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Makita Y, Reich HN. Pathogenic Immunoglobulin A-Producing Cells in Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5255. [PMID: 39274468 PMCID: PMC11396043 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13175255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent primary glomerular disease worldwide and it remains a leading cause of kidney failure. Clinical manifestations of IgA are exacerbated by infections, and emerging data suggest that aberrant mucosal immune responses are important contributors to the immunopathogenesis of this disease. However, the exact stimuli, location and mechanism of nephritis-inducing IgA production remains unclear. In this focused review we explore recent developments in our understanding of the contribution of the mucosal immune system and mucosal-derived IgA-producing cells to the development of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Makita
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Heather N Reich
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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Xie X, Gao L, Liu P, Lv J, Lu WH, Zhang H, Jin J. Propensity of IgA to self-aggregate via tailpiece cysteine-471 and treatment of IgA nephropathy using cysteamine. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e150551. [PMID: 34428184 PMCID: PMC8525636 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy is caused by deposition of circulatory IgA1 in the kidney. Hypogalactosylated IgA1 has the propensity to form poly-IgA aggregates that are prone to deposition. Herein, we purified poly-IgA from the plasma of patients with IgA nephropathy and showed that the complex is susceptible to reducing conditions, suggesting intermolecular disulfide connections between IgA units. We sought to find the cysteine residue(s) that form intermolecular disulfide. Naturally assembled dimeric IgA, also known as secretory IgA, involves a J chain subunit connected with 2 IgA1 molecules via their penultimate cysteine-471 residue on a “tailpiece” segment of IgA heavy chain. It is plausible that, with the absence of J chain, the cysteine residue of mono-IgA1 might aberrantly form a disulfide bond in poly-IgA formation. Mutagenesis confirmed that cysteine-471 is capable of promoting IgA aggregation. These discoveries prompted us to test thiol-based drugs for stabilizing cysteine. Specifically, the cystine-reducing drug cysteamine used for treatment of cystinosis showed a remarkable potency in preventing self-aggregation of IgA. When administrated to rat and mouse models of IgA nephropathy, cysteamine significantly reduced glomerular IgA deposition. Collectively, our results reveal a potentially novel molecular mechanism for aberrant formation of IgA aggregates, to which the repurposed cystinosis drug cysteamine was efficacious in preventing renal IgA deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Xie
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Nephrology and
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jicheng Lv
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zhao YF, Zhu L, Liu LJ, Shi SF, Lv JC, Zhang H. Pathogenic role of glycan-specific IgG antibodies in IgA nephropathy. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:301. [PMID: 28969604 PMCID: PMC5623975 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidences proved the important roles of circulating IgA1-containing immune complexes (cIgA1) in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and glycan-specific IgG antibody have been identified as major components in cIgA1. Before, Gd-IgA1 was reported as a vital factor in IgAN, partly via of its pathogenic role to induce mesangial cells activation. However, we still lack direct evidences to clarify the biological effect of glycan-specific IgG antibody in IgAN. Methods In the present study, we enrolled 35 IgAN patients and 17 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Using uniform aberrant glycosylated IgA1 molecules, and IgG from different individuals, we in vitro prepared IgG-ddIgA1 complexes, and compared the biological differences among these immune complexes regarding their proliferative and inflammatory effects on mesangial cells. Results IgG-ddIgA1 complexes from both patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN-IgG-dd-IgA1) and healthy controls (HC-IgG-dd-IgA1) could induce the proliferation of mesangial cells and up-regulate expression of MCP-1, IL-6 and CXCL1. The levels of mesangial cells proliferation induced by IgAN-IgG-dd-IgA1 were significantly higher than those induced by HC-IgG-dd-IgA1 (1.10 ± 0.05 vs. 1.03 ± 0.03; p < 0.001). However, the levels of secreted MCP-1, IL-6 and CXCL1 from mesangial cells challenged by IgAN-IgG-dd-IgA1 and HC-IgG-dd-IgA1 were comparable. Conclusions We found that glycan-specific IgG antibodies derived from patients with IgAN had the biological effect to induce mesangial cells proliferation. Moreover, in the present study we also established a method for in vitro preparation of pathogenic IgG-ddIgA1 complexes, which could be applied in future studies exploring IgAN pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Zhao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China. .,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China. .,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, No 8, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Fang Shi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Lv
