1
|
Alfar R, Napoleon JV, Shahriar I, Finnell R, Walchle C, Johnson A, Low PS. Selective reprogramming of regulatory T cells in solid tumors can strongly enhance or inhibit tumor growth. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274199. [PMID: 37928524 PMCID: PMC10623129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate receptor delta (FRδ) has been used as a biomarker for regulatory T cells (Tregs), because its expression is limited to Tregs and ovum. Although FRδ is unable to bind folate, we have used molecular docking software to identify a folate congener that binds FRδ with high affinity and have exploited this FRδ-specific ligand to target attached drugs (imaging agents, immune activators, and immune suppressors) specifically to Tregs in murine tumor xenografts. Analysis of treated tumors demonstrates that targeting of a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist inhibits Treg expression of FOXP3, PD-1, CTLA4, and HELIOS, resulting in 40-80% reduction in tumor growth and repolarization of other tumor-infiltrating immune cells to more inflammatory phenotypes. Targeting of the immunosuppressive drug dexamethasone, in contrast, promotes enhanced tumor growth and shifts the tumor-infiltrating immune cells to more anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Since Tregs comprise <1% of cells in the tumor masses examined, and since the targeted drugs are not internalized by cancer cells, these data demonstrate that Tregs exert a disproportionately large effect on tumor growth. Because the targeted drug did not bind to Tregs or other immune cells in healthy tissues, the data demonstrate that the immunosuppressive properties of Tregs in tumors can be manipulated without causing systemic toxicities associated with global reprogramming of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Alfar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - John V. Napoleon
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Imrul Shahriar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard Finnell
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cole Walchle
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Austin Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caserta S, Genovese C, Cicero N, Toscano V, Gangemi S, Allegra A. The Interplay between Medical Plants and Gut Microbiota in Cancer. Nutrients 2023; 15:3327. [PMID: 37571264 PMCID: PMC10421419 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a dynamic community of bacteria distributed in the gastroenteric tract and changes in response to diseases, diet, use of antibiotics and probiotics, hygiene status, and other environmental factors. Dysbiosis, a disruption of the normal crosstalk between the host and the microbes, is associated with obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, is linked to a reduction of anti-inflammatory bacteria like Lactobacillus and Roseburia, and to an increase in the growth of proinflammatory species like Ruminococcus gnavus and Bacteroidetes. Some plants possess anticancer properties and various studies have reported that some of these are also able to modulate the gut microbiota. The aim of this work is to evaluate the crucial relationship between medical plants and gut microbiota and the consequences on the onset and progression of cancer. In vivo studies about hematological malignancies showed that beta-glucans tie to endogenous antibeta glucan antibodies and to iC3b, an opsonic fragment of the central complement protein C3, leading to phagocytosis of antibody-targeted neoplastic cells and potentiation of the cytotoxic activity of the innate immune system if administered together with monoclonal antibodies. In conclusion, this review suggests the potential use of medical plants to improve gut dysbiosis and assist in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santino Caserta
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Claudia Genovese
- National Research Council, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Via Empedocle 58, 95128 Catania, Italy;
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Valeria Toscano
- National Research Council, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Via Empedocle 58, 95128 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang X, He Y, Zhang M, Lu Z, Zhang T, Wang B. GPP-TSAIII nanocomposite hydrogel-based photothermal ablation facilitates melanoma therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1277-1295. [PMID: 37039332 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2200997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising cancer treatment, but its application is limited by low photoconversion efficiency. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel graphene oxide (GO)-based nanocomposite hydrogel to improve the bioavailability of timosaponin AIII (TSAIII) while maximizing PTT efficacy and enhancing the antitumor effect. METHODS GO was modified via physical cross-linking with polyvinyl alcohol. The pore structure of the gel was adjusted by repeated freeze-thawing and the addition of polyethylene glycol 2000 to obtain a nanocomposite hydrogel (GPP). The GPP loaded with TSAIII constituted a GPP-TSAIII drug delivery system, and its efficacy was evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis, migration, and uptake analyses, and in vivo antitumor studies. RESULTS The encapsulation rate of GPP-TSAIII was 66.36 ± 3.97%, with slower in vitro release and higher tumor cell uptake (6.4-fold) compared to TSAIII. GPP-TSAIII in combination with PTT showed better bioavailability and antitumor effects in vivo than did TSAIII, with a 1.9-fold higher tumor suppression rate than the TSAIII group. CONCLUSIONS GPP is a potential vehicle for delivery of TSAIII-like poor water-soluble anticancer drugs. The innovative PTT co-delivery system may serve as a safe and effective melanoma treatment platform for further anticancer translational purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihao He
