1
|
Lukácsi S, Mácsik-Valent B, Nagy-Baló Z, Kovács KG, Kliment K, Bajtay Z, Erdei A. Utilization of complement receptors in immune cell-microbe interaction. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2695-2713. [PMID: 31989596 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a major humoral component of immunity and is essential for the fast elimination of pathogens invading the body. In addition to its indispensable role in innate immunity, the complement system is also involved in pathogen clearance during the effector phase of adaptive immunity. The fastest way of killing the invader is lysis by the membrane attack complex, which is formed by the terminal components of the complement cascade. Not all pathogens are lysed however and, if opsonized by a variety of molecules, they undergo phagocytosis and disposal inside immune cells. The most important complement-derived opsonins are C1q, the first component of the classical pathway, MBL, the initiator of the lectin pathway and C3-derived activation fragments, including C3b, iC3b and C3d, which all serve as ligands for their corresponding receptors. In this review, we discuss how complement receptors are utilized by various immune cells to tackle invading microbes, or by pathogens to evade host response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsa Nagy-Baló
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf G Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huo X, Dai Y, Yang T, Zhang Y, Li M, Xu X. Decreased erythrocyte CD44 and CD58 expression link e-waste Pb toxicity to changes in erythrocyte immunity in preschool children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:690-697. [PMID: 30763849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) toxicity damages blood cells and disturbs the immune micro-environment. When Pb enters the circulatory system, >95% of Pb accumulates in erythrocytes. We therefore conducted this study to explore the long-term effect of Pb exposure on expression of erythrocyte adhesion molecules (CD44 and CD58) and related downstream cytokine concentrations. We enrolled a total of 267 preschool children, 2-7 years of age, from Guiyu (e-waste-exposed group, n = 132) and Haojiang (reference group, n = 135) in November and December 2015. We measured child blood Pb, biomarkers including erythrocyte CD44 and CD58, erythrocyte count, leukocyte count and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12p70 and IFN-γ), and calculated erythrocyte Pb levels. Regression model demonstrated that higher erythrocyte Pb was associated with lower CD44 and CD58. Compared to low erythrocyte Pb levels (quartile 1), high erythrocyte Pb levels (quartile 4) were related to lower levels of erythrocyte CD44 and CD58. Elevated blood Pb correlated with higher IL-12p70 and IFN-γ, and lower IL-2. The mediation effect of erythrocyte CD44 on the relationship of erythrocyte Pb with IL-1β and IL-12p70 was significant, and the effect of erythrocyte Pb on IFN-γ was mediated by erythrocyte CD58. The data provides novel translational insight into the relationship between elevated Pb exposure and the change of erythrocyte immunity and downstream cytokine secretion in preschool children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangzhou and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifeng Dai
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Tian Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Minghui Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sandri TL, Lidani KCF, Andrade FA, Meyer CG, Kremsner PG, de Messias-Reason IJ, Velavan TP. Human complement receptor type 1 (CR1) protein levels and genetic variants in chronic Chagas Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:526. [PMID: 29323238 PMCID: PMC5765048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is an essential element in both innate and acquired immunity contributing to the immunopathogenesis of many disorders, including Chagas Disease (CD). Human complement receptor 1 (CR1) plays a role in the clearance of complement opsonized molecules and may facilitate the entry of pathogens into host cells. Distinct CR1 exon 29 variants have been found associated with CR1 expression levels, increased susceptibility and pathophysiology of several diseases. In this study, CR1 plasma levels were assessed by ELISA and CR1 variants in exon 29 by sequencing in a Brazilian cohort of 232 chronic CD patients and 104 healthy controls. CR1 levels were significantly decreased in CD patients compared to controls (p < 0.0001). The CR1 rs1704660G, rs17047661G and rs6691117G variants were significantly associated with CD and in high linkage disequilibrium. The CR1*AGAGTG haplotype was associated with T. cruzi infection (p = 0.035, OR 3.99, CI 1.1-14.15) whereas CR1*AGGGTG was related to the risk of chagasic cardiomyopathy (p = 0.028, OR 12.15, CI 1.13-113). This is the first study that provides insights on the role of CR1 in development and clinical presentation of chronic CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaisa Lucas Sandri
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian G Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Vietnamese - German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
