the diagnostic potential of MRI in assessing the T stage was higher than that of DRE. However, DRE is still valuable, especially for patients with locally advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Zhu
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University; Department of Urology, National Region Medical Centre, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University; Department of Urology, National Region Medical Centre, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuting Xue
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University; Department of Urology, National Region Medical Centre, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University; Department of Urology, National Region Medical Centre, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingshui Zheng
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University; Department of Urology, National Region Medical Centre, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueyi Xue
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital; Department of Urology, National Region Medical Centre, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospitalu; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyang Huang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shaohao Chen
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University; Department of Urology, National Region Medical Centre, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Thankapannair V, Keates A, Barrett T, Gnanapragasam VJ. Prospective Implementation and Early Outcomes of a Risk-stratified Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance Follow-up Protocol. EUR UROL SUPPL 2023; 49:15-22. [PMID: 36874604 PMCID: PMC9975013 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Active surveillance (AS) is a major management option for men with early prostate cancer. Current guidelines however advocate identical AS follow-up for all without considering different disease trajectories. We previously proposed a pragmatic three-tier STRATified CANcer Surveillance (STRATCANS) follow-up strategy based on different progression risks from clinic-pathological and imaging features. Objective To report early outcomes from the implementation of the STRATCANS protocol in our centre. Design setting and participants Men on AS were enrolled into a prospective stratified follow-up programme. Intervention Three tiers of increasing follow-up intensity based on National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE): Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG) 1 or 2, prostate-specific antigen density, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Likert score at entry. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Rates of progression to CPG ≥3, any pathological progression, AS attrition, and patient choice for treatment were assessed. Differences in progression were compared with chi-square statistics. Results and limitations Data from 156 men (median age 67.3 yr) were analysed. Of these, 38.4% had CPG2 disease and 27.5% had grade group 2 disease at diagnosis. The median time on AS was 4 yr (interquartile range 3.2-4.9) and 1.5 yr on STRATCANS. Overall, 135/156 (86.5%) men remained on AS or converted to watchful waiting and 6/156 (3.8%) stopped AS by choice by the end of the evaluation period. Of the 156 patients, 66 (42.3%) were allocated to STRATCANS 1 (least intense follow-up), 61 (39.1%) to STRATCANS 2, and 29 (18.6%) to STRATCANS 3 (highest intensity). By increasing STRATCANS tier, progression rates to CPG ≥3 and any progression events were 0% and 4.6%, 3.4% and 8.6%, and 7.4% and 22.2%, respectively (p = 0.019). Modelling resource usage suggested potential reductions in appointments by 22% and MRI by 42% compared with current NICE guideline recommendations (first 12 months of AS). The study is limited by short follow-up, a relatively small cohort, and being single centre. Conclusions A simple risk-tiered AS strategy is possible with early outcomes supporting stratified follow-up intensity. STRATCANS implementation could de-escalate follow-up in men at a low risk of progression while husbanding resources for those who need closer follow-up. Patient summary We report a practical way to personalise follow-up for men on active surveillance for early prostate cancer. Our method may allow reductions in the follow-up burden for men at a low risk of disease change while maintaining vigilance for those at a higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineetha Thankapannair
- Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexandra Keates
- Cambridge Urology Translational Research and Clinical Trials Office, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tristan Barrett
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent J Gnanapragasam
- Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Urology Translational Research and Clinical Trials Office, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Diagnostic evaluation and incorporation of PSA density and the prostate imaging and data reporting system (PIRADS) version 2 classification in risk-nomograms for prostate cancer. World J Urol 2022; 40:2439-2450. [PMID: 35941245 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-022-04118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The diagnostic approach for prostate cancer still depends on PSA and DRE. OBJECTIVES to evaluate the diagnostic validity of PSA-Density and PIRADSv2 as diagnostic tests regarding biopsy results, and to design nomograms that include all diagnostic variables for malignancy, significant tumor (ST) and high-grade tumor. METHODS Cross-sectional study which included men with PSA ≥ 4 ng/ml and/or suspicious DRE, PIRADSv2 ≥ 3 lesions on multiparametric MRI and prostate biopsy. The gold standard test was the maximum ISUP of the targeted biopsy per patient (malignancy: ISUP ≥ 1, ST: ISUP ≥ 2, high-grade tumor: ISUP ≥ 4). Association and logistic regression tests were used and diagnostic validity parameters using PSA-Density and PIRADSv2 classification was analyzed. Nomograms were designed for malignancy, ST, and high-grade tumor using the best model selection procedure from all possible equations. RESULTS 336 men with median age, PSA and PSA-Density of 67.7 years (IQR:12.6), 6.3 ng/ml (IQR:3.3) and 0.12 ng/ml/cc (IQR:0.10), respectively; 63 index lesions were PIRADS3, 204 PIRADS4, and 69 PIRADS5. 65.8% and 37.8% were malignant and ST, respectively. The significant positive association highlighted between malignancy and ST with age, DRE, PSA-Density and PIRADSv2. PSA-Density and PIRADSv2 ≥ 3 presented the highest sensitivity to detect malignancy, and their combination showed sensitivity nearly 95% (AUC:0.803). Nomograms for malignancy and ST included the variables age, DRE, PSA-Density, and PIRADSv2 with a sensitivity closely 91% (AUC:0.833), and a specificity of almost 85% for ST, exposing risk < 5% for ST when PSA-Density is < 0.15, not suspicious DRE and PIRADS3. CONCLUSION PSA-Density and PIRADSv2 classification in risk nomograms can provide highly relevant information to increase the accuracy in the diagnosis of PC and ST.
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