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Long hua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Folate Receptor 4-Expressing T cell Is Associated with Disease-Free Survival in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4351949. [PMID: 35756495 PMCID: PMC9217542 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4351949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Folic acid receptor 4 (FR4) significantly downregulates the expression of regular T cells (Treg) and improves the effect of chemotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. However, the FR4 expression in squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. Methods Patients with primary ESCC who visited our hospital between 1st February 2012 and 30th September 2016 were enrolled in this study. FR4 expressions in ESCC patients were detected by immunohistochemistry staining, and the association with clinical characteristics and the overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) was analyzed. Results One hundred and forty-eight qualified cases of ESCC patients were retrieved, including 34 females. Ninety-four cases had lymph node metastasis (63.51%), 104 patients received adjuvant therapy (70.27%), and the rate of FR4 positive was 67.57% (100/148). Among FR4 positive patients, 75 cases received adjuvant therapy, and patients who received chemotherapy were significantly better than that of patients who did not receive chemotherapy. In patients with FR4 negative expression, 48 cases received adjuvant therapy, which was significantly worse than that of patients who did not receive chemotherapy. Conclusions Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy prolonged the survival in FR4 positive ESCC patients, whereas adjuvant therapy in patients with FR4 negative needs to be further improved.
Collapse
|
5
|
Soon MSF, Nalubega M, Boyle MJ. T-follicular helper cells in malaria infection and roles in antibody induction. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab008. [PMID: 36845571 PMCID: PMC9914587 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity to malaria is mediated by antibodies that block parasite replication to limit parasite burden and prevent disease. Cytophilic antibodies have been consistently shown to be associated with protection, and recent work has improved our understanding of the direct and Fc-mediated mechanisms of protective antibodies. Antibodies also have important roles in vaccine-mediated immunity. Antibody induction is driven by the specialized CD4+ T cells, T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which function within the germinal centre to drive B-cell activation and antibody induction. In humans, circulating Tfh cells can be identified in peripheral blood and are differentiated into subsets that appear to have pathogen/vaccination-specific roles in antibody induction. Tfh cell responses are essential for protective immunity from Plasmodium infection in murine models of malaria. Our understanding of the activation of Tfh cells during human malaria infection and the importance of different Tfh cell subsets in antibody development is still emerging. This review will discuss our current knowledge of Tfh cell activation and development in malaria, and the potential avenues and pitfalls of targeting Tfh cells to improve malaria vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan S F Soon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Tororo District Hospital, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia,Correspondence address. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dai Z, Wang EHC, Petukhova L, Chang Y, Lee EY, Christiano AM. Blockade of IL-7 signaling suppresses inflammatory responses and reverses alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd1866. [PMID: 33811067 PMCID: PMC11060042 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-7 (IL-7) signaling pathway plays an important role in regulation of T cell function and survival. We detected overexpression of IL-7 in lesional skin from both humans and C3H/HeJ mice with alopecia areata (AA), a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the hair follicle. We found that exogenous IL-7 accelerated the onset of AA by augmenting the expansion of alopecic T cells. Conversely, blockade of IL-7 stopped the progression of AA and reversed early AA in C3H/HeJ mice. Mechanistically, we observed that IL-7Rα blockade substantially reduced the total number of most T cell subsets, but relative sparing of regulatory T cells (Tregs). We postulated that short-term anti-IL-7Rα treatment in combination with a low dose of Treg-tropic cytokines might improve therapeutic efficacy in AA. We demonstrated that short-term IL-7Rα blockade in combination with low doses of Treg-tropic cytokines enhanced therapeutic effects in the treatment of AA, and invite further clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Dai
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eddy Hsi Chun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lynn Petukhova
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yuqian Chang
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eunice Yoojin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Angela M Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu W, Dong X, Tian Z, Zhang Z, Tang J, Liang B, Liu Q, Chu M. Expression, structure and function analysis of the sperm-oocyte fusion genes Juno and Izumo1 in sheep (Ovis aries). J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:37. [PMID: 33706805 PMCID: PMC7953763 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background JUNO and IZUMO1 are the first receptor-ligand protein pairs discovered to be essential for sperm-oocyte fusion; their interaction is indispensable for fertilization. Methods PCR was used to clone the full-length DNA sequence of the Juno gene in sheep. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of Juno were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY®. PCR combined with rapid amplification of cDNA Ends were used to clone the full-length cDNA sequence of Juno and Izumo1. Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and real time-quantitative-PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to analyze the genes’ expression in tissues of sheep, and single cell RNA-seq was used to analyze the genes’ expression in oocytes, granulosa cells and follicular theca of polytocous and monotocous Small Tail Han ewes. Bioinformatics was used to analyze advanced structure and phylogeny of JUNO and IZUMO1 proteins. Results The full-length DNA sequence of the Juno gene in sheep was cloned and nine SNPs were screened. We found a significant association between the g.848253 C > A locus of Juno and litter size of Small Tail Han sheep (P < 0.05). The full-length cDNA sequence of Juno and Izumo1 genes from Small Tail Han sheep were obtained. We found a new segment of the Izumo1 CDS consisting of 35 bp, and we confirmed the Izumo1 gene has 9 exons, not 8. RT-qPCR showed that Juno and Izumo1 genes were highly expressed in ovarian and testicular tissues, respectively (P < 0.01). Single cell RNA-seq showed Juno was specifically expressed in oocytes, but not in granulosa cells or follicular theca, while Izumo1 displayed little to no expression in all three cell types. There was no difference in expression of the Juno gene in oocyte and ovarian tissue in sheep with different litter sizes, indicating expression of Juno is not related to litter size traits. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the g.848253 C > A locus of Juno results in a nonconservative missense point mutation leading to a change from Phe to Leu at position 219 in the amino acid sequence. Conclusions For the first time, this study systematically analyzed the expression, structure and function of Juno and Izumo1 genes and their encoded proteins in Small Tail Han sheep, providing the basis for future studies of the regulatory mechanisms of Juno and Izumo1 genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00548-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinlong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhilong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhuangbiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jishun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Benmeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Q, Chen G, Chen J, Shen J, Zhang X, Wang J, Chan A, Gu Z. Bioresponsive Protein Complex of aPD1 and aCD47 Antibodies for Enhanced Immunotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4879-4889. [PMID: 31294571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the promising efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in treating many types of cancers, the clinical benefits have often been restricted by the low objective response rates and systemic immune-related adverse events. Here, a bioresponsive ICB treatment is developed based on the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive protein complex for controlled sequential release of anti- "don't eat me" signal antibody (aCD47) and antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 (aPD1), by leveraging the abundant ROS in the tumor microenvironment (TME). These protein complexes can also act as scavengers of ROS in the TME to reverse the immunosuppressive responses, thereby enhancing antitumor efficacy in vivo. In a melanoma cancer model, the synergistic antitumor efficacy was achieved, which was accompanied by enhanced T cell immune responses together with reduced immunosuppressive responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu P.R. China
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | | | - Jiawen Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu P.R. China
| | | | - Jinqiang Wang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | | | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oxaliplatin Treatment Alters Systemic Immune Responses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4650695. [PMID: 30906773 PMCID: PMC6398049 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4650695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent demonstrating significant antitumor efficacy. Unlike conventional anticancer agents which are immunosuppressive, oxaliplatin has the capacity to stimulate immunological effects in response to the presentation of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) elicited upon cell death. However, the effects of oxaliplatin treatment on systemic immune responses remain largely unknown. Aims of this study were to investigate the effects of oxaliplatin treatment on the proportions of (1) splenic T cells, B cells, macrophages, pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, gene expression of splenic cytokines, chemokines, and mediators; (2) double-positive and single-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T thymocytes; (3) bone-marrow hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Methods Male BALB/c mice received intraperitoneal injections of oxaliplatin (3mg/kg/d) or sterile water tri-weekly for 2 weeks. Leukocyte populations within the spleen, thymus, and bone-marrow were assessed using flow cytometry. RT-PCR was performed to characterise changes in splenic inflammation-associated genes. Results Oxaliplatin treatment reduced spleen size and cellularity (CD45+ cells), increased the proportion of CD4+, CD8+, and Treg cells, and elevated TNF-α expression. Oxaliplatin was selectively cytotoxic to B cells but had no effect on splenic macrophages. Oxaliplatin treatment altered the gene expression of several cytokines, chemokines, and cell mediators. Oxaliplatin did not deplete double-positive thymocytes but increased the single-positive CD8+ subset. There was also an increase in activated (CD69+) CD8+ T cells. Bone-marrow hematopoietic progenitor pool was demonstrably normal following oxaliplatin treatment when compared to the vehicle-treated cohort. Conclusion Oxaliplatin does not cause systemic immunosuppression and, instead, has the capacity to induce beneficial antitumor immune responses.