- Vietnamese - German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dai Y, Huo X, Zhang Y, Yang T, Li M, Xu X. Elevated lead levels and changes in blood morphology and erythrocyte CR1 in preschool children from an e-waste area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:51-59. [PMID: 28301822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Improper dismantling and combustion of electronic waste (e-waste) may release persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals that possess potential risk for human health. Lead (Pb) is carried through the circulatory system by erythrocytes and is known to alter the functions of hematopoietic and immune systems. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Pb exposure on blood morphology and erythrocyte complement receptor 1 (CR1) levels as related to immunologic function in preschool children. We recruited 484 preschool children, 2- to 6-years of age, among whom 332 children were from Guiyu, a typical and primitive e-waste processing area, and 152 children from Haojiang (reference area). Results showed that the blood Pb level (BPb) and erythrocyte Pb level (EPb) of exposed children were significantly higher, but, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and erythrocyte CR1 levels were significantly lower than reference children. Elevated EPb and BPb was related to disadvantageous changes in hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and MCHC, respectively, in children from the e-waste recycling area. Furthermore, in the high Pb-exposed group, the Pb toxicity of erythrocytes was more significant compared to the low Pb-exposed group in e-waste-exposed children. Combine with the BPb and EPb would be better to evaluating the Pb toxicity of erythrocytes. Compared to low Pb exposure, high BPb and EPb were associated with lower erythrocyte CR1 expression in all children. Our data suggests that elevated Pb levels result in adverse changes in blood morphology, hemoglobin synthesis and CR1 expression, which might be a non-negligible threat to erythrocyte immunity development in local preschool children. It is therefore imperative for any intervention to control the Pb exposure of children and actively educate adults to raise their environmental awareness of potential e-waste pollution during the recycling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Dai
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Vries MA, Trompet S, Mooijaart SP, Smit RAJ, Böhringer S, Castro Cabezas M, Jukema JW. Complement receptor 1 gene polymorphisms are associated with cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2016; 257:16-21. [PMID: 28033544 PMCID: PMC7094315 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis. The complement system is involved in atherogenesis, and the complement receptor 1 (CR1) plays a role facilitating the clearance of immune complexes from the circulation. Limited evidence suggests that CR1 may be involved in cardiovascular disease. We investigated the relationship between CR1 gene polymorphisms and cardiovascular risk. Methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the CR1 region (n = 73) on chromosome 1 were assessed in 5244 participants in PROSPER (PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk) (mean age 75.3 years), who had been randomized to pravastatin 40 mg/day or placebo and followed for a mean of 3.2 years. Logistic regression, adjusted for gender, age, country and use of pravastatin, was used to assess the association between the SNPs and cardiovascular disease. Results All 73 SNPs within the genomic region of the CR1 gene on chromosome 1 were extracted. In this region, strong LD was present leading to the occurrence of two haploblocks. Twelve of the 73 investigated CR1 SNPs were significantly associated with the risk of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction (all p < 0.05). Moreover, most of the associated SNPs were also associated with levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP). The global p-value for the tail strength method to control for multiple testing was 0.0489, implying that the null hypothesis of no associated SNPs can be rejected. Conclusions These data indicate that genetic variation within the CR1 gene is associated with inflammation and the risk of incident coronary artery disease. The complement receptor 1 (CR1) may be involved in atherosclerosis. 12 SNPs within the CR1 region were associated with myocardial infarction. 7 SNPs were also associated with levels of C-reactive protein. These results imply that CR1 may be involved in atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke A de Vries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Mooijaart
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Evidence Based Medicine at Old Age, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof A J Smit
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Medical Biostatistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Castro Cabezas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lindenau JD, Salzano FM, Hurtado AM, Hill KR, Hutz MH. The role of variants from the innate immune system genes in tuberculosis and skin test response in a Native American population. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:981-984. [PMID: 27346696 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Native American populations show higher tuberculosis (TB) mortality and infectivity rates than non-Native populations. Variants in the innate immune system seem to have an important role on TB susceptibility. The role of some innate immune system variants in TB susceptibility and/or skin test response (PPD) were investigated in the Aché, a Native American population. Complement receptor 1 and toll like receptor 9 variants were associated with anergy to PPD and protection to TB, respectively. These findings demonstrate an important role of the innate immune system variants in TB susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D Lindenau
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana M Hurtado
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kim R Hill
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mara H Hutz