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Machado GA, de Oliveira HB, Gennari-Cardoso ML, Mineo JR, Costa-Cruz JM. Serodiagnosis of human neurocysticercosis using antigenic components of Taenia solium metacestodes derived from the unbound fraction from jacalin affinity chromatography. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:S0074-02762013000300368. [PMID: 23778661 PMCID: PMC4005572 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse Taenia solium metacestode antigens that were derived from the unbound fraction of jacalin affinity chromatography and subsequent tert-octylphenoxy poly (oxyethylene) ethanol Triton X-114 (TX-114) partitioning in the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis (NCC). Immunoassays were designed to detect T. solium-specific IgG antibodies by ELISA and immunoblot. Serum samples were collected from 132 individuals who were categorised as follows: 40 had NCC, 62 presented Taenia spp or other parasitic diseases and 30 were healthy individuals. The jacalin-unbound (J unbound ) fraction presented higher sensitivity and specificity rates than the jacalin-bound fraction and only this fraction was subjected to subsequent TX-114 partitioning, resulting in detergent (DJ unbound ) and aqueous (AJ unbound ) fractions. The ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 84.8% for J unbound , 92.5% and 93.5% for DJ unbound and 82.5% and 82.6% for AJ unbound . By immunoblot, the DJ unbound fraction showed 100% sensitivity and specificity and only serum samples from patients with NCC recognised the 50-70 kDa T. solium-specific components. We conclude that the DJ unbound fraction can serve as a useful tool for the differential immunodiagnosis of NCC by immunoblot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleyce Alves Machado
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, , Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, , Departamento de Imunologia, , Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, , Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, , Catalão, GO, Brasil
| | - Heliana Batista de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, , Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, , Departamento de Imunologia, , Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, , Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, , Catalão, GO, Brasil
| | - Margareth Leitão Gennari-Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, , Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, , Departamento de Imunologia, , Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, , Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, , Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, , Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, , Departamento de Imunologia, , Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Julia Maria Costa-Cruz
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, , Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, , Departamento de Imunologia, , Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
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Gao J, Wang Y, Dong Z, Yan Z, Jia X, Tian Y. A novel differential diagnostic model based on multiple biological parameters for immunoglobulin A nephropathy. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2012; 12:58. [PMID: 22738421 PMCID: PMC3488968 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of glomerulonephritis in China. An accurate diagnosis of IgAN is dependent on renal biopsies, and there is lack of non-invasive and practical classification methods for discriminating IgAN from other primary kidney diseases. The objective of this study was to develop a classification model for the auxiliary diagnosis of IgAN using multiparameter analysis with various biological parameters. METHODS To establish an optimal classification model, 121 cases (58 IgAN vs. 63 non-IgAN) were recruited and statistically analyzed. The model was then validated in another 180 cases. RESULTS Of the 57 biological parameters, there were 16 parameters that were significantly different (P < 0.05) between IgAN and non-IgAN. The combination of fibrinogen, serum immunoglobulin A level, and manifestation was found to be significant in predicting IgAN. The validation accuracies of the logistic regression and discriminant analysis models were 77.5 and 77.0%, respectively at a predictive probability cut-off of 0.5, and 81.1 and 79.9%, respectively, at a predictive probability cut-off of 0.40. When the predicted probability of the equation containing the combination of fibrinogen, serum IgA level, and manifestation was more than 0.59, a patient had at least an 85.0% probability of having IgAN. When the predicted probability was lower than 0.26, a patient had at least an 88.5% probability of having non-IgAN. The results of the net reclassification improvement certificated serum Immunoglobulin A and fibrinogen had classification power for discriminating IgAN from non-IgAN. CONCLUSIONS These models possess potential clinical applications in distinguishing IgAN from other primary kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Kaneko Y, Otsuka T, Tsuchida Y, Gejyo F, Narita I. Integrin α1/β1 and α2/β1 as a receptor for IgA1 in human glomerular mesangial cells in IgA nephropathy. Int Immunol 2012; 24:219-32. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Both IgA nephropathy and alcoholic cirrhosis feature abnormally glycosylated IgA1 and soluble CD89–IgA and IgG–IgA complexes: common mechanisms for distinct diseases. Kidney Int 2011; 80:1352-63. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Barratt J, Smith AC, Feehally J. The pathogenic role of IgA1 O-linked glycosylation in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008; 12:275-84. [PMID: 17498123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous abnormalities of the IgA immune system have been reported in IgAN but the most consistent finding remains aberrant IgA1 O-linked glycosylation of the IgA1 hinge region. The defect comprises reduced galactosylation of O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine residues with or without changes in the terminal sialylation of the O-linked sugars. Aberrant O-galactosylation has been found in serum IgA1, in IgA1 isolated from tonsillar lymphocytes, and in IgA1 eluted from mesangial deposits. There is evidence that changes in IgA1 O-galactosylation lead to IgA immune complex formation and mesangial IgA deposition. Mesangial cells exposed to these IgA immune complexes proliferate and adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype; they secrete cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix components promoting glomerular inflammation and glomerulosclerosis. Recent evidence suggests that the control of IgA1 O-glycosylation is linked to class switching from IgD to IgA1 synthesis and that the pattern of IgA1 O-glycosylation may be programmed at the time of initial antigen encounter. IgA1 glycosylation varies between systemic and mucosal sites and the association of aberrant IgA1 galactosylation with low affinity, polymeric IgA1 antibodies against mucosal antigens suggests undergalactosylated IgA1 may in fact be a mucosal glycoform of IgA1. Although suited to the mucosal compartment, when these IgA1 glycoforms enter the systemic circulation in appreciable quantities they deposit in the mesangium and trigger glomerular inflammation. This review will discuss the evidence for the role of IgA1 O-glycosylation in the pathogenesis of IgAN and propose an explanation for the presence of aberrantly O-glycosylated IgA1 in the circulation of patients with IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Barratt
- The John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, and Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Gao YH, Xu LX, Zhang JJ, Zhang Y, Zhao MH, Wang HY. Differential binding characteristics of native monomeric and polymeric immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) on human mesangial cells and the influence of in vitro deglycosylation of IgA1 molecules. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:507-14. [PMID: 17386074 PMCID: PMC1941933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies had demonstrated that serum and mesangial immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) were polymeric and deglycosylated. The current study was to investigate the binding characteristics of monomeric and polymeric normal human IgA1 on mesangial cells and the influence of in vitro deglycosylation of IgA1 molecules. The normal human IgA1 was desialylated and degalactosylated with specific enzymes, respectively. The monomeric IgA1 (mIgA1) and polymeric IgA1 (pIgA1) were separated by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography. The binding capacities of the mIgA1 and pIgA1 to primary human mesangial cells (HMC) were evaluated by classical radioligand assay. Both the native mIgA1 and pIgA1 could bind to HMC in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. The maximal binding capacity of the native pIgA1 were significantly higher than that of the native mIgA1 (P < 0.05). However, the affinity of the native mIgA1 was almost 100 times higher than that of the native pIgA1. After deglycosylation, binding of the two deglycosylated mIgA1 to HMC could not be detected. However, the maximal binding capacities of the two deglycosylated pIgA1 to HMC were increased significantly compared with that of native pIgA1. The affinity of the two deglycosylated pIgA1 was similar to that of native pIgA1 (P > 0.05). The current study suggests differential binding characteristics of native monomeric and polymeric IgA1 on mesangial cells. Glycosylation of IgA1 molecules could significantly affect the binding of IgA1 on HMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Gao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
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Yan Y, Xu LX, Zhang JJ, Zhang Y, Zhao MH. Self-aggregated deglycosylated IgA1 with or without IgG were associated with the development of IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:17-24. [PMID: 16542360 PMCID: PMC1809625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis, with various pathological phenotypes. Our previous study suggested that aberrant glycosylation of serum IgA1 was associated with different pathological phenotypes of IgAN, and substantial evidence indicated that deglycosylated IgA1 had an increased tendency to form macromolecules. The aim of the current study was to investigate the composition of IgA1-containing macromolecules in different pathological phenotypes of IgAN. Sera from 10 patients with mild mesangial proliferative IgAN (mIgAN), 10 with focal proliferative sclerosing IgAN (psIgAN) and 10 healthy blood donors were collected. The sera were applied and IgA1 binding proteins (IgA1-BP) were eluted from the columns immobilized with desialylated IgA1 (DesIgA1/Sepharose) or desialylated/degalactosylated IgA1 (DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose), respectively. The amounts of IgA1 and IgG and the glycoform of IgA1 in the IgA1-BP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and were compared between patients with different pathological phenotypes and normal controls. The amount of IgA1 in IgA1-BP eluted from both columns was significantly higher in patients with both pathological phenotypes of IgAN than in normal controls. In IgA1-BP eluted from DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose, the desialylation of IgA1 was much more pronounced in patients with both pathological phenotypes of IgAN than in normal controls, while the degalactosylation of IgA1 was much more pronounced only in patients with psIgAN than in normal controls. Furthermore, the amount of IgG in IgA1-BP eluted from DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose was significantly higher in patients with psIgAN than in normal controls. In patients with psIgAN, the amount of IgG eluted from DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose was much greater than from DesIgA1/Sepharose. In conclusion, self-aggregated deglycosylated IgA1 with or without IgG were associated with the development of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- Institute of Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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