Collapse
|
10
|
Paul-Heng M, Leong M, Cunningham E, Bunker DLJ, Bremner K, Wang Z, Wang C, Tay SS, McGuffog C, Logan GJ, Alexander IE, Hu M, Alexander SI, Sparwasser TD, Bertolino P, Bowen DG, Bishop GA, Sharland A. Direct recognition of hepatocyte-expressed MHC class I alloantigens is required for tolerance induction. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97500. [PMID: 30089715 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated (AAV-mediated) expression of allogeneic major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) in recipient liver induces donor-specific tolerance in mouse skin transplant models in which a class I allele (H-2Kb or H-2Kd) is mismatched between donor and recipient. Tolerance can be induced in mice primed by prior rejection of a donor-strain skin graft, as well as in naive recipients. Allogeneic MHC class I may be recognized by recipient T cells as an intact molecule (direct recognition) or may be processed and presented as an allogeneic peptide in the context of self-MHC (indirect recognition). The relative contributions of direct and indirect allorecognition to tolerance induction in this setting are unknown. Using hepatocyte-specific AAV vectors encoding WT allogeneic MHC class I molecules, or class I molecules containing a point mutation (D227K) that impedes direct recognition of intact allogeneic MHC class I by CD8+ T cells without hampering the presentation of processed peptides derived from allogeneic MHC class I, we show here that tolerance induction depends upon recognition of intact MHC class I. Indirect recognition alone yielded a modest prolongation of subsequent skin graft survival, attributable to the generation of CD4+ Tregs, but it was not sufficient to induce tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Paul-Heng
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mario Leong
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eithne Cunningham
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel L J Bunker
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Bremner
- Liver Immunology Group and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zane Wang
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chuanmin Wang
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Szun Szun Tay
- Liver Immunology Group and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire McGuffog
- Liver Immunology Group and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim D Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Liver Immunology Group and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Bowen
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Liver Immunology Group and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G Alex Bishop
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra Sharland
- Transplantation Immunobiology Group, University of Sydney Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molecular adjuvants that modulate regulatory T cell function in vaccination: A critical appraisal. Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:237-250. [PMID: 29175113 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are substances used to enhance the efficacy of vaccines. They influence the magnitude and alter the quality of the adaptive immune response to vaccine antigens by amplifying or modulating different signals involved in the innate immune response. The majority of known adjuvants have been empirically identified. The limited immunogenicity of new vaccine antigens and the need for safer vaccines have increased the importance of identifying single, well-defined adjuvants with known cellular and molecular mechanisms for rational vaccine design. Depletion or functional inhibition of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) by molecular adjuvants has become an emergent approach in this field. Different successful results have been obtained for specific vaccines, but there are still unresolved issues such as the risk of autoimmune disease induction, the involvement of cells other than Tregs and optimization for different conditions. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of current approaches to inhibit Tregs with molecular adjuvants for vaccine improvement, highlights the progress being made, and describes ongoing challenges.
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Regulatory T cells in the immunotherapy of melanoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:77-85. [PMID: 26515336 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with melanoma are supposed to develop spontaneous immune responses against specific tumor antigens. However, several mechanisms contribute to the failure of tumor antigen-specific T cell responses, inducing immune escape. Importantly, immunosuppression mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tumor lesions is a dominant mechanism of tumor immune evasion. Based on this information, several therapies targeting Tregs such as cyclophosphamide, IL-2-based therapies, and antibodies against the surface molecular of Tregs have been developed. However, only some of these strategies showed clinical efficacy in patients with melanoma in spite of their success in shifting immune systems to antitumor responses in animal models. In the future, strategies specifically depleting local Tregs, inhibiting Treg migration to the tumor lesion, and Treg depletion in combination with other chemotherapies or immune modulation will hopefully bring benefits to melanoma patients.
Collapse
|
14
|
Regan D, Guth A, Coy J, Dow S. Cancer immunotherapy in veterinary medicine: Current options and new developments. Vet J 2015; 207:20-28. [PMID: 26545847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excitement in the field of tumor immunotherapy is being driven by several remarkable breakthroughs in recent years. This review will cover recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, including the use of T cell checkpoint inhibitors, engineered T cells, cancer vaccines, and anti-B cell and T cell antibodies. Inhibition of T cell checkpoint molecules such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 using monoclonal antibodies has achieved notable success against advanced tumors in humans, including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. Therapy with engineered T cells has also demonstrated remarkable tumor control and regression in human trials. Autologous cancer vaccines have recently demonstrated impressive prolongation of disease-free intervals and survival times in dogs with lymphoma. In addition, caninized monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20 and CD52 just recently received either full (CD20) or conditional (CD52) licensing by the United States Department of Agriculture for clinical use in the treatment of canine B-cell and T-cell lymphomas, respectively. Thus, immunotherapy for cancer is rapidly moving to the forefront of cancer treatment options in veterinary medicine as well as human medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Regan
- Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amanda Guth
- Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jonathan Coy
- Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wolf D, Sopper S, Pircher A, Gastl G, Wolf AM. Treg(s) in Cancer: Friends or Foe? J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2598-605. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wolf
- Medical Clinic 3; Oncology; Hematology and Rheumatology; University Hospital Bonn (UKB); Bonn Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI); Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Guenther Gastl
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Anna Maria Wolf
- Medical Clinic 3; Oncology; Hematology and Rheumatology; University Hospital Bonn (UKB); Bonn Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Han L, Wang W, Lu J, Kong F, Ma G, Zhu Y, Zhao D, Zhu J, Shuai W, Zhou Q, Chen P, Ye L, Tao J, Ahmad S, Li F, Sun J. AAV–sBTLA facilitates HSP70 vaccine-triggered prophylactic antitumor immunity against a murine melanoma pulmonary metastasis model in vivo. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
17
|
Bianchi E, Doe B, Goulding D, Wright GJ. Juno is the egg Izumo receptor and is essential for mammalian fertilization. Nature 2014; 508:483-7. [PMID: 24739963 PMCID: PMC3998876 DOI: 10.1038/nature13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg recognize each other and fuse to form a new, genetically distinct organism. The molecular basis of sperm-egg recognition is unknown, but is likely to require interactions between receptor proteins displayed on their surface. Izumo1 is an essential sperm cell-surface protein, but its receptor on the egg has not been described. Here we identify folate receptor 4 (Folr4) as the receptor for Izumo1 on the mouse egg, and propose to rename it Juno. We show that the Izumo1-Juno interaction is conserved within several mammalian species, including humans. Female mice lacking Juno are infertile and Juno-deficient eggs do not fuse with normal sperm. Rapid shedding of Juno from the oolemma after fertilization suggests a mechanism for the membrane block to polyspermy, ensuring eggs normally fuse with just a single sperm. Our discovery of an essential receptor pair at the nexus of conception provides opportunities for the rational development of new fertility treatments and contraceptives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Brendan Doe
- Mouse Production Team, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Goulding
- Electron and Advanced Light Microscopy Suite, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| |
Collapse
|