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. At present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. Blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. In addition, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or adhesion through the organization of membrane microdomains. Several blood groups can modify the innate immune response to infection. Several distinct phenotypes associated with increased host resistance to malaria are overrepresented in populations living in areas where malaria is endemic, as a result of evolutionary pressures. Microorganisms can also stimulate antibodies against blood group antigens, including ABO, T, and Kell. Finally, there is a symbiotic relationship between blood group expression and maturation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Noumsi GT, Tounkara A, Diallo H, Billingsley K, Moulds JJ, Moulds JM. Knops blood group polymorphism and susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Transfusion 2011; 51:2462-9. [PMID: 21569042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement receptor 1 (CR1) protein carries the Knops blood group antigens and is the receptor for the major ligand involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) adhesion to macrophages. Erythrocyte CR1 binds immune complexes (ICs) formed during Mtb invasion, facilitating their clearance by the host immune system. The occurrence of specific Knops blood group genotypes among African populations was investigated to evaluate their impact on resistance or susceptibility to Mtb infection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The distribution of the Knops blood group genotypes (McC and Sl) was compared between tuberculosis (TB) patients with confirmed diagnosis of Mtb in isolates and negative controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to access the association between genotypes distribution and susceptibility to Mtb infection. RESULTS At the McC locus, individuals heterozygous (McC(a) /McC(b) ) were more resistant to Mtb infection (odds ratio [OR], 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22-0.81; p = 0.007). Although less significant, a similar effect was conferred by Sl1/Sl2 genotype (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.28-0.9; p = 0.02). This protective effect was maintained among individuals presenting the McC(b) /Sl2 haplotype (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08-0.74; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Acquisition of McC(b) and Sl2 alleles among African population is correlated with resistance to Mtb infection, adding this bacterium to the list of mechanisms underlying the selection of the Knops blood group polymorphism among these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghislain T Noumsi
- Scientific Support Services, LifeShare Blood Centers, Shreveport, Louisiana 71106, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thurman JM, Renner B. Dynamic control of the complement system by modulated expression of regulatory proteins. J Transl Med 2011; 91:4-11. [PMID: 20921948 PMCID: PMC3109904 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system serves many biological functions, including the eradication of invasive pathogens and the removal of damaged cells and immune-complexes. Uncontrolled complement activation causes injury to host cells, however, so adequate regulation of the system is essential. Control of the complement system is maintained by a group of cell surface and circulating proteins referred to as complement regulatory proteins. The expression of the cell surface complement regulatory proteins varies from tissue to tissue. Furthermore, specific cell types can upregulate or downregulate the expression of these proteins in response to a variety of signals or insults. Altered regulation of the complement regulatory proteins can have important effects on local complement activation. In some circumstances this can be beneficial, such as in the setting of certain infections. In other circumstances, however, this can be a cause of complement-mediated injury of the tissue. A full understanding of the mechanisms by which the complement system is modulated at the local level can have important implications for how we diagnose and treat a wide range of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Senbagavalli P, Kumar N, Kaur G, Mehra NK, Geetha ST, Ramanathan VD. Major histocompatibility complex class III (C2, C4, factor B) and C3 gene variants in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Hum Immunol 2010; 72:173-8. [PMID: 21093518 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an integral part of the host immune system and plays an immunoregulatory role at the interface of innate and acquired immune responses. Limited data are available on the influence of variations in complement genes in infectious diseases such as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of genetic variations in complement system components C2, C4, BF, and C3 in PTB (n = 125) compared with healthy controls (n = 125) in the Indian population. The study showed, for the first time, an increased occurrence of null alleles at the C4A, i.e., C4AQ0; an increased frequency of BF*FA and C3*F in patients with PTB compared with healthy individuals, and contributed a risk with odds ratios of 18.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.0-108.6, p = 0.0004), 2.9 (95% CI = 1.9-4.37, p(c) = 3.15E-06), and 2.26 (95% CI = 1.5-3.3, p(c) = 6.7E-05), respectively. A combinatorial analysis of complement gene variants as risk determinants and their phenotypic effects in various populations may provide unique insights into the genetic basis of susceptibility to PTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Senbagavalli
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Defective Solubilization of Immune Complexes and Activation of the Complement System in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:674